© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 John W. Santrock Socioemotional...

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Slide 1

John W. Santrock

Socioemotional Development in

Adolescence

16


Slide 2

Socioemotional Development in Adolescence

• What Characterizes Emotional and Personality Development in Adolescence?

• What Is the Nature of Parent-Adolescent Relationships?

• What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence?

• Why Is Culture an Important Context for Adolescent Development?

• What Are Some Socioemotional Problems in Adolescence?


Slide 3

Self-Esteem

• Overall way we evaluate ourselves; self-image or self-worth

– Unclear how much self-esteem changes during adolescence and gender differences

• Differences and changes may be overstated

• Girls’ self-esteem more likely to decline some

• Appears linked to family relationships

What Characterizes Emotional and Personality Development in Adolescence?


Slide 4

Self-Esteem

• Adolescents’ self-images– Psychological self– Social self– Coping self– Familial self– Sexual self

• Gender differences– Boys consistently have higher self-images



Slide 5

Identity

• A self-portrait of many pieces; a synthesis of:– Physical, cognitive, social, emotional– Ethnicity, sexual orientation, lifestyle

habits, and personality traits

• A lengthy, complex, lifelong process



Slide 6

Identity

• Erickson’s view– Believed to be a key aspect of adolescent

development– 5th stage: Identity vs. identity confusion

• Confusion takes 2 forms: – Self-isolation or lost in the crowd

– Identity search aided by psychosocial moratorium – transition, exploratory time



Slide 7

Identity

• Marcia’s view

– Erikson’s theory has 4 identity statuses

– Individuals classified by existence or extent of crisis or commitment

• Crisis: period for exploring alternatives

• Commitment: personal investment in identity



Slide 8

Marcia’s Identity Statuses

Fig. 16.1



Slide 9

Identity

• Family atmosphere influences identity– Parenting styles

• Democratic, autocratic, permissive

– Individuality: two dimensions• Self-expression• Separateness

– Connectedness: two dimensions• Mutuality• Permeability



Slide 10

Identity

• Ethnic identity– Sense of membership in ethnic group; also

attitudes and feelings related to the group– Influenced by sociocultural contexts– Indicators of identity often differ among

generations of immigrants– Existing environmental social factors have

impact such as crime and unemployment



Slide 11

Identity

• Recent research– Ethnic identity linked to higher school

involvement and lower aggression– Strong ethnic identity linked to higher self-

esteem in minority youth– Strength of 9th graders’ ethnic identity is

better predictor of academic success



Slide 12

Emotional Development

• More extreme emotions

• Emotions more changeable, fleeting– Moodiness is normal

• Decrease in overall happiness– Risk of depression– Pubertal changes and environmental

experiences linked to negative emotions



Slide 13

Self-Reported Extremes of Emotions by Adolescents, Mothers, and Fathers

Fig. 16.2

5

10

15

20

25

30

0

Per

cent

of

self-

repo

rts

Very happyVery unhappy

Mothers

Adolescents

Fathers



Slide 14

Autonomy and Attachment

• Conflict when adolescents push for autonomy

• Parents should relinquish control gradually, as adolescent is able to make reasonable decisions

• Gender and culture affect seeking and granting autonomy

What Is the Nature of Parent-Adolescent Relationships?


Slide 15

Autonomy and Attachment

• Quality of attachment between parents and adolescent has some impact on involvement in problem/risky behaviors

• Balancing freedom and control

– Parents play important role; monitor and guide, quality relationship and limitations



Slide 16

Parent-Adolescent Conflict

• Escalated conflict due to

– Biological changes (puberty)

– Cognitive changes (idealism, logic)

– Social changes (independence, identity)

– Maturational changes

– Violated expectations



Slide 17


• Parents serve as support system as adolescents explore wider world

– Most conflict is moderate

– Some prolonged, unhealthy conflict associated with adolescent problems

– Conflict is less in some cultures



Slide 18What Is the Nature of Parent-Adolescent Relationships?


• Effective strategies for parents• Show warmth and respect, be patient• Show sustained interest in children’s lives• Recognize and adapt to child’s cognitive

and socioemotional development• Communicate expectations, high standards• Show constructive problem solving; be role

model


Slide 19

Friendships

• Dramatic increase in psychological importance and intimacy of close friends

– Most motivated by popularity with peers

– Peers help shape development; increased mutual dependency for many needs

– Friends’ character and quality of friendship are important influences

What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence?


Slide 20

Change in Self-Disclosingin Conversations


Fig. 16.4

Sel

f-di

sclo

sure

in c

onve

rsat

ion

scor

e

2

3

4

1

Grade

5th 7th 10th College 2nd


Slide 21

Peer Groups

• Peer pressure can be negative; most is positive

• Adolescents conform more to peer standards than younger children do

– Resist parental influence stronger in U.S.– Self-esteem can motivate membership



Slide 22

Peer Groups

• Cliques– Average 5 to 6 people– Usually same sex, age– Formed from shared activities, friendship

• Crowds– Larger than cliques, more informal – Usually formed based on reputation– May not spend much time together



Slide 23

Dating and Romantic Relationships

• Dating and developmental changes

– Heterosexual romantic relationships

– Early romantic involvement • More social anxiety

• More school-related problems

• Special social concerns

– Most youth find comfort in numbers



Slide 24

Age of Onset of Romantic Activity

Fig. 16.5

Pe

rce

nt

of

stu

den

ts 80

60

40

20

0

100

4th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th5thGrade



Slide 25


• Romantic relationships in gay and lesbian youth

– Most same-sex activity is experimenting, often with peers

• Few same-sex romantic relationships occur; limited opportunities, social disapproval



Slide 26


• Gender differences

– First heterosexual dates highly scripted; males have more power than females


• Female scripts– Appearance– Enjoy date– React appropriately

to male (scripted) behaviors

• Male scripts– Initiate date– Drive, open doors– Initiate physical

contact (kissing, etc.)


Slide 27


• Sociocultural contexts and dating– Asian Americans least likely involved in

romantic relationships

– Values, religious beliefs, traditions dictate age when dating begins

• Dating and adjustment– Dating/romantic relationships seem to

reflect how well adjusted adolescents are



Slide 28

Cross-Culture Comparisons

• Traditions and changes– 2/3 Asian Indian youth: arranged marriages– Philippines: girls work to support families– Middle East: sexes segregated– Kenya: street youth survive harsh lives– U.S.: longer wait until first marriages– Russia: marrying younger for legal sex

Why Is Culture an Important Context for Adolescent Development?


Slide 29


• Health– Adolescent health has improved in most

areas; biggest threat is HIV

• Gender differences– Sexual expression; girls greatly restricted

• Family– U.S. families more mobile; some countries

still have traditional, extensive kin networks



Slide 30


• School– Number attending school in developing

countries is increasing but many part of world do not give education to all adolescents

• Peers– Some cultures emphasize stronger peer

bonds, others severely restrict contact– Some peer groups are surrogate families



Slide 31


• Rites of passage– Ceremony that marks status transition;

existing in cultural, religious, social groups– Most mark transition to adulthood– Some cultures: elaborate ceremonies,

dramatic practices, shared hazards or secrets

– Western culture: rites disappearing, sexual intercourse is rite of passage



Slide 32

Ethnicity

• Immigration– Adjustment may be complicated– Assimilation: absorbed into dominant group– Pluralism: coexisting together

• Ethnicity and SES– Poverty affects minority life experiences;

prejudice, discrimination, bias, and stress



Slide 33

Juvenile Delinquency

• Juvenile delinquent: adolescent who breaks laws, engages in illegal behavior– Broad concept; higher risks for males

• Antecedents of delinquency– Authority conflict– Covert behaviors– Overt behaviors

What Are Some Socioemotional Problems in Adolescence?


Slide 34


• Causes of delinquency

– Some characteristics of lower-class culture

– Parenting and family characteristics

– Existing social factors; neighborhood, school, and other contexts



Slide 35


• Youth Violence– Special concern in U.S.; gangs, drugs,

and other criminal activities– School violence is national issue;

weapons, injuries, and threats– Violent youth

• Mostly male, powerlessness feelings, anger

– More violence in urban, poor areas



Slide 36


• Preventing or reducing youth violence– Recommit to raising children safely and

effectively– Make prevention a reality– Greater support to schools– Effective partnership among families,

schools, social services, community (agencies, organizations, groups)



Slide 37

Depression and Suicide

• Depression– Females experience and express it more

than males for various reasons– Family factors put some youth at risk– Peer relationships linked to depression– Romantic relationships increase risks– Onset in early adolescence linked to

negative outcomes later



Slide 38


• Suicide– Rare in childhood, risks increase with age– Third leading cause of adolescent death;

emerging adults at risk 3x more than adolescents (males 6x more than females)

– Threats should be viewed seriously• Gay males and lesbians at highest risk• Females use pills, cut wrists• Males use lethal means



Slide 39


• Risks linked to– Genetic factors– Depression; sense of hopelessness– Low self-esteem or high self-blame– friendships; associations with those

likely to commit suicide



Slide 40

Successful Prevention/ Intervention Programs

• Common components – Intensive individualized attention

– Community-wide, multi-agency, collaborative approaches

– Early identification and intervention

• Programs that merit attention– High scope and Fast Track



Slide 41

The End

16

Date post:	14-Dec-2015
Category:	Documents
Upload:	caitlin-rumble
View:	216 times
Download:	0 times

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 John W. Santrock Socioemotional...

Documents