Слайд 1 - USMF · Слайд 1 Author: Cemortan Igor Created Date: 10/21/2014 11:05:39 AM ...

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Compartment – cell region with distinct

properties and functions;

Cell compartments have different:

Organization;

Chemical structure;

Set of proteins / enzymes;

functions.



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Set of required components:

General cell structure

Cell membraneCytoplasm and

organellesNucleus

Metabolic

apparatus

Synthesis OS

Hydrolysis OS

Detoxification

Energetic

Signaling

Genetic

apparatus Genetic material

Replication

apparatus

Repair apparatus

Transcription

apparatus

Surface

apparatus

Barrier

Transport

Reception

Cell junctions

Protection


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Cell activity is determined by:

Synthesis of organic substances

Small molecules (amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids)

Macromolecules (NA, P, L, Pz, Oz)

Processing of molecules → getting of active conformation (configuration)

Sorting of molecules

Transport to the final destination (secretion, intracellular transport).


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Cell activity is determined by:

Hydrolysis of exogenous substances:

Foreign molecules (viruses, bacteria)

Building blocks (AA, N, G)

Energetic substrate (G, L)

Hydrolysis of endogenous substances:

In excess

Recycling

Defect molecules

Neutralization of toxic substances


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Enzymes

Enzyme – a protein with specific catalytic functions Contains active centers for interaction with substrate and

ATP

Active centers:

Syntase

Ligase

Isomerase

Hydrolase

Transferase

Liase

Oxidoreductase

Enzymes are activated by cofactors


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Classification of enzymes Synthase

DNA-polymerase

RNA-polymerase

Peptidil transferase

Ligase DNA-ligase

Isomerase Topoisomerase I, II

Hydrolase Protease

Endonuclease

Exonuclease

Lipase

Glycosidase

Transferase Methyl-transferase

Acetyl-transferase

Kinase (P)

Liase Glycoliase

Oxidoreductase Peroxidase

Reductase 21.10.2014 biologiemoleculara.usmf.md e.usmf.md pass.: bmgu

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Nucleic acids

Synthesis

Polymerases + topoisomerases + ligase

In nucleus, mitochondria

Processing

Ribozymes + kinases

In nucleus, mitochondria

Hydrolysis

Programmed (DNA repair (Nu), processing RNA (Nu), hydrolysis of RNA (Ct))

Non-programmed (accidental (Nu, Ct), AN exogenous (Ct, Ls))


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1010

Proteines

Synthesis

Peptidil-transferase

Ribosomes Ct / ER / Mt

Processing

Chaperones, kinases, proteases, transferases

ER → GA / Ct / Mt

Hydrolysis

Programmed (Processing, hydrolysis (Ct / ER / GA Ls))

Non-programmed (accidental (Ct), exogenous (Ct, Ls))


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Mitochondria Peroxisomes

NucleusLysosomes Secreted

vesicles

Cell surface

Holding Holding

Holding

Proteins Proteins


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Carbohydrates

Synthesis

glicosil-transferases

Ct

Processing

glicosil-transferases

GA

Hydrolysis

Programmed (Ct →Mt / Ls)

Non-programmed (exogenous (Ct, Ls))


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1313

Lipids

Synthesis

transferases

sER

Processing

ER

GA

Hydrolysis

Programmed (Ct →Mt / Ls)

Non-programmed (exogenous (Ct, Ls))


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Neutralization of toxins

Xenobiotic (drugs, pesticides, nicotine,

alcohol, …)

Transferases

sER

Toxic metabolites (free radicals, peroxides,

phenols…)

Oxidases + Chatalases

Peroxisomes


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Cell energy

Synthesis of ATP

Oxido-reductases, Hydrolases, ATP-synthetase

Ct → Mt

Hydrolysis of ATP: if required

During synthesis of organic substances (OS)

Transformation of OS

Transport of substances

Hydrolysis of OS


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Transport

Through membranes

Passive (diffusion, osmosis, mediated)

Active (membrane ATP-ases)

Via vesicules (receptor/ligand)

Endo- / Exo- / Transcytosis

Intracellular (ER → GA → Plasma membrane / Ls /

ER)


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Conclusion

Metabolic processes are:

Genetically programmed

Done by specific enzymes

Done on specific organelles

Determined by intracellular and intercellular

signaling


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The main cell compartments

Nucleus – metabolism of nucleic acids

rER – protein synthesis

sER – synthesis of lipids, detoxification

GA – processing and sorting of substances,

biogenesis of lysosomes

Lysosomes – hydrolysis of OS

Peroxisomes – detoxification of cell metabolites

Mitochondria – energetic metabolism

Cytosol – metabolism of small molecules


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Endoplasmic reticulum:

structure:

Membranous channels and tubes (GLP);

Smooth compartment;

Rough compartment – contains ribosomes;

Specific enzymes


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Endoplasmic reticulum


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Functions:

Smooth ER

Synthesis of lipids;

Production of membranes → production of vesicles;

Synthesis of steroid hormones;

Destroying of toxins;

Deposit of ions (Ca++ in muscles);

transport.


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Rough ER

Synthesis of proteins;

Processing of proteins;

Sorting of proteins:

secreted;

membranous;

AG:

lysosomes.


Functions :


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Mitochondria Peroxisomes

NucleusLysosomes Secreted

vesicles

Cell surface

Holding Holding

Holding

Proteins Proteins


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Golgi apparatus:

Structure:

Network of cisterns, channels, vesicles;

compartments:

cis;

median;

trans.


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Golgi apparatus

Functions: Processing of proteins;

Sorting of proteins;

Formation of vesicles;

Control of secretion;

Formation of lysosomes;

Renewing of membranes.



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Lysosomes

Structure:

Membranous vesicles, pH=5;

Types:

Primary lysosomes;

Secondary lysosomes;

Tertiary lysososmes.


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Lysosomes


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Lysosomes

Functions: Hydrolysis:

Foreign substances – heterophagy:

Self substances – autophagy;

Secretory vesicles – crinophagy.


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Gaucher diseaseType I


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Gaucher diseaseType III

Gaucher diseaseType II


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Peroxisomes

Structure:

Membranous vesicles;

enzymes: ureat-oxidase, D-aminoacid –

oxidase, chatalase.

Functions:

Oxidation of foreign substances;

Oxidation of toxins

Destroying of H2O2


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Peroxisomes

Biogenesis:

Renewing of membranes – sER;

Peroxisomal enzymes – free ribosomes.


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Peroxisomes


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Mitochondria:

Structure:

Double membrane (envelope):

Outer membrane,

Inner membrane;

Matrix:

Circular DNA (2-10 molecules);

Ribosomes;

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA;

Enzymes.



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Mitochondria

Functions: Energetic:

Synthesis of ATP;

Plastic:

Synthesis of proteins

Import of proteins

Reproduction:

Replication of mtDNA;

Division of mitochondria.


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Слайд 1 - USMF · Слайд 1 Author: Cemortan Igor Created Date: 10/21/2014 11:05:39 AM ...

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