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© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Chapter 4: Organizational Patterns
Only those who dare to fail miserably can achieve greatly.
(R. Kennedy)
© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman
Publishers
In this chapter you will learn how to:
Identify patterns of organization: Definition Classification Order or Sequence Cause and Effect Comparison and Contrast Listing/Enumeration
© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman
Publishers
Patterns
Patterns help you anticipate the author’s thought development and thus focus your reading.
Patterns help you remember and recall what you read.
Patterns are useful in your writing; they help you organize and express your ideas in a more coherent, comprehensible form.
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Definition
Explains the meaning of a word or phrase.Transitions:Deficit is another term that…Genetics is…Aggression can be defined as…Balance of power also means...
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Classification
Divides a topic into parts based on shared characteristics.
Transitions:There are several kinds of chemical
bonding... There are numerous types of…Reproduction can be classified as…The human skeleton is composed of...
© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman
Publishers
Order or Sequence
Describes events, processes, and procedures.– Chronology– Process– Order of Importance– Spatial Order
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Chronological Order
Refers to the sequence in which events occur in time.
Transitions:In ancient times…At the start of the battle…On September 12…The first primate species…Later efforts...
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Process
Focuses on procedures, steps, or stages by which actions are accomplished.
Transition words are similar to those used for chronological order.
© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman
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Order of Importance
Expresses order of priority or preference.
Ideas are arranged from most to least important or from least to most important.
Transitions: Is less essential than… More revealing is… Of primary interest is…
Order of Importance Example
The Supreme Court is the highest court in both the federal and state system. The Supreme Court hears a limited number of cases, which generally involve important questions about the Constitution or federal law.
The next level down from the Supreme Court is the 12 Regional Circuits (and 1 for the federal Circuit) in the U.S. Massachusetts is
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p. 2
in the First Circuit, along with Rhode Island, Maine, New Hampshire and Puerto Rico.
Below the Regional Circuit are the magistrate judges, who are appointed by the district court for eight-year terms. Their role is to conduct most of the initial proceedings in criminal cases; conduct some trials; and prepare the district court judges' cases for trials.
© 2005 Pearson Education Inc.,
publishing as Longman Publishers
© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman
Publishers
Spatial Order
Information is organized according to its physical location, or position or order in space.
Transitions:the left side of the brain…the lower portion…the outer covering…beneath the surface…
U-Review
1. Definition
2. Classification
3. Time Order (chronological order)
4. Process
5. Order of Importance
6. Space Order (spatial)
© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman
Publishers
© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman
Publishers
Cause and Effect
Describes how one or more things cause or are related to another.
Transitions:Stress causes…Aggression creates…Depression leads to…Avoidance results in…Life changes produce...
© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman
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Comparison and Contrast
Discusses similarities and/or differences among ideas, theories, concepts, objects, or persons.
Transitions: Frost differs from… Unlike Whitman, Frost… Frost is as powerful as… Both Frost and Whitman...
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Listing/Enumeration
Organized lists of information, parts, characteristics, features, or categories.
Transitions:One aspect of relativity…A second feature of relativity…There are several characteristics of
relativity: (1)…(2)…, and (3)…
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Mixed Patterns
Organizational patterns are often combined.
Example: Psychogenic amnesia—a severe and often permanent memory loss—results in disorientation and the inability to draw on past experiences. (cause and effect/definition)
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Statement & Clarification
Indicates that information explaining an idea or concept will follow.
Transitions:
in fact, in other words, clearly, evidently, obviously
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Summary
Indicates that a condensed review of an idea or piece of writing is to follow.
Transitions:
in summary, in conclusion, in brief, to summarize, to sum up, in short, on the whole
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Generalization and Example
Provides examples that clarify a broad, general statement.
Transitions:
for example, for instance, that is,
to illustrate, thus
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Addition
Indicates that additional information will follow.
Transitions:
furthermore, additionally, also, besides, further, in addition, moreover, again
Illustration (Example
Gives specific examples of a term or concept.
Groupthink has occurred in military decisions; for example, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, no one on the President’s council expressed an attitude that Cuba should not be invaded.
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Illustration/ Example
Transitions:To illustrateFor exampleSuch asincluding
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U-Review
Cause & EffectCompare & ContrastListingStatement & ClarificationSummaryGeneralization & ExampleAddition
© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman
Publishers
© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman
Publishers
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