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© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Chapter Seventeen: Becoming a Parent
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Parenting Issues for Couples
What effect will pregnancy have on us as individuals and collectively?
Why do we want to have a child? What effect will the child have on the images we
have constructed for ourselves as adults? Can we afford a child and provide for its needs? What will be the responsibilities related to raising a
child be divided?
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Parenting Issues for Couples(cont.)
How will the child affect our professional careers? How will we rear our child with regards to religion,
discipline, activities, etc.? Are we ready to part with much of the freedom
associated with the early adult years? What plans have we made if, by chance, the infant
has a serious birth defect? Are we capable of handling extra responsibilities if
the child is disabled? Are we comfortable with the thought of bringing a
child into the world?
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Becoming a Parent through a Stepfamily
The Stepfamily Association of America recommends the following: Nurture and enrich the couple relationship Reveal and understand emotions Have realistic expectations Develop new roles Seek support and see the positive
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Parenting Across Cultures
Fertility patterns across ethnic groups in America Amish families Jewish families Chinese American families Arab American families
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Obstacles to Fertilization
Acid level in the vagina Cervical mucus thickness Location of cervical entrance for sperm Location of the correct fallopian tube for
sperm Distance sperm travels Motility of sperm
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Aids to Fertilization
200-500 million sperm cells are deposited into the vagina during ejaculation
Sperm are deposited near the cervical opening Male accessory glands help make the semen
nonacidic Uterine contractions aid sperm movement in the
proper direction Sperm cells move fairly quickly Sperm can live for days Cervical mucus is thin and watery at the time of
ovulation
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Fertilization and Implantation
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Signs of Pregnancy (Presumptive)
Missed menstrual period after sexual intercourse the previous month
Morning sickness Increase in size and tenderness of breasts Darkening of the areolar tissue around the
nipples
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Signs of Pregnancy (Probable)
Increased frequency of urination Increased in the size of the abdomen Cervix becomes softer by the sixth week Positive pregnancy test
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Signs of Pregnancy (Positive)
Determination of a fetal heart beat Feeling of the fetus moving (“quickening”) Observations of the fetus by ultrasound or
optical viewers
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Agents that Can Damage a Fetus
Rubella/herpes viruses Tobacco smoke Alcohol
Certain OTC drugs Radiation Accutane (acne drug)
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Intrauterine Development Three trimesters (13 weeks each) First trimester
Zygote Blastocyst Embryo Fetus (after 8 weeks)
Second trimester: Organs develop, fetal heartbeat and bone structure evident, prominent weight gain in the mother
Third trimester: Fetus increases weight from 2-3 pounds; absorption of major nutrients allowing increased growth and weight
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Maintaining a Healthy Pregnancy
Arrange for prenatal care Consume a well-balanced diet Take a supplement with folic acid Exercise according to your
physician’s recommendation Avoid and treat infections Avoid alcohol, tobacco, and other
drugs Limit your caffeine intake Stay away from x-rays, hot tubs,
saunas, toxic chemicals
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Three Stages of Labor
Effacement/dilation of the cervix: Uterine contractions thin the cervix and enlarge
the cervical opening Cervix opens to 10 cm during this stage
Delivery of the fetus: Uterine contractions are aided by mother’s
voluntary contractions of abdominal muscles Fetus moves through the birth canal
Delivery of the placenta: Placenta detaches from uterine wall
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Stages of Labor and Childbirth
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Cesarean Deliveries (C-section)
Fetus is removed from the uterus through the abdominal wall
Possibly due to one or more of the following factors: Fetus is improperly positioned Mother’s pelvis is too small Fetus is especially large Fetus shows signs of distress Umbilical cord is compressed Placenta is being delivered before the fetus Mother’s health is at risk
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Genetic and Prenatal Counseling
Preventing birth defects DNA and other medical testing, family history
Identify risk factors at first prenatal visit
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Testing for Fetal Abnormalities
Ultrasound High-frequency sound waves
Quad marker screen Blood test that predicts the likelihood of certain problems
Amniocentesis Insertion of a long needle through the abdomen to extract
amniotic fluid Chorionic villus sampling
Extraction of cells from the placenta
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth
Ectopic pregnancy: Embryo implants in the fallopian tube Miscarriage: Usually due to congenital abnormalities Gestational diabetes: Temporary condition in which the
mother’s body doesn’t produce enough insulin Hyperemesis gravidarum: Excessive vomiting Preeclampsia: Elevated blood pressure Eclampsia: Final stage of preeclampsia, which can
include convulsions and coma
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth (cont.)
Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR): Insufficient growth of the fetus due to genetic factors, maternal disease, or malnutrition
Premature rupture of the membranes (PROM): Rupture of the chorionic membranes (“breaking of the water”), which increases risk for infection
Premature labor: Labor that begins before the fetus is full-term
Fetal distress: Fetal problems such as a lack of oxygen caused by a variety of factors
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Causes of Infertility
Low sperm count Poor sperm motility Sperm abnormalities Lack of ovulation Obstruction of fallopian tubes
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Enhancing Fertility Cold packs on the scrotum (men) Boxer shorts vs. briefs (men) Increase intercourse frequency
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Treatments for Infertility Artificial insemination Surgical procedures Fertility drugs Assisted reproductive technology
In vitro fertilization Gamete intrafallopian transfer Zygote intrafallopian transfer Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Options for Infertile Couples
Surrogate parenting
Adoption
Foster parenting
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Cloning Techniques
Procedures involve the following: Surgical removal of an egg from female donor Nucleus of the egg is removed Cell is taken from a cloning subject (male/female) Through an electrical jolt, the cell is fused with the
enucleated egg, creating a clonal zygote Embryo is implanted in the womb of a surrogate
mother After nine months, a genetically matched
reproduction is born
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Cloning
Reproductive cloning Not yet accomplished Banned in selected countries and states
Therapeutic cloning Can be used to create stem cells
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Chapter Seventeen: Becoming a Parent