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R.Ishmuxamedova, I.Irnazarov

DEPENDENSE OFAUTUMN VEGETATION PERIOD OF WHEAT TO THE TERMOF SOWING AND NORMS OF NUTRITION

Sowing the winter wheat of the sort Chillaki in conditions of light grey-eath soils in Kashk adaryaRegionin the middle of October (15.X) and growing on the background of 30 tons per hectare with recommended(N,roPnoK*), increased (N'oP,,oK*) and decreased (N,roProKr) norms of mineral fertilizers permits to in-crease winter steadiness, to decrease phases of the growth and development, to increase the structure of theharvest, and also permits to increase the crop of grain, comparing with conholled variants of the experiencein which was not applied NPK.

UDK 57 6.8.04:5 78.083 :633.88:6 I 5.28 I

D. EGAMBERDIEVA, N.Z. MAMADALTEVA,v. EDWARDS JOI{ES, KH.M. SHOKIIIDOYATOV

ANTIMICROBIALACiIVITY OF IIERBAL PLANTS USEDIN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE OF UZBEKISTAI\I

e-mail : egamberdieva@yahoo. com

Traditional medicine used in most parts of the world and there is still high interest in plants as sourc-

es of agents to fight various disease []. The most population in developing countries still rely on herbal

medicines to meet their health needs [2]. The treatments of various diseases with antibiotics which areavailable in medical stores are very expensive for low income countries. Given the alarming incidence

of antibiotic resistance in bacteria of medical importance, there is a consJant need for new and effective

2010 Ys6ercrnfi 6ronornqecKnX xypHan af,lD

therapeutic agents [3]. Many plant extracts and essential oils isolated from plants have been shown to

exert biological activity in vitro and in vivo, which justified research on traditional medisine focused on

the characterization of antimicrobial activity of these plants [4].

The flora of Central Asia includes more than 6500 species of higher plants and over 600 of- these

plants are used in traditional or conventional medicine [5]. Ferv sources of information in the literature

are available about the medicinal plants of Uzbekistan and the compounds in these remedies are very

likely may colttain new medicinal compounds [6]. Shuikishima et al. reported that compounds isolated

from various plants collected in Uzbekistan shorved anti-HIV activity in vitro and preventive effects on

the generation and release of inflammation agents s'uch as TNF-a and LL-2 in vitro [7]. Kogure et al.,

found varidus new antioxidants, some of which had a unique mechanism of action, in Ferula, Inula,

Prangos anrd Rheun plants collected in Uzbekistan as seeds used in medicine [6].

ln this study, we chose 24 promising and widely used medicinal plants used traditionally by local

inhabitants for treating conditions likely to be associated with microorganisms, and evaluated them

for potential antimicrobial activity, in order to confirm their popular use and to detect new sources of

antibacterial agents.

Material and methods. Plant collectioz. We choose 24 plants for this study after consultations with

village elders, herbalists and comparing their information with literature. Plants were collected in May

2005 from regions of Uzbekistan. A list of the plants studied, including the botanical name. chemical

contains, voucher specimen and data related to traditional use and plant parts used are listed in Table l.

Prepnration of ptant extrads. Air dried plant material (20 g of each species) was powdered and

placed in a glass column plugged with cotton wool and extracted with 80% methanol (100 ml) at room

temperature for 4 days. The extracts were filtered and the solvents were evaporated by using vacuum

evaporator (40oC) until dry extract were obtained. The residue was dissolved in l0% (vlv) solution of

dirnethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to create a concentration of 10 mgiml of stock solution.

Microorganisms. Reference strains and clinical isolates obtained from the Department of Micro-

biology, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK; the National Culture Type Collestion (NCTC) UK

and the National Collection for Industrial and Marine Bacteria, Aberdeen, UK were used in the study.

Tlrese were: K. ctxytoca 6653, K. pneumoniae 40602, K. aerogenes NCTC8772, C. fi'ettndii 82073, P.

rettgeri NCIMB957A, A. baumanii 60649, E. coli NCTC9001, P. aeruginosa NCTC6749, H. pylori

NCTC 12823, S. aureus MRSA462, S. epidermidis NCTC7944, E. faecalis NCTC775, C. albicans

NCVC 1467, methicillin resistant S. oureus MRSA 16, E. faeciunt 8, M. luteus. Strains wers maintained

at37oC on Columbia agar slants supplemented with 5% horse blood (v/v) (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK).

Antimicrobial activity. The prelirninary antirnicrobial activity of the extracts was carried out by

disc diffusion test [8]. Microorganisms were grown overnight at 3OoC iri Mueller-Hinton Broth (Ox-

oid), I{. pyl.ori were grown on Columbia broth supplemented with 5olo horse blood and I00 pl of sus-

pension containing 10t CFUAnI of bacteria spread on the surface of agar plates. Sterile filter discs (6

mm in diameter) were impregnated vvith 20 pl of extract solution and placed on the surface of inocu-

lated plates. The plates rvere incubate d at 37oC for 24 hours the assessment of antimicrobial activity

was based on measurement of inhibition zones formed around the discs [9]. For comparative pur-

poses standard antibiotic discs viz., tetracycline (20 pgidisc) and ampicillin (10 pgldisc), were used

O'zbeklston biologiYa iurnali

as positive controls. The plant extraots which showed inhibitory effect wero further investigated for

MlCusingthebrothmiorodi lut ionmethod[10] 'Two-folddi lut ionsofeachextractwerecarr iedout '

starting from a conoentration of 10 mg/ml. Each well was inoculated with 5 pl of bacterial suspon-

sion at a density of 10? cFU/ml and incubated at 37oc for 24 h.'Ihe growtl of microorganisms was

observedasturbiditydeterminedbytheUv-visspectrometefat600nm.TheMlCwasdeterminedas

thelowestdilutionwhichcompletelyprevsntedmicrobialgrowth.ThesolutionofDMSo(10%'vlv)

served as the negative control.

Resul$ rnd l)iscussion. The bota[ical and local name, the chemical composition, part and medi-

caluseof24plantspeciesbe|ongingtofourteenfamiliessuchBetulace'le,Caryophyllaceae'Com.

positae,Equisetaceae,Hapericaceae,Fabiaceae,Geraniaceae'Labiatae,Liliaceae,Plantaginace.

ae, Polygonaceae, Plumbagineceae, Scrophyllariaceae and Zygoplryllaceae ate reported in Table

1. Their use for troating various health problems in uzbek traditional medicine has been previously

reportedt l l , l2] . lnourstudymostofplantextractsweroabletoinhibi t thegfowthofoneormore

ofthetestedstrainsat2.5mg/mlthatcorrespondstoaconoontrationof0.25%.Antimicrobialaotivity

ofthe extraots was most active against the Gram-positive bacteria. The plant species such lrlezisia

absinthium,Equisetumvryense,Polygonumavicu|areandLimoniumotolepisdidnotshowanyanti-

bacterialaotivityagainsttestgdbacterialstrains.Theextfaotffomoriganumtyttanthumshowedthe

broadestspectrurnofactionagainstbacteria,inhibitingallofthestrainstestedwithminimuminhib!

tory concentrations (MICs) ranging from l:2 to 5 mg/ml' suggesting their potential as antimicrobial

compounds.SuohbroadactiYityagainstmultip|emicroorganismsprovidespreliminaryscientific

val idat ionforthetradi t ionalmedicinaluseofthisplant 'Thosetest€dplantspeciesisoneofthe

most popular herbs used in traditional medicine in Uzbekistan for flu, colds, cough, olean urinary

tract,washingwoundsandasant i - inf lammatoryremediesl l l '13] 'Theextractfromaerialpartof

BetulaverrucosaL.Calendulaofrcinalis'Hypericumpetforatum'Leonutustarkestanicus'Matfi'

caria chamomilla, Tanacetum vulgare rtrd Tryolium pfetense wa.s more active against Gram-positive'

including s. aureus and MRsA (MICs ranging from 1.2 to 5 rng/ml) than against Gram-negative

baoter ia(Table2).Theywerealsoact iveagainstthefungusCandidaalbicans.Themortal i tyrate

reportedforpatientswithCandidaalbicansulds,aurcusinfectionsareaparticularprobleminhos-

pitals[.14].otherplantspeciessuchCalendulafficinalis|15|,Hypericumperforatum|16|'Melissa

ofJicinalis||TT,Achitteamillefolium||8|andArtemisiaabsinthium[l9]havebeenreportedandanti-

microbial activities have been found. Among plant extracts only five species Ma ticaria chamomilla'

Melissaoflicinalis,Hypericumperforatam'TandcetumvulgareandOriganumtyttanthuninhibited

the growth of E' PYtori NCTC 12823 '

In conclusion, the obtained results oonfirm the presence of antimiorobial principles in the examined

horbalp|antsnativehabitatsofUzbekistanmainlyagainstGram-positivebacteria'whichsupportstheirgaditional use as wound healing and skin infeotions in Central Asia'

Acknowleilgemenls. This work was financiarly supported by Society for Applied Microbiology

{SFAM)UK,throughovorseasDevolopmentFund.WethadkDr'PeterGreenforprovidingusbooterialstrains.

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Receive02.11.2009

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