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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-1 1 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Page 1: © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-1 111 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-1111© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 2: © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-1 111 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-2

Module 7

Antennas

Page 3: © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-1 111 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-3

Overview

This module will cover basic antenna theory, including directional and omni directional antenna selection. After discussing antenna theory and types of antennas, cables, connectors and accessories for antennas will be discussed. Additionally, important antenna design considerations, such as link engineering, path planning, and installation are also discussed.

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-4

Learning Objectives

•Define how an antenna is used to propagate an RF signal.

•Define basic facts of EIRP.

•Define facts on FCC regulations for UNII-1, UNII-2 and UNII-3.

•Identify what an isotropic antenna is and why it is used as a reference for other antennas.

•Identify Cisco Aironet antennas, their coverage patterns, and the proper polarization of each antenna.

Page 5: © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-1 111 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-5

Key terms

• Lobes

• Directional

• Omnidirectional

• Beamwidth and Bandwidth

• Polarization•Vertical

•Horizontal

• Diversity

• Plane (H and E)

• Fresnel Zone

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-6

Definition of Terms

dB- Decibel- Ratio of one value to another

dBx where x =• m = compared to 1 milliwatt (0 dBm=1 mW)

• i = compare to isotropic antenna

• d = compared to dipole antenna

• w = compared to 1 watt (0 dBw = 1 watt)

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-7

Antennas

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-8

Important Antenna Concepts

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-9

Beamwidth

Page 10: © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-1 111 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-10

Cisco Aironet 802.11b Antennas

FCC requires that ALL antennas sold by a spread spectrum vendor be certified with the radio they are to be sold with

All Cisco Aironet 802.11b supplied cables, RF devices and antennas have reverse polarity TNC (RP-TNC) connectors

Cisco Aironet supplied antennas meet all FCC rules

Wide variety of 802.11b antennas for most applications

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-11

Cisco Aironet 802.11a Antennas

FCC requires that all radios utilizing the UNII-1 Band (5.15 GHz – 5.25 GHz) must have non-removable or integrated antennas

FCC allows radios utilizing the UNII-2 Band (5.25 GHz – 5.35 GHz) to have external or removable antennas

The Cisco Aironet 802.11a radios utilize both UNII-1 and UNII-2 bands, therefore cannot have external or removable antennas

Cisco 802.11a antennas are integrated into the radio module

Cisco 1400 radios utilize UNII-3 bands, therefore have external or removable antennas

Page 12: © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-1 111 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-12

Antenna Concepts

Directionality• Omni (360º coverage) directional

• Directional (limited range of coverage)

Gain• Measured in dBi and dBd (0 dBd = 2.14 dBi)

• More gain means more coverage - in certain directions

Polarization• Antennas are used in the vertical polarization

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-13

Antenna Issues (cont.)

Antennas have gain in particular directions

Direction other than the main intended radiation pattern, are typically related to the main lobe gain

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-14

Antenna Gain

If the gain of an antenna goes up, the coverage area or angle goes down

Coverage areas or radiation patterns are measured in degrees

Angles are referred to as beamwidth• Horizontal measurement

• Vertical measurement

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-15

Beamwidth vs. Gain

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-16

Antenna Theory

A theoretical isotropic antenna has a perfect 360º vertical and horizontal beamwidth

This is a reference for ALL antennas

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-17

Antenna Theory- Dipole

Energy lobes are ‘pushed in’ from the top and bottom

Higher gain• Smaller vertical

beamwidth

• Larger horizontal lobe

Typical dipole pattern

Side View(Vertical Pattern)

Top View(Horizontal Pattern)

New Pattern (with Gain)

Vertical Beamwidth

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-18

High Gain Omni-Directionals

More coverage area in a circular pattern

Energy level directly above or below the antenna will become lower

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-19

Directional Antennas

Lobes are pushed in a certain direction, causing the energy to be condensed in a particular area

Very little energy is in the back side of a directional antenna

Side View(Vertical Pattern)

Top View(Horizontal Pattern)

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-20

FCC Part 15 Antenna Requirements

802.11b antenna• Must use a unique, or proprietary connector

• Cisco Aironet products use RP-TNC connector

Part 15 standards• Approved antenna may exceed

• Exceeding may lead to interference problems

• Penalties could result in fines

• FCC standards apply to Part 15 users in the United States

Different countries will have similar standards

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-21

2.4 GHz EIRP Rules for FCC Governed Areas

Point-to-Multipoint• FCC allows increasing the gain of an antenna/cable system if the transmitter

power is reduced below 30 dBm in a 1:1 ratio

• Reduce Transmit Power below maximum of 30 dBm by 1 dBm and increase antenna/cable system gain by 1dBi

Point-to-Point• Maximum of 36 dBm EIRP

• Installations – 30 dBm maximum transmitter power with 6 dBi in gain attributed to antenna and cable combination

FCC allows exceeding the 36 dBm EIRP in Point-to-Point installations using the 3:1 rule• Reduce Transmit Power below maximum of 30 dBm by 1 dBm and increase

antenna/cable system gain by 3 dBi

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-22

2.4 GHz EIRP Rules for FCC Governed Areas (cont.)

Transmitter Power

Transmitter Power

EIRPEIRP

Cisco MaximumCisco Maximum

6 dBi6 dBi 36 dBm36 dBm

100 mW100 mW 20 dBm20 dBm

FCC MaximumFCC Maximum

Maximum Gain

Maximum Gain

Transmitter dBm

Transmitter dBm

1 Watt1 Watt

Point-to-MultipointPoint-to-Multipoint

30 dBm30 dBm

16 dBi16 dBi 36 dBm36 dBm

Transmitter Power

Transmitter Power

EIRPEIRP

Cisco MaximumCisco Maximum

6 dBi6 dBi 36 dBm36 dBm

100 mW100 mW 20 dBm20 dBm

FCC MaximumFCC Maximum

Maximum Gain

Maximum Gain

Transmitter dBm

Transmitter dBm

1 Watt1 Watt

Point-to-PointPoint-to-Point

30 dBm30 dBm

36 dBi36 dBi 56 dBm56 dBm

The above values reflect the 1:1 rule

The above values reflect the 3:1 rule

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-23

2.4 GHz EIRP Rules for ETSI Governed Countries

Currently ETSI stipulates a maximum of 20 dBm EIRP on Point-to-Multipoint and Point-to-Point installations –17 dBm maximum transmitter power with 3 dBi in gain attributed to antenna and cable combination

Professional installers are allowed to increase the gain of an antenna/cable system if the transmitter power is reduced below 17 dBm in a 1:1 ratio• Reduce Transmit Power below maximum of 17

dBm by 1 dBm and increase antenna/cable system gain by 1 dBi

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-24

2.4 GHz EIRP Rules for non-FCC Governed Bodies

Transmitter Power

Transmitter Power

EIRPEIRP

Cisco Integrated AntennasCisco Integrated Antennas

3 dBi 3 dBi 20 dBm20 dBm

Reduced TX PowerReduced TX Power 30 mW 30 mW 5 dBi 5 dBi15 dBm15 dBm

50 mW 50 mW 17 dBm17 dBm

7 dBi 7 dBi13 dBm13 dBm

20 dBi20 dBi

13 dBi13 dBi 20 dBm20 dBm

Gov. Body MaximumGov. Body Maximum

Maximum Gain

Maximum Gain

Transmitter dBm

Transmitter dBm

Reduced TX PowerReduced TX Power

Reduced TX PowerReduced TX Power

Reduced TX PowerReduced TX Power

50 mW 50 mW

20 mW 20 mW

5 mW 5 mW

1 mW 1 mW

Point-to-Multipoint and Point-to-PointPoint-to-Multipoint and Point-to-Point

17 dBm 17 dBm

7 dBm7 dBm

0 dBm0 dBm

2.2 dBi2.2 dBi 19.2 dBm19.2 dBm

20 dBm20 dBm

20 dBm20 dBm

20 dBm20 dBm

The above values reflect the 1:1 rule

Governing bodies with 20 dBm ceiling on EIRP: ETSI, France/Singapore, Israel, Mexico

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-25

802.11a and FCC 5 GHz Specifications

FCC regulations for UNII-1 and UNII-2• UNII-1

– FCC max 50 mW

– 802.11a max 40 mW

• With max 6 dBi antenna gain

– 802.11a max of 40 mW complies with all countries except Singapore (20 mW)

• UNII-2

– FCC max 250 mW

– 802.11a max 200 mW

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-26

FCC Rules for 802.11a - Antennas

FCC requires that all radios utilizing the UNII-1 Band (5.15 GHz – 5.25 GHz) must have non-removable or integrated antennas

FCC allows radios utilizing the UNII-2 Band (5.25 GHz – 5.35 GHz) to have external or removable antennas

FCC requires radios operating in both UNII-1 and UNII-2 bands must comply with antenna rules regulating UNII-1 band (including indoor use only)• The Cisco Aironet 802.11a radios utilize both UNII-1 and UNII-2 bands,

therefore cannot have external or removable antennas and must be used indoors only

• Cisco 802.11a antennas are integrated into the radio module

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-27

Omni directional Antennas

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-28

2.4 GHz Omni-Directional Antennas

2 dBi Dipole "Standard Rubber Duck"

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-29

2.4 GHz Omni-Directional Antennas

5.2 dBi Mast Mount Vertical

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-30

2.4 GHz Omni-Directional Antennas

5.2 dBi Ceiling Mount

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-31

2.4 GHz Omni-Directional Antennas

5.2 dBi Pillar Mount Diversity

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-32

2.4 GHz Diversity Omni-Directional Antennas

2 dBi Diversity Omni-Directional Ceiling Mount

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-33

2.4 GHz Omni-Directional Antennas

12 dBi Omni-Directional (Outdoor only)

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-34

5 GHz Omni-Directional Antennas

9 dBi omni (Vertical polarization)

Page 35: © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-1 111 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-35

5 GHz Integrated Antenna

Innovative 5 GHz Combo Antenna:• Wall Mount: Fold antenna flat

against access point housing for 6 dBi gain patch antenna

• Ceiling Mount: Fold antenna out at a 90° angle for 5 dBi gain omni antenna

In 5 dBi omni position

In 6 dBi patch position

Page 36: © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-1 111 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-36

Mini-PCI RadioMini-PCI Radio

2.2 dBi Omni-Directional Diversity Antennas2.2 dBi Omni-Directional Diversity Antennas

•Option 1: 802.11b•Option 1: 802.11b

Cisco Aironet 1100 Series Internal View

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-37

Cisco Aironet 1100 Series Antenna Details

Cone of reduced coverage

Cone of reduced coverage

Sphere of influenceSphere of influence

Sphere of influenceSphere of influence

Cone of reduced coverage

Cone of reduced coverage

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-38

H-Plane Pattern E-Plane Pattern

Top View Side View

Floor

H-Plane Pattern, Ivory Antenna = 90 degs Plane Cut (in x-y plane)

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

H-Plane Pattern, Ivory Antenna = 90 degs Plane Cut (in x-y plane)

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

E-Plane Pattern, Ivory Antenna = 0 degs Plane Cut (cut along x-z axis)

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

E-Plane Pattern, Ivory Antenna = 0 degs Plane Cut (cut along x-z axis)

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

Cisco Aironet 1100 Series Antenna Details (cont.)

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-39

Directional Antennas

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-40

2.4 GHz Diversity Antennas

6.5 dBi Diversity Patch Wall Mount – 55 degree

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-41

2.4 GHz Directional Antennas (cont.)

6 dBi Patch Antenna – 65 degree

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-42

2.4 GHz Directional Antennas (cont.)

8.5 dBi Patch Antenna – 60 degree

Page 43: © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-1 111 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-43

2.4 GHz Directional Antennas (cont.)

13.5 dBi Yagi Antenna – 25 degree

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-44

13.5 dBi Yagi Antenna—Inside view

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-45

2.4 GHz Directional Antennas (cont.)

21 dBi Parabolic Dish Antenna – 12 degree

Page 46: © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-1 111 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-46

5 GHz Omni-Directional Antennas

• 28 dBi dish (H or V polarization)

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-47

5 GHz Antenna

• 9.5 dBi sector (H or V polarization)

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-48

Cable and Accessories

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-49

2.4 GHz Accessories

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-50

RP-TNC Connectors

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-51

Lightning Arrestor

Designed to protect LAN devices from static electricity and lightning surges that travel on coax transmission lines

RP-TNC connectors used on all Cisco Antennas

To Antenna

Ground Wire

From RF Device

Lug

LockwasherNut

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-52

Lightning Arrestor

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-53

Coax Connection Sealing

Number one problems with bridges - water in the connectors

Proper sealing is important

Coax Seal is one product that is inexpensive and works great

Page 54: © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-1 111 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-54

1400 Accessories

Antenna Alignment Assistance with status/alignment LEDs and RSSI port on outdoor unit

Quick-hang mounting bracket supports weight of radio during installation process

Complete solution provided with radio including:

•Power Injector LR

•Multi Function Mount

•20’ and 50’ length of dual RG-6 cable

•Power supply and cord

•Coaxial sealant for all exposed connectors

•Corrosion proof gel for exposed metal surfaces

Management via SNMP, Telnet CLI, HTTP

Based upon 802.11a technology

Page 55: © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-1 111 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-55

1400 Power Injector LR

Converts standard 10/100 baseT Ethernet RJ-45 interface to F-Type connector dual coaxial cable

Power provided over dual coaxial cable with power discovery to protect other appliances

Support for longer cable runs by resetting the 100 meter, 100baseT Ethernet timer, enabling total cable runs of 200 meters.

Surge protection provided at the F-Type connectors to protect infrastructure devices

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-56

Link Engineering and RF Path Planning

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-57

Path Considerations

Radio line of sight

Earth bulge

Fresnel zone

Antenna and cabling

Data rate

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-58

Line of Sight

The following obstructions might obscure a visual link:• Topographic features, such as mountains

• Curvature of the Earth

• Buildings and other man-made objects

• Trees

Line of sight!

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-59

Longer Distances

Line of Sight disappears at 6 miles (9.7 Km) due to the earth curve

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-60

Fresnel Zone

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-61

Improving Fresnel Effect

Raise the antenna

New structure

Existing structure

Different mounting point

Remove trees

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-62

Total Distance

Fresnel @ 60% (Value “F”)

Earth Curvature (Value “C”)

Antenna Height (Value “H”)

Site to Site Fresnel Zone

Antenna Height• Fresnel zone consideration

• Line-of-Sight over 25 miles (40 Km) hard to implement

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-63

Antenna Alignment

Line of Sight

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-64

Antenna Issues

•No Downtilt

•One-way communications

High gain omni-directional

Directional antenna

Page 65: © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-1 111 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-65

Antenna Issues (cont.)

8 Miles/13 Km

700 ft./213 m

8.50 downtilt

14.50

200

ft.

/61

m

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.0—7-66

Antenna Issues (cont.)

Omni-directional antennas provide 3600 coverage

Also accepts interference from all directions

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Antenna Installation

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Antenna Mounting

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Mounting (Cont.)

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Interference

Carrier Detect Test (Spectrum Analyzer)• Built into Bridge

• Run from Console Menu

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Antenna Installation

Towers and antennas may require permits and must meet local regulations

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Antenna Installation (cont.)

Antenna Alignment Tool Id Name Address Signal Strength Signal Quality

18 Cisco Bridge #1 00409644fd35 100% -10 dBm 100%

17 Cisco Bridge #1 00409644fd35 100% -10 dBm 100%

16 Cisco Bridge #1 00409644fd35 45% -73 dBm 100%

15 Cisco Bridge #1 00409644fd35 38% -77 dBm 100%

14 Cisco Bridge #1 00409644fd35 100% -10 dBm 100%

13 Cisco Bridge #1 00409644fd35 58% -67 dBm 100%

12 Cisco Bridge #1 00409644fd35 38% -77 dBm 88%

11 Cisco Bridge #1 00409644fd35 63% -64 dBm 100%

10 Cisco Bridge #1 00409644fd35 100% -10 dBm 96%

9 Cisco Bridge #1 00409644fd35 45% -73 dBm 91%

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Antenna Installation (cont.)

Aironet Client Utility

Site Survey Utility for antenna alignment

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Ladder Safety

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Summary

• Identify characteristics of Cisco Aironet 802.11a antennas.

• Identify characteristics of Cisco Aironet 802.11b antennas.

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