1.) Ineffective Encoding 2.) Decay 3.) Interference 4.)Retrieval Failure

It may only appear we forget something Information may never have been inserted

in memory in first place

Examples

Forgetting occurs because memory traces fade over time

True for our short term memory◦ example

Untrue for long term memory◦ example

People forget information because of competition from other material◦ When is interference greatest?

2 Types: 1.) Retroactive Interference 2.) Proactive Interference

New info impairs retention of previous information◦ Examples

Previously learned information interferes with retention of new info◦ examples

Something is in our memory, yet we can’t find it

-Tip of the Tongue was example

Why might this occur?

1.) Retrograde Amnesia- Person loses memory for events prior to injury◦ Examples

2.) Anterograde Amnesia – Person loses memory for events that occur after injury◦ Examples

◦ Clive Wearing video

Recall Measures- Require participants to reproduce information without any cues◦ Examples

Recognition Measures – Require participants to select previously learned information from array of options◦ Examples

Which method do you think research shows yields higher scores?

What is the capital of Washington?a.) Seattle b.) Tacomac.) Spokane d.) Olympia

What is the capital of Washington?a.) London b.) Tokyoc.)New York City d.) Olympia

Massed Practice- Practice of studying or learning material all at once◦ Example

Distributed Practice – Practice of studying or learning material over time◦ Example

Findings

Overlearning- Continued rehearsal (or studying) after a person has mastered material◦ What does research suggest?