Medicinal Plants and Formulations of a Folk Medicinal Practitioner of Magura District, Bangladesh

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www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 1, 2015

Rahmatullah et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

MEDICINAL PLANTS AND FORMULATIONS OF A FOLK EDICINAL

PRACTITIONER OF MAGURA DISTRICT, BANGLADESH

Anupam Kumar Paul, Md. Saddam Hossain, Mehedi Hasan Sabuj, Shakil Mahmud

Tusher, Md. Saiful Islam, Rafiqul Islam Jibon, Md. Tabibul Islam, Protiva Rani Das,

Md. Shahadat Hossan, Mohammed Rahmatullah*

Department of Pharmacy, University of Development Alternative, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1209,

Bangladesh.

ABSTRACT

Background. Folk medicine is widely practiced by Kavirajes and is

one of the most common forms of traditional medicinal systems in

Bangladesh. However, the medicinal plant selections and diseases

treated vary widely from Kaviraj to Kaviraj. The objective of this study

was to document the folk medicinal practices of a Kaviraj practicing in

Magura district of the country. Methods. Interviews of the Kaviraj

were carried out with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire and

the guided field-walk method. Results. The Kaviraj used a total of 16

plants distributed into 14 families for treatment. The various diseases

treated included typhoid, any type of fever, respiratory tract disorders,

gastrointestinal disorders, poisoning, bleeding from cuts and wounds,

skin diseases, tooth infections, bone fracture, loss of taste,

spermatorrhea, and leucorrhea. Conclusion. Ethnomedicinal studies

can lead to proper documentation of the medicinal plants and their usages in a given area. As

such, the present study not only documents medicinal plants of an area in Magura district but

also opens up further possibilities of scientific research leading to new drug discovery.

KEYWORDS: Folk medicine, Kaviraj, Magura, Bangladesh.

INTRODUCTION

Human beings have possibly suffered from diseases since their advent. It is yet to be

ascertained what prehistoric human beings took for therapeutic purposes, but possibly

medicinal plants were the source of most remedies, since plants formed the most easily

WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

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Volume 4, Issue 1, 251-262. Research Article ISSN 2278 – 4357

Article Received on

01 Nov 2014,

Revised on 25 Nov 2014,

Accepted on 20 Dec 2014

*Correspondence for

Author

Dr. Mohammed

Rahmatullah

Department of Pharmacy,

University of Development

Alternative, Dhanmondi,

Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh.

available life form to use for various purposes including medicines and food. Folk medicine

is possibly a semblance of the therapeutic uses of plants in prehistoric times. However,

needless to say, folk medicine in the modern world is possibly a more improved version of

the folk medicine in ancient times, because of gain in empirical knowledge over time.

Folk medicine is an integral part of the traditional medicinal systems of Bangladesh, which

includes more established systems like Ayurveda, Unani, and homeopathy. Folk medicinal

practitioners are known as Kavirajes, and they mostly practice in rural and urban slum areas

where their patients come from the poorer segments of the population. However, Kavirajes

do exist in Bangladesh who has gained reputation for their treatments, and their clientele also

includes the more affluent and literate sections of the people. In fact, even the highly affluent

are known to visit Kavirajes, more so when their disease has been diagnosed as terminal by

allopathic doctors.

The practice of Kavirajes is for the most part generational, that is the accumulated knowledge

of a Kaviraj is passed onto a close relative of the next generation. Medicinal plants form the

mainstay of the Kavirajes’ medicinal formulations. From long and cumulative experiences

with medicinal plants and their properties, Kavirajes can possess extensive knowledge on any

given plant’s curative potential. This in turn can be beneficial to scientists, who can take the

knowledge of the Kavirajes as a working basis for conducting further researches on medicinal

plants.

Towards a more comprehensive analysis of the practices of Kavirajes and other traditional

medicinal practitioners of Bangladesh, we had been conducting extensive ethnomedicinal

surveys among such traditional practitioners for some time.[1-20]

The objective of the present

study was to document the folk medicinal practices of a Kaviraj in Magura district in

Bangladesh.

METHODS

The present survey was carried out at Kanda banshkotha village of Magura district,

Bangladesh. The village had one practicing Kaviraj, Jobon Krishna Bhattacharya, age 67

years, male, Varna: Shreshta, Caste: Shandilya, and Religion, Hindu (Sonaton). The Kaviraj

had been practicing for more than 40 years and mentioned that his knowledge of medicinal

plants primarily stem from a previous generation of his family.

Prior informed consent was initially obtained from the Kaviraj. The Kaviraj was informed as

to the nature of our visit and consent obtained to disseminate any information provided

including his name names both nationally and internationally. Actual interviews were

conducted in the Bengali language, which was spoken fluently by the FMPs as well as the

interviewers. It is to be mentioned that once the Kaviraj was mentioned about the purpose of

our visit, all informations were given very freely and without any reluctance. The interviews

were conducted with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire and the guided field-walk

method of Martin[21]

and Maundu.[22]

In this method the Kaviraj took the interviewers on

guided field-walks through areas from where he collected his medicinal plants, pointed out

the plants, and described their uses. All plant specimens were photographed and collected on

the spot, pressed, dried and brought back to Bangladesh National Herbarium at Dhaka for

identification. Voucher specimens were deposited with the Medicinal Plant Collection Wing

of the University of Development Alternative.

RESULTS

The Kaviraj was observed to use a total of 16 plants distributed into 14 families in his

formulations. The results are shown in Table 1. The various formulations were used to treat

ailments like typhoid, any type of fever, respiratory tract disorders, gastrointestinal disorders,

poisoning, bleeding from cuts and wounds, skin diseases, tooth infections, nose bleed, bone

fracture, loss of taste, spermatorrhea, and leucorrhea.

The Kaviraj did not use any poly-herbal formulations. Essentially, his treatment consisted of

using one plant or plant part for the treatment of one or more similar type of diseases. The

administrations of formulations were also simple. Plant parts, either whole or in the form of

juice or paste was administered either orally or topically depending on the disease treated.

Some uses of medicinal plants by the Kaviraj appeared to be unique to this Kaviraj.

Aristolochia indica has been found in our earlier ethnomedicinal studies within

Bangladesh[23]

and also has other reported ethnomedicinal uses outside Bangladesh[24]

treatment of snake bite. The present Kaviraj, however, used the plant as a general antidote to

poisoning.

The use of Litsea monopetala for treatment of cuts and wounds and skin diseases also appear

to be unique to this Kaviraj. The Naik clan of the Rajbongshi tribe of Bangladesh uses the

plant against constipation.[25]

The Kaviraj used leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata to treat diarrhea,

dysentery, indigestion, and stomach disorders. Kavirajes in Tangail district of Bangladesh

also reportedly use the leaves of the plant against indigestion.[19]

However, the plant has more

uses among Kavirajes of Bangladesh to treat stones of kidney, gall bladder or stomach.[26, 27]

Traditional healers of Nizamabad district, Andhra Pradesh, India also use the plant to treat

kidney stones.[28]

Thus the plant has reported greater ethnomedicinal uses against lithiasis

than gastrointestinal disorders.

DISCUSSION

A pertinent question in ethnomedicinal survey reports is as to what extent the plants used by a

given practitioner has been validated by existing pharmacological reports on the plant species

and has the potential to have new drugs discovered from the plant. From that view point,

existing scientific literature on the pharmacological activities of various plants used by the

Kaviraj of Magura district suggest that at least some plants appear to be scientifically

validated in their uses and so has the potential for discovery of new drugs.

For instance, Andrographis paniculata and its diterpenoid constituent andrographolide has

been found to be effective against fever; the plant also has reportedly ethnomedicinal uses

against fever.[29]

The Kaviraj also used the plant against fever. The efficacy of Justicia

adhatoda against coughs in experimental animal models has been shown;[30]

notably, the

Kaviraj used the plant against coughs. Centella asiatica, used by the Kaviraj against

dysentery, has been used in Ayurveda possibly for thousands of years against dysentery.[31]

Aristolochia indica, used by the Kaviraj as snake repellent and antidote to poisoning, has

been shown to be effective against poison of different species like fish, scorpion and

snakes.[32-34]

Mikania cordata, used by the Kaviraj to stop bleeding from cuts and wounds, is also used by

the tribals of Mizoram to cure cuts and wounds[35]

The plant is also used by the Garo tribal

community of Netrakona district in Bangladesh to treat cuts and wounds [36]

Ocimum

tenuiflorum (synonym: Ocimum sanctum), used by the Kaviraj against coughs, has also been

scientifically shown to be effective against coughs[37]

Azadirachta indica, used by the Kaviraj

against skin diseases, has been shown inhibitory for several skin pathogens.[38]

The use of Stephania japonica to treat bone fracture, as done by the Kaviraj, needs scientific

validation. However, the Pahan tribe in Dinajpur district, Bangladesh uses the plant to treat

bone fracture.[39]

Piper longum, used by the Kaviraj for treatment of coughs, is a known

Ayurvedic drug plant to treat respiratory tract diseases.[40]

The wound healing activity of

Cynodon dactylon has been experimentally demonstrated;[41]

the Kaviraj used the plant to

treat cuts and wounds. The effectiveness of Aegle marmelos fruits in diarrhea has been shown

in animal models;[42]

the Kaviraj used the fruits against dysentery and constipation. Taken

together, the various scientific reports not only validate a number of the medicinal plants’

usages by the Kaviraj but also open up possibilities of further scientific research on the other

plants.

Table 1. Medicinal plants and formulations of the Kaviraj in Magura district, Bangladesh.

Serial

Number

Scientific Name

Family Name Local Name

Parts used Disease,

Symptoms, Formulations, and Administration

1 Andrographis

paniculata (Burm.f.)

Wall. Nees

Acanthaceae Kalomegh,

Kalpanath

Leaf Typhoid, chronic fever, any type of fever. Pills prepared

from crushed leaves are taken orally on an empty stomach

in the morning and evening for 7-10 days depending on the

extent of fever.

2 Justicia adhatoda L. Acanthaceae Bashok Leaf Chronic coughs. One spoon of leaf juice is orally taken

with honey on an empty stomach for 7 days.

3 Centella asiatica (L.)

Apiaceae Thankuni Leaf Dysentery. Leaf juice is orally taken with honey in the

morning on an empty stomach for 5-6 days.

4 Aristolochia indica L. Aristolochiaceae Isher mul Root Antidote to poisoning. Root juice is orally taken once.

Snake repellent. Roots are kept tied to the waste.

5 Mikania cordata

(Burm. f.) B.L.

Robinson

Asteraceae Jarmany pata,

Pakistani lota

Leaf To stop bleeding from external cuts and wounds, to repair

broken skin. Paste of leaves is topically applied once to

stop bleeding and 2-3 times to repair skin broken from cuts

and wounds.

6 Kalanchoe pinnata

(Lam.) Pers.

Crassulaceae Pathorkuchi,

Pathorchuni

Leaf Diarrhea, dysentery, indigestion, stomach disorders.

Washed leaves are orally taken with table salt on an empty

stomach twice daily in the morning and evening/night for 7

7 Ocimum tenuiflorum

Lamiaceae Tulsi Leaf Respiratory difficulties, coughs. Leaf juice is taken with

one spoonful honey in the morning and evening on an

empty stomach for 7 days.

8 Litsea monopetala

(Roxb.) Pers.

Lauraceae Akhor mali Sap of stem Cuts and wounds, chronic skin infections. Sap is topically

applied twice daily in the morning and evening for 7 days.

9 Azadirachta indica A.

Meliaceae Neem Leaf, stem Skin diseases. Leaf juice is orally taken in the morning

with honey on an empty stomach.

Tooth infections, to maintain healthy teeth. Teeth are

brushed with stem.

10 Stephania japonica

(Thunb.) Miers

Menispermaceae Arkandi Leaf, stem Bone fracture. Paste of leaf and stem is applied topically to

fractured area followed by tightly binding the area. This is

repeated every 5 days for 3 weeks.

11 Piper longum L. Piperaceae Pipul Fruit Coughs. Ripe fruits are peeled to take off skin and then

orally taken by chewing on an empty stomach for 2-3 days.

12 Cynodon dactylon (L.)

Poaceae Durba Leaf To stop bleeding from external cuts and wounds. Paste of

leaves is applied to cuts and wounds.

Nose bleed. Leaf juice is taken through the nose once.

13 Nigella sativa L. Ranunculaceae Kalo jeera Seed Acidity, gastric problems. Powdered seeds are orally taken

whenever problem occurs. It is also good for health if

taken every day.

14 Aegle marmelos (L.)

Rutaceae Bel Fruit Dysentery, constipation. Young fruits are sun-dried and

then boiled in water followed by drinking the decoction

with sugarcane molasses in the morning on an empty

stomach for 7 days.

15 Citrus aurantifolia

(Christm.) Swingle

Rutaceae Batabi lebu Fruit Fever, loss of taste. Fruits are taken orally after peeling off

skin or fruit juice is directly taken any time on a full

stomach for 3 days.

16 Abroma augusta L. Sterculiaceae Ulot kombol Stem Spermatorrhea, leucorrhea. Stems are soaked in clean

water for 1 hour. The water is strained and then taken

orally with sugarcane molasses in the morning on an

empty stomach for 3-7 days (according to age).

CONCLUSION

A review of the scientific literature on pharmacological activity studies and ethnomedicinal

uses of medicinal plants used for treatment by a Kaviraj from Magura district, Bangladesh

suggest that the plants merit potential for further scientific studies leading to possible new

drug discoveries from the plants.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

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Medicinal Plants and Formulations of a Folk Medicinal Practitioner of Magura District, Bangladesh

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