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© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Unit 6 Seminar
“The events of our lives happen in a sequence in time, but in their significance to ourselves, they
find their own order…the continuous thread of revelation.”—Eurdora Welty
KU120
Prof. Brian Koster
© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Review from Unit 5
Space Order
Time Order
Listing
© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
The Classification Pattern Authors use the classification pattern to
sort ideas into smaller groups and describe the traits of each group.
Each smaller group, called a subgroup, is based on shared traits or characteristics.
© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Transitions Used in the Classification Pattern
Another (group, kind, type) Characteristics First (group, categories, kind, type) Second (group, categories, kind, type) Order Traits
© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Example “Wetlands” is a general term that includes several
types of vital links between water and land. One type of wetland is a bog; it is characterized by spongy peat deposits, acidic waters, and is covered by a carpet of sphagnum moss. Another type of wetland is the marsh, which is a wetland frequently swamped with water; it is characterized by soft-stemmed vegetation. Finally, a swamp is a type of wetland dominated by woody plants.
© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Thought Patterns in Textbooks Textbook authors use transitions to
make relationships between ideas clear and easy to understand.
Often authors mix thought patterns in the same passage or paragraph.
The effective reader looks for the author’s primary thought pattern.
© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Comparison-and-Contrast Comparison points out the ways in
which two or more ideas are alike.• “Writing, like farming, follows a planting, growing,
and reaping cycle.”
Contrast points out the ways in which two or more ideas are different.
• “Women differ from men in their styles of communication.”
© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Words & Phrases of Comparison Alike As As well as Equally In like manner In a similar fashion In a similar manner In the same way
Just as Just like Like Likewise Resemble Same Similar Similarly
© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Words and Phrases of Contrast
Although On the one hand Conversely To the contrary Nevertheless Differently At the same time In contrast Different Still On the contrary
Even though Instead As opposed to On the other hand Difference Despite Yet But In spite of Different from
© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Combined Comparison-and-Contrast “Although yoga and Pilates share similar
characteristics, an important difference exists. Both yoga and Pilates are low-impact forms of exercise that improve posture, flexibility, and contraction. However, the primary goal of Pilates is to strengthen the midsection and buttocks. On the other hand, yoga does not focus on any one part of the body. Rather yoga works the opposing muscles of the entire body.”
© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Cause-and-Effect
A cause states why something happens. An effect states a result or outcome.• “Because Selena memorized the algebra formulas
and practiced using them, she did well on the test.”• “Due to the amount of snow on the streets and
highways, schools and businesses have shut down.”
© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Cause-and-Effect Words Because Consequently Accordingly Because of Leads to Results in As a result
Due to If-then Since So Therefore Thus
© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Unit 6 Project
The Unit 6 Project is worth 105 points.
Let’s review the project in detail