© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.1 Block diagram of a simple electronic system: an AM radio.

© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

Figure 1.1 Block diagram of a simple electronic system: an AM radio.


Figure 1.2 Analog signals take a continuum of amplitude values. Digital signals take a few discrete amplitudes.


Figure 1.3 An analog signal is converted to an approximate digital equivalent by sampling. Each sample value is represented by a 3-bit code word. (Practical converters use longer code words.)


Figure 1.4 Quantization error occurs when an analog signal is reconstructed from its digital form.


Figure 1.5 After noise is added, the original amplitudes of a digital signal can be determined. This is not true for an analog signal.


Figure 1.6 Typical flowchart for design of electronic systems.


Figure 1.7 Flowchart of the circuit-design process.


Figure 1.8 The npn BJT.


Figure 1.9 A metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor.


Figure 1.10 In photolithography the photoresist-coated wafer is exposed to a light pattern defining the regions to become specific elements of circuit components.


Figure 1.15 Electronic amplifier.


Figure 1.16 Input waveform and corresponding output waveforms.


Figure 1.17 Model of an electronic amplifier, including input resistance Ri and output resistance Ro.


Figure 1.18 Source, amplifier model, and load for Example 1.1.


Figure 1.22 The power supply delivers power to the amplifier from several constant voltage sources.


Figure 1.23 Illustration of power flow.


Figure 1.24 Amplifier of Example 1.4.


Figure 1.25 Current-amplifier model.


Figure 1.26 Voltage amplifier of Examples 1.5, 1.6, and 1.7.


Figure 1.27 Current-amplifier model equivalent to the voltage-amplifier model of Figure 1.26. See Example 1.5.


Figure 1.28 Transconductance-amplifier model.


Figure 1.29 Transconductance amplifier equivalent of the voltage amplifier of Figure 1.26. See Example 1.6.


Figure 1.30 Transresistance-amplifier model.


Figure 1.31 Transresistance amplifier that is equivalent to the voltage amplifier of Figure 1.26. See Example 1.7.


Figure 1.32 If we want to sense the open-circuit voltage of a source, the amplifier should have a high input resistance,as in (a). To sense short-circuit current, low input resistance is called for, as in (b).


Figure 1.33 If the amplifier output impedance Ro is much less than the (lowest) load resistance, the load voltage is nearly independent of the number of switches closed.


Figure 1.34 To avoid reflections, the amplifier input resistance Ri should equal the characteristic resistance Zo

of the transmission line.


Figure 1.35 Periodic square wave and the sum of the first five terms of its Fourier series.


Figure 1.36 Gain versus frequency.


Figure 1.37 Capacitive coupling prevents a dc input component from affecting the first stage, dc voltages in the first stage from reaching the second stage, and dc voltages in the second stage from reaching the load.


Figure 1.38 Capacitance in parallel with the signal path and inductance in series with the signal path reduce gainin the high-frequency region.


Figure 1.39 Gain versus frequency for a typical amplifier showing the upper and lower half-power (3-dB) frequencies

(fH and fL ) and the half-power bandwidth B.


Figure 1.40 Gain magnitude versus frequency for a typical bandpass amplifier.


Figure 1.41 Input pulse and typical ac-coupled broadband amplifier output.


Figure 1.42 Rise time of the output pulse.

(Note: No tilt is shown. When tilt is present, some judgement is necessary to estimate the amplitude Vf.


Figure 1.43 Differential amplifier with input sources.


Figure 1.44 The input sources vi1 and vi2 can be replaced by the equivalent sources vicm and vid.


Figure 1.45 Electrocardiographs encounter large 60-Hz common-mode signals.


Figure 1.46 Setup for measurement of common-mode gain.


Figure 1.47 Setup for measuring differential gain. Ad = vo/vid.

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© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.1 Block diagram of a simple electronic system: an AM radio.

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