© 2007, TSI Incorporated

Future Diesel Emission Limits:

Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) Update

2008 Channel Partner Sales Meeting

© 2007, TSI Incorporated

Overview

• What is “PMP” • On the road to Euro 5 and Euro 6, Regulations 83

and 49• Recent PMP activities

– Consolidation of PN measurement results– JRC Calibration workshop

• TSI Offering for PMP-measurements• Some measurements

© 2007, TSI Incorporated

PMP Overview

• The Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) was established in May 2001– Purpose: to develop a new system for measuring ultrafine

particles emitted from light- and heavy-duty vehicles, which could either replace or complement the existing filter-based, gravimetric PM measurements used for type approval

• Main driver is health effects of ultrafine particles– Diesel exhaust is widely recognized as a major source of ultrafine

particles• Today >50% of new, European passenger vehicles are diesel-powered• CARB signed memorandum of understanding (MOU) with EU JRC for PMP

project in Nov. of 2005 and plan to join HD engine testing program

© 2007, TSI Incorporated

EU Commission adds PN-Limit to proposed Euro 5/6

26 April 2007The European Commission has added a particle number limit to its Euro 5/6 proposed emission standards for light-duty vehicles. Particle number emissions from diesel cars would be measured according to the procedure developed by the Particle Measurement Programme (PMP). It is the first introduction of a particle number emission limit in any diesel emission regulation for new engines or vehicles in the world. The revisions were introduced last month to the technical part of the proposed regulation.

The proposed number emission limit of 6 × 1011 particles per km (recently revised spec per Jon Andersson, “Golden Engineer” of PMP test program) would be applicable to all categories of light-duty diesel vehicles at the Euro 5 (2009.09) and Euro 6 (2014.09).

Only solid particles are counted, as volatile material is removed from the sample, according to the PMP procedure. The proposed numerical limit reflects the technical capabilities of diesel engines fitted with wall-flow particulate filters. The limit is very stringent—it is believed that wall-flow filter materials with larger pore sizes, such as those being developed for coating with complex catalyst systems for simultaneous NOx and PM emission reduction, may actually fail the proposed standard….

Source: www.dieselnet.com

© 2007, TSI Incorporated

PMP ILCE-LD Final Report Published

12 June 2007The European Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) has published “Light-duty Inter-laboratory Correlation Exercise (ILCE_LD) Final Report”, authored by Jon Andersson and co-authors, which summarizes the results and findings from Phase 3 of the study.

….For PM mass measurement, a modified filter method similar to that currently used in Europe, but incorporating changes broadly based on the US 2007 emission certification testing procedure.

For particle number measurement, a new method using a condensation particle counter (CPC), a selected size range (23 nm - 2.5 µm), and sample pre-conditioning at 300°C in an evaporation tube. The procedure has been designed to count solid particles only, and to eliminate volatile particles….

Source: www.dieselnet.com

© 2007, TSI Incorporated

PNC measurement range according to PMP

Source: Kittelson, D. B., 1998. Engines and Nano-particles: A Review. J. Aerosol Sci., Vol. 29, No. 5/6, pp. 575-588, 1998.

(23 nm to ~ 2.5 – 10 µm)

Nucleation mode, formed as exhaust cools (uncontrolled)

Accumulation mode,

soot, stable, very reproducible

© 2007, TSI Incorporated

Why Thermodilution?

• Particle number & size in emissions not stable – Particle size distributions undergo significant changes

between tailpipe (source) and measurement instrumentation– Tailpipe exhaust is hot, highly concentrated and wet– Coagulation decreases particle number and increases size

• Dilution stops/prevents coagulation– Nucleation mode particles are formed due to condensation

of volatile gaseous compounds• Thermal conditioning prevents condensation

Careful dilution and thermal conditioning needed!

© 2007, TSI Incorporated

Thermal Conditioning Effects

T. Kawai, NTSEL (2004)

© 2007, TSI Incorporated

Recent PMP Progress

• GRPE 54 agreed a Roadmap of work to address concerns with ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRPE/2007/8 (adding particle number measurement to Regulation 83) to allow a revised proposal to be adopted in January 2008– Roadmap actions:

• i) to compile additional existing PN results• ii) to improve calibration procedures• iii) to analyze accumulation of errors/system tolerances• iv) to demonstrate calibration procedures

• Compile existing particle number test data from PMP compliant equipment used outside of the PMP ILCE– Data received from AECC, CARB, JAMA, Sweden, Concawe, UK, Toyota and

Volkswagen– PMP compliant measurement systems used were the Horiba SPCS and Matter

MD19+TSI PNC– Results were submitted on other measurement systems but no data was

available to demonstrate that these systems met PMP solid particle penetration and volatile particle removal efficiency requirements

Source:http://www.unece.org/trans/doc/2008/wp29grpe/ECE-TRANS-WP29-GRPE-55-inf29e.pdf

© 2007, TSI Incorporated

PMP – Improved Calibration Procedures

Source:http://www.unece.org/trans/doc/2008/wp29grpe/ECE-TRANS-WP29-GRPE-55-inf29e.pdf

The following key revisions to the procedures were agreed by PMP:

•VPR will be calibrated for particle concentration reduction factor (a combination of particle losses and dilution) which must not be excessively size dependent

•PNC will be calibrated to reference electrometer level

•This substantially reduces potential offset between systems by correcting out differences in particle losses and PNC linearity

EMPA, METAS, TSI & AEA undertook measurements during August-September 2007 demonstrating the procedures and their repeatability

© 2007, TSI Incorporated

JRC PNC Calibration Workshop

• The material dependence of the PNC calibration was one of the last issues to resolve– …which calibration material to use?

• Further measurements were made at JRC in December 2007 to investigate the influence of aerosol material on PNC lower detection (cut-off) characteristic

© 2007, TSI Incorporated

JRC PNC Calibration WorkshopCont’d

Source:http://www.unece.org/trans/doc/2008/wp29grpe/ECE-TRANS-WP29-GRPE-55-inf29e.pdf

© 2007, TSI Incorporated

JRC PNC Calibration WorkshopCont’d

• However, it was also found that best possible correction for multiply-charged calibration particles is very important for reliable calibration results

• TSI uses (and recommends) electrosprayed Emery Oil particles for EECPC calibration– These particles are generated containing only singly-

charged particles– No multiple charge correction necessary

© 2007, TSI Incorporated

PMP Measurement Offering

Model 379020-30 Rotating Disk Thermodiluter with Thermal

Conditioner Air Supply

Model 3790 Engine Exhaust Condensation

Particle Counter (EECPC)

Meets all PMP criteria for research and certification

© 2007, TSI Incorporated

Scheme of “Particle Sampling System”

C HEPA

CVS Tunnel

To mass flow controller and

pump

PCF: provides sharp cut-point at 2.5µm

Carbon and HEPA filters provide particle free and low HC

background air

PND1

heats and dilutes

Particle number concentration

ET: Heatedevaporation tube

Dilution air in

Humidity and T controlled

To CFV

Size selective

inlet:D50 ~20nm

PSP and PTT comprise the sample probe

PND2

cools and dilutes

VPR

PSP

PTT

PNC

*Source: PROPOSAL FOR DRAFT SUPPLEMENT 07 TO THE 05 SERIES OF AMENDMENTS TO REGULATION No.83

© 2007, TSI Incorporated

Model 3790 EECPCNew saturator and condenser design:

- Anti-spill, anti-flooding- Water removal- Improved temperature control- Removable saturator- Meets all PMP specifications

© 2007, TSI Incorporated

Rotating Disk Thermodiluter with Thermal Conditioner Air Supply

Heated Diluter (PND1)

Control Unit for RotatingDisk Diluter

Control Unit for Secondary Diluter (PND2)

Evaporation Tube (ET)

© 2007, TSI Incorporated

Rotational Disk Diluter –Working Principle

Heated Diluter Head (150 ˚C)

Variable Dilution 1:15 to 1:3000

Dilution Air (preheated)

Raw Exhaust

Peristaltic Pump

To Instruments

© 2007, TSI Incorporated

NEDC (measured before DPF)

0.0E+00

5.0E+07

1.0E+08

1.5E+08

2.0E+08

2.5E+08

3.0E+08

3.5E+08

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Time [s]

To

tal

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n [

Pa

rtic

le/c

m³]

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Sp

ee

d [

km

/h]

© 2007, TSI Incorporated

0.0E+00

1.0E+03

2.0E+03

3.0E+03

4.0E+03

5.0E+03

6.0E+03

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Time [s]

To

tal

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n [

Pa

rtic

le/c

m³]

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Sp

eed

[km

/h]

NEDC (measured after DPF)

© 2007, TSI Incorporated

2008 Engine Emissions Conference Schedule

• Trade show promotions– Do have some € set aside for show advertising

Conference Dates Location5th International Mobility Conference on Emerging Automotive Technologies (SAE India)

January 9-11 New Delhi, India

Coordinating Research Council (CRC) March 31-April 2 San Diego, CA

29th Vienna Motor Symposium April 24-28 Vienna, Austria

Cambridge Particle Meeting May Cambridge, UK

Japan SAE (co-op with Tokyo Dylec) May Japan

ETH Conference June Zürich, Switzerland

Diesel Engine & Emissions Research (DEER) August TBD

FAD Conference (Attend only) November Dresden, Germany

© 2007, TSI Incorporated

Target Customers

• Light-duty vehicle manufacturers• Engine development companies• Manufacturers of exhaust aftertreatment systems • Manufacturers of fuel and lubrication• Test/Certification authorities• Participants of PMP Heavy Duty Inter-Lab

Correlation Exercise and HD round robin testing

© 2007, TSI Incorporated

CP Assignment

• PN regulation is only 3 years away!– Customers need to purchase equipment now!!

• Identify, target and market to prospective customers today!– Target list of customers included in CD

© 2007, TSI Incorporated

HORIBA

• Collaboration agreement with HORIBA– OEM CPC

• MEXA-1000SPCS– Fully integrated,

automated system

© 2007, TSI Incorporated

To Market Strategy

• TSI sells components; customer does integration• HORIBA sells an integrated, automated (possibly

custom) system• Therefore,

– If customer wants components, TSI has product offering

– If customer wants integrated system, recommend they talk with HORIBA

• Agreement with HORIBA does not prevent TSI from selling standard products to any customer

© 2007, TSI Incorporated

….last, but not least

• Don’t forget to ask potential (or existing) PMP-customers about…– VPR validation

• Electrostatic classifier, aerosol generators, CPC

– PN calibration • Electrospray, electrostatic classifier, aerosol

electrometer, accessories)

– Soot size distribution and concentration measurements

• High size resolution & steady state: SMPS• Transient test cycle: EEPS

© 2007, TSI Incorporated

Thank’s for your attention!

Questions?