© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Chapter 14

Circulation andBlood Vessels

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Blood Circulation

• Major circulatory systems– Cardiopulmonary circulation

– Systemic circulation

• Specialized circulatory systems– Coronary circulation

– Portal circulation

– Fetal circulation

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Cardiopulmonary Circulation

• Deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen. The oxygenated blood then returns to the heart.

• Review of blood flow through the heart and

lungs

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Systemic Circulation

• Circulates nutrients, oxygen, water, and secretions

• Carries away waste products

• Helps equalize body temperature

• Aids in protecting the body from harmful bacteria

• The aorta and its branches

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Coronary Circulation

• Brings oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

• Right and left branches of the coronary artery

• Exchange of oxygen and waste occurs at capillary level

• Deoxygenated blood returns through the coronary veins to the coronary sinus

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Portal Circulation

• A branch of the general circulation

• Veins from the pancreas, stomach, small intestine, colon and spleen empty their blood into the hepatic portal vein which goes to the liver

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Portal Circulation

• Liver ensures that the blood’s glucose concentration is kept within a relatively narrow range

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Fetal Circulation

• Occurs in the unborn baby (fetus)

• Fetus obtains oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood; not through their own lungs and digestive systems

• The fetal blood does not mix with the mother’s blood; the exchange of gases, food and waste is passed through the placenta

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Blood Vessels

• Arteries

• Capillaries

• Veins

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Arteries

• Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to capillaries (exception – pulmonary arteries)

• Layers of the walls– Tunica adventitia or externa

– Tunica media

– Tunica intima

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Arteries

• Aorta leads away from the heart and branches into smaller arteries

• Smaller arteries branch into arterioles

• Arterioles give rise to the capillaries

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Capillaries

• Smallest blood vessels

• Can only be seen through a microscope

• Connect the arterioles and venules

• Muscle and connective tissue disappear and

they become a simple endothelial cell layer

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Capillaries

• Selective permeability

• Control of blood flow by precapillary sphincters

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Veins

• Carry deoxygenated blood away from the capillaries to the heart

• Layers of the walls– Tunica externa

– Tunica media

– Tunica intima

• Walls much thinner than arteries– Do not have to withstand as much pressure

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Veins

• Veins have valves so blood flows in one direction

– Toward the heart

• Largest vein is the vena cavae– Superior vena cavae returns blood from upper part of body

– Inferior vena cavae returns blood from the lower part of the body

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Venous Return

• Valves help keep venous blood moving

• Skeletal muscles contract to push venous blood along its path

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Venous Return

• Pressure changes occur when we breath which helps bring venous blood back to the heart

• Stationary positioning can decrease flow back to the heart for oxygenation

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Blood Pressure

• Systolic blood pressure

• Diastolic blood pressure

• Pulse pressure

• Normal values = 120/80

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Pulse

• Can feel pulsating beat at certain points on the body

• Should be same as heart rate

• Can feel pulse on the body where the artery is near the surface of the skin and over a bone

– These are called pulse points

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Pulse Points

• Brachial artery

• Common carotid artery

• Femoral artery

• Dorsalis pedis artery

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Pulse Points

• Popliteal artery

• Radial artery

• Temporal artery

• Pressure points can be used to stop bleeding

distal to the pulse point

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Disorders of the Blood Vessels

• Aneurysm

• Arteriosclerosis

• Atherosclerosis

• Gangrene

• Phlebitis or thrombophlebitis

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Disorders of the Blood Vessels

• Embolism

• Varicose veins

• Hemorrhoids

• Cerebral hemorrhage

• Peripheral vascular disease

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Disorders of the Blood Vessels

• Hypertension– Normal

– Less than 120/80

– Pre-hypertension– 120-130/80-89

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Disorders of the Blood Vessels

• Stage I hypertension– 140-159/90-99

• Stage II hypertension– 160 and above/100 and above

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Disorders of the Blood Vessels

• White coat hypertension

• Hypotension

• Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)-– warning stroke

• Cerebral vascular accident (CVA)– stroke

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Hypoperfusion

• Inadequate flow of blood carrying oxygen to the organs and body systems

• Hypoperfused tissue will stop working properly*****

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Hypoperfusion

Back in the Game Sports Medicine is a

clinic dedicated to the treatment of

physical injuries to the body. Caring for

an injured body involves more than

making the diagnosis; it's about

understanding and treating the cause to

prevent future injuries. The clinic

addresses variety of injuries to the body whether it be from a car accident to over-use trauma. When injuries occur, it is no longer enough for people to "take it easy for awhile" or "work through it." Sports medicine professionals like Back in the Game offer

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov