© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 3: Changing Philosophies for...

© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3:Chapter 3:Changing Philosophies for Sport, Fitness, Changing Philosophies for Sport, Fitness,

and Physical Educationand Physical Education

Chapter 3:Chapter 3:Changing Philosophies for Sport, Fitness, Changing Philosophies for Sport, Fitness,

and Physical Educationand Physical Education

HPHE 1500HPHE 1500Dr. AyersDr. Ayers

HPHE 1500HPHE 1500Dr. AyersDr. Ayers

© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.2

OntologyOntology

AxiologyAxiology

PoliticsPolitics

EthicsEthics

Some informal Definitions . . .


OntologyOntology

The study of the nature of being, existence, or reality.The study of the nature of being, existence, or reality.

. . . Deciding on a position regarding the link between Mind and body, or whether there is morethan one reality

. . . Deciding on a position regarding the link between Mind and body, or whether there is morethan one reality



AxiologyAxiology

The study of values and the nature of values The study of values and the nature of values


. . . What values do you try to instill in others?. . . What values do you try to instill in others?


EthicsEthicsStudy of thea) nature of morals and moral choices made by persons;

b) rules or standards governing the conduct of an individual or members of a profession (e.g., judicial or medical ethics).

Study of thea) nature of morals and moral choices made by persons;

b) rules or standards governing the conduct of an individual or members of a profession (e.g., judicial or medical ethics).

. . . Making judgments about the “right” thing to do.. . . Making judgments about the “right” thing to do.




PoliticsPolitics

Judging what is best for the common goodJudging what is best for the common good


OntologyOntology

AxiologyAxiologyPoliticsPolitics

EthicsEthics

These are all areas of study within the broader field of PhilosophyThese are all areas of study within the broader field of Philosophy

Your actions and choices (i.e., your behavior) reflect your philosophy . . .

Your position on issues, your values.


Seeing how your philosophy is connected with those within your field will help youarticulate your views and positions.

Seeing how your philosophy is connected with those within your field will help youarticulate your views and positions.

Can you articulate your own position and values about the profession/field you plan

to enter? . . . Try it!

Can you articulate your own position and values about the profession/field you plan

to enter? . . . Try it!

Over time it will evolve, and change . . . But be sure you have one!


Philosophical influences in early American Sport, Fitness, and

Physical Education

Philosophical influences in early American Sport, Fitness, and

Physical EducationKey developments in the 19th & 20th Centuries in the field . . .(a backdrop):Key developments in the 19th & 20th Centuries in the field . . .(a backdrop):

Physical Education becomes a school subject Physical Education becomes a school subject

Competitive sport becomes more accepted Competitive sport becomes more accepted

Fitness becomes valued in its own right Fitness becomes valued in its own right

Importance of play during childhood is recognized Importance of play during childhood is recognized


Main Philosophical influences on Sport, Fitness, and Physical

Education

Main Philosophical influences on Sport, Fitness, and Physical

Education The Gymnastics Philosophies The Gymnastics Philosophies

Muscular Christianity Muscular Christianity

Masculinity & Femininity Ideals Masculinity & Femininity Ideals

Amateurism, Fair Play, & British ideals Amateurism, Fair Play, & British ideals

Character Education Character Education

(See also Box 3.1, p. 59)


The Gymnastics Philosophies (1800-1850)

The Gymnastics Philosophies (1800-1850)

German and Swedish systems emerge within a period of strong Nationalism

German and Swedish systems emerge within a period of strong Nationalism

Both were similar in philosophy Both were similar in philosophy

Main goal: Individual development, self-reliance

Main goal: Individual development, self-reliance Yet also strongly linked with National Defense (i.e., military preparedness)

Yet also strongly linked with National Defense (i.e., military preparedness)


Muscular Christianity (1850-1900)Muscular Christianity (1850-1900)

Emerged as Puritanism lost its grip on the young nation

Emerged as Puritanism lost its grip on the young nation Reflects mutual understanding between sport & religion

Reflects mutual understanding between sport & religion Ralph Waldo Emerson: “the first wealth is health”

Ralph Waldo Emerson: “the first wealth is health” Achieving fitness and physical prowess also serves mental, moral and religious purposes

Achieving fitness and physical prowess also serves mental, moral and religious purposes Reached popularity via British likeness: ARNOLDISM

Reached popularity via British likeness: ARNOLDISM ARNOLDISM: Uses Sport & fitness toward reaching manliness, courage, patriotism, moral character, team spirit, & intellectual independence

ARNOLDISM: Uses Sport & fitness toward reaching manliness, courage, patriotism, moral character, team spirit, & intellectual independence


Masculinity & Femininity IdealsMasculinity & Femininity Ideals

19th Century: Increased acceptance of sport & fitness… But only for males!

19th Century: Increased acceptance of sport & fitness… But only for males!

Vigorous activity and competitive sport viewed as harmful and “unladylike” for girls and women

Vigorous activity and competitive sport viewed as harmful and “unladylike” for girls and women This was in stark contrast to prevailing view of men: virile, tough, aggressive, etc. This was in stark contrast to prevailing view of men: virile, tough, aggressive, etc.

Similar views were held in sport, fitness & Physical Education environments

Similar views were held in sport, fitness & Physical Education environments

Title IX and feminism greatly accelerated the change process for women

Title IX and feminism greatly accelerated the change process for women


Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions

How do you perceive Muscular Christianity?

How do you perceive Muscular Christianity?

What is your perception of women’s physical life in our

society today?

What is your perception of women’s physical life in our

society today?


Amateurism, Fair Play, and British Ideals

Amateurism, Fair Play, and British Ideals

Development of Sport in the late 1900s mirrored the growth of British Sport: Amateurism & Fair Play

Development of Sport in the late 1900s mirrored the growth of British Sport: Amateurism & Fair Play

It was the wealthy in Britain who exuded these characteristics

It was the wealthy in Britain who exuded these characteristics

Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) formed in 1888

Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) formed in 1888


Character Education ThroughPhysical Challenges

Character Education ThroughPhysical Challenges

Kurt Hahn’s educational goal: Train character over intellectGerman Jew founder of Gordonstoun School in Scotland

Kurt Hahn’s educational goal: Train character over intellectGerman Jew founder of Gordonstoun School in Scotland Fitness was an important component Fitness was an important component

40 min. activity breaks interspersed daily throughout classroom activities

40 min. activity breaks interspersed daily throughout classroom activities Youth challenged through vigorous outdoor activities to test courage and skill

Youth challenged through vigorous outdoor activities to test courage and skill

Ergo: The Outward Bound Movement Ergo: The Outward Bound Movement


School Sport and the New Physical Education . . . The

Philosophical Roots


Philosophical Roots

Jean-Jacque Rousseau


ThomasWood

ThomasWood

John DeweyJohn Dewey

JohannPestalozzi

JohannPestalozzi

JohannBasedowJohann

BasedowFriedrichFroebel

FriedrichFroebel

ClarkHetherington

ClarkHetherington

17401740

19241924


Thomas Wood’s work (1893) signaled the shift from the Gymnastics movement to the “Education-through- the-physical” approach

Thomas Wood’s work (1893) signaled the shift from the Gymnastics movement to the “Education-through- the-physical” approach Based in part on the “progressive education” principles developed by John Dewey (most imp’t in history of American edu)

Based in part on the “progressive education” principles developed by John Dewey (most imp’t in history of American edu) John Dewey’s education agenda: Social reform through child-centered, natural education

John Dewey’s education agenda: Social reform through child-centered, natural education Students are active participants . . . Doing is as important as knowing . . . Mental and physical cannot/should not be separated

Students are active participants . . . Doing is as important as knowing . . . Mental and physical cannot/should not be separated

Thus, natural play, sport and games were valued highly in “progressive education” Thus, natural play, sport and games were valued highly in “progressive education”


John Dewey strongly influenced Clark Hetherington while at Columbia University

John Dewey strongly influenced Clark Hetherington while at Columbia University

Hence, the link between progressive education and “education-through-the-physical”

Hence, the link between progressive education and “education-through-the-physical”

Many early leaders trained in 1st doc program at Teachers College (Columbia Univ): main center for progressive education & education-through-the- physical philosophy

Many early leaders trained in 1st doc program at Teachers College (Columbia Univ): main center for progressive education & education-through-the- physical philosophy


Rousseau: Children are born “good”…their environment ruins them

Rousseau: Children are born “good”…their environment ruins them

Strong advocate of physical activity, play, games & gymnastics as sensory experiences for a more holistic education

Strong advocate of physical activity, play, games & gymnastics as sensory experiences for a more holistic education

School Sport and the New Physical Education . . .

The Philosophical Roots

School Sport and the New Physical Education . . .

The Philosophical Roots

Play could contribute to developing character: cooperation and competition

Play could contribute to developing character: cooperation and competition Rousseau-influenced educators: Basedow, Pestalozzi, Froebel

Rousseau-influenced educators: Basedow, Pestalozzi, Froebel Each viewed physical activity, play as central to children’s development Each viewed physical activity, play as central to children’s development



Philosophical Roots


Philosophical Roots



ThomasWood

ThomasWood

John DeweyJohn Dewey

JohannPestalozzi

JohannPestalozzi

JohannBasedowJohann

BasedowFriedrichFroebel

FriedrichFroebel

ClarkHetherington

ClarkHetherington

17401740

19241924


Play was the key link among the various educational philosophers Play was the key link among the various educational philosophers

Froebel made it the cornerstone of his views of how children learn Froebel made it the cornerstone of his views of how children learn

Re-emergence of Play as a Philosophical Concept

Re-emergence of Play as a Philosophical Concept

Became widely accepted as central to education and life Became widely accepted as central to education and life

Previously, Christianity (i.e., Reformation) suppressed play behavior as anti-Christian Previously, Christianity (i.e., Reformation) suppressed play behavior as anti-Christian


Friedrich von Schiller made Play a legitimate philosophical concept: Friedrich von Schiller made Play a legitimate philosophical concept:

“For to speak out once for all, man only plays when in the full meaning of the word he is a man, and he is only completely a man when at play.”

“For to speak out once for all, man only plays when in the full meaning of the word he is a man, and he is only completely a man when at play.”

(Schiller, 1910)

Schiller argued that PLAY was a basic, integrating mode of human behavior throughout life & across all cultures

Schiller argued that PLAY was a basic, integrating mode of human behavior throughout life & across all cultures


Discussion QuestionDiscussion Question

If/How do you think society’s impression of PLAY impacts the

public’s perception of our profession?

If/How do you think society’s impression of PLAY impacts the

public’s perception of our profession?


The Early 20th Century:Philosophies Come Together

The Early 20th Century:Philosophies Come Together

Physical Education proponents also influenced the

YMCA and playground movements

Physical Education proponents also influenced the

YMCA and playground movements Sport, fitness and Physical Education each began to

form unique identities

Sport, fitness and Physical Education each began to

form unique identities

Sport, fitness and school-based Physical Education had become well accepted and seen as critical to total development (though still favoring males)

Sport, fitness and school-based Physical Education had become well accepted and seen as critical to total development (though still favoring males)

Participation in sport, fitness & physical education was useful b/c of the contributions it made to intellectual, physical, social & moral development

Participation in sport, fitness & physical education was useful b/c of the contributions it made to intellectual, physical, social & moral development


Philosophical Forces in Sport, Fitness and Physical Education since

1950’s

Philosophical Forces in Sport, Fitness and Physical Education since

1950’s

Until the 1950’s the “Education-Through-the-Physical”

had not been challenged

Until the 1950’s the “Education-Through-the-Physical”

had not been challenged Rise of new philosophical orientations:

Rise of new philosophical orientations:

1950’s mark a period of increasing specialization, diversification in each area

1950’s mark a period of increasing specialization, diversification in each area

Human Movement Humanistic Sport & Physical Education Play Education & Sport Education Experiential & Adventure Education

Human Movement Humanistic Sport & Physical Education Play Education & Sport Education Experiential & Adventure Education


Philosophical Forces in Sport, Fitness and Physical Education since 1950’s

Philosophical Forces in Sport, Fitness and Physical Education since 1950’s

“Human Movement” philosophy “Human Movement” philosophy Rudolph Laban*, Rosiland Cassidy & Elanor Metheny Rudolph Laban*, Rosiland Cassidy & Elanor Metheny Became basis for: a) undergraduate teacher preparation at UCLA in 1958 b) justifying the academic nature of Physical Education

Became basis for: a) undergraduate teacher preparation at UCLA in 1958 b) justifying the academic nature of Physical Education Framework fostered subsequent specialization → various sub-disciplines Framework fostered subsequent specialization → various sub-disciplines Offered school programs a more flexible/open approach to teaching in elem schools: Movement Education

Offered school programs a more flexible/open approach to teaching in elem schools: Movement Education Associated teaching styles: Exploration & guided discovery Associated teaching styles: Exploration & guided discovery


Humanistic Sport & Physical Education Humanistic Sport & Physical Education Humanistic Psychology emerged as dominant force in Education during the 60’s/70s, emphasizing personal and social development

Humanistic Psychology emerged as dominant force in Education during the 60’s/70s, emphasizing personal and social development

Don Hellison publishes Humanistic Physical Education (1973) targeting personal development, interpersonal relationships and self-expression as primary goals for Physical Education

Don Hellison publishes Humanistic Physical Education (1973) targeting personal development, interpersonal relationships and self-expression as primary goals for Physical Education A similar movement develops that condemns abuses in sport (e.g., Scott, 1969: Athletics for Athletes)

A similar movement develops that condemns abuses in sport (e.g., Scott, 1969: Athletics for Athletes)

Hellison’s framework for developing “personal & social responsibility” has become ingrained in school Physical Education, notably those serving urban at-risk youth

Hellison’s framework for developing “personal & social responsibility” has become ingrained in school Physical Education, notably those serving urban at-risk youth


Play Education & Sport Education Play Education & Sport Education

Traditional philosophies viewed Physical Education as a means towards other outcomes (i.e., physical, social, mental, moral)

Traditional philosophies viewed Physical Education as a means towards other outcomes (i.e., physical, social, mental, moral)

“Play for play sake” (i.e., the activities are valuable in

and of themselves) emerges as a new means of explaining the importance of the subject in schools (first promoted by Elanor Metheny)

“Play for play sake” (i.e., the activities are valuable in

and of themselves) emerges as a new means of explaining the importance of the subject in schools (first promoted by Elanor Metheny) First proposed by Siedentop, it aims to help students acquire the skills and appreciation for the activities themselves

First proposed by Siedentop, it aims to help students acquire the skills and appreciation for the activities themselves Play Education places motor play (as seen in

Physical Education) alongside music, art and drama as an institutionalized form of play fundamental to our culture

Play Education places motor play (as seen in

Physical Education) alongside music, art and drama as an institutionalized form of play fundamental to our culture


Play Education & Sport Education Play Education & Sport Education Where Play Education was a philosophy, Sport Education (SE) emerged as a coherent curriculum model for school

Physical Education programs

Where Play Education was a philosophy, Sport Education (SE) emerged as a coherent curriculum model for school

Physical Education programs SE seeks to help students become competent, literate and enthusiastic sportpersons . . . To foster continued participation and contribution to creating a healthier sport culture

SE seeks to help students become competent, literate and enthusiastic sportpersons . . . To foster continued participation and contribution to creating a healthier sport culture In SE, students are members of a team during a season in which festivity and team affiliation is created, a schedule of competition is completed, records are kept, and a season champion is determined during a culminating

event

In SE, students are members of a team during a season in which festivity and team affiliation is created, a schedule of competition is completed, records are kept, and a season champion is determined during a culminating

event


Experiential & Adventure Education Experiential & Adventure Education

Based on the character-education models from the 1800’s

Based on the character-education models from the 1800’s Follows the core values and principles of Outward Bound (www.outwardbound.com):

Follows the core values and principles of Outward Bound (www.outwardbound.com):

Adventure & challenge. Compassion & service. Learning through experience. Personal development. Social & environmental responsibility.

Adventure & challenge. Compassion & service. Learning through experience. Personal development. Social & environmental responsibility. Many school Physical Education programs

infuse team building and adventure type activities both in-class and off-campus (e.g., 2-3 day hiking or canoeing trips)

Many school Physical Education programs infuse team building and adventure type activities both in-class and off-campus (e.g., 2-3 day hiking or canoeing trips)


The Fitness Renaissance and Wellness Movement

The Fitness Renaissance and Wellness Movement

Fitness is “in” and BIG business. Fitness is “in” and BIG business.

Targets entire population (i.e., youth through older adults)

Targets entire population (i.e., youth through older adults) The need for better health is one explanation for its current popularity The need for better health is one explanation for its current popularity

HOWEVER, reaching a state of Wellness is another reason HOWEVER, reaching a state of Wellness is another reason Wellness is defined as: Wellness is defined as:

Absence of disease, as well as the ability to: Absence of disease, as well as the ability to: cope with daily stressors

develop and maintain positive interpersonal relationshipsrecognize accomplishment and personal growththink critically and be open to new ideasmaintain a sense of humor

cope with daily stressorsdevelop and maintain positive interpersonal relationshipsrecognize accomplishment and personal growththink critically and be open to new ideasmaintain a sense of humor


How would you rate your level of wellness?

How would you rate your level of wellness? Maintaining a physically active lifestyle is

accepted as a central component of moving toward wellness

Maintaining a physically active lifestyle is accepted as a central component of moving toward wellness Traditionally, wellness has been viewed as a matter of personal responsibility Traditionally, wellness has been viewed as a matter of personal responsibility

HOWEVER, current trends in sedentary lifestyles and obesity in the population at large, make it a public health and public policy concern . . . . A collective responsibility

HOWEVER, current trends in sedentary lifestyles and obesity in the population at large, make it a public health and public policy concern . . . . A collective responsibility One’s health is strongly influenced by Socio-economic Status One’s health is strongly influenced by Socio-economic Status Since race and ethnicity is strongly correlated with SES, health is also a social and political issue

Since race and ethnicity is strongly correlated with SES, health is also a social and political issue


Lifespan Involvement in Physical Activity:

The new Visions

Lifespan Involvement in Physical Activity:

The new Visions Physical activity and wellness is important for ALL (not just children and youth)

Physical activity and wellness is important for ALL (not just children and youth)

New generations are increasingly attracted to “extreme sports.” . . . . WHY??

New generations are increasingly attracted to “extreme sports.” . . . . WHY??

Even these activities are becoming more

institutionalized (e.g., Winter Games; X-Games)

Even these activities are becoming more

institutionalized (e.g., Winter Games; X-Games)

Fitness is now a major focus among older adults and retirees

Fitness is now a major focus among older adults and retirees


Find a FriendFind a Friend

Talk about your position and values about the profession/field

you plan to enter

Talk about your position and values about the profession/field

you plan to enter

OntologyOntologyAxiology

Axiology

Politics

PoliticsEthicsEthics

Due Wed:Write your Physical Education philosophy,

including your: ontology, axiology, ethics and the political ramifications of your position

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