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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton)...

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2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton http:// www.youtube.com/w atch?v=8d-RBe8JBV s
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Page 1: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Skeletal System

• Parts of the skeletal system• Bones (skeleton)• Joints• Cartilages• Ligaments

• Two subdivisions of the skeleton• Axial skeleton• Appendicular skeleton

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8d-RBe8JBVs

Page 2: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Functions of Bones

• Support the body• Protect soft organs

• Skull and vertebrae for brain and spinal cord• Rib cage for thoracic cavity organs

• Allow movement due to attached skeletal muscles• Store minerals and fats

• Calcium and phosphorus• Fat in the internal marrow cavity

• Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

Page 3: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bones of the Human Body• The adult skeleton has 206 bones• Two basic types of bone tissue

1. Compact bone

2. Spongy bone• Small needle-like pieces of bone

• Many open spaces

Page 4: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape

• Bones are classified as:• Long• Short• Flat• Irregular

Page 5: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Classification of Bones• Long bones

• Typically longer than they are wide• Shaft with heads situated at both ends• Contain mostly compact bone• All of the bones of the limbs

(except wrist, ankle, and bones)

• Example:• Femur• Humerus

Page 6: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Classification of Bones• Short bones

• Generally cube-shaped• Contain mostly spongy bone• Includes bones of the wrist and ankle• Sesamoid bones are a type of short bone which form within tendons (patella)

• Example:• Carpals• Tarsals

Page 7: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Classification of Bones• Flat bones

• Thin, flattened, and usually curved• Two thin layers of compact bone surround a layer of spongy bone

• Example: • Skull• Ribs• Sternum

Page 8: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Classification of Bones• Irregular bones

• Irregular shape• Do not fit into other bone classification categories

• Example:• Vertebrae • Hip bones

Page 9: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Anatomy of a Long Bone• Diaphysis

• Shaft• Composed of compact bone

• Epiphysis • Ends of the bone

• Composed mostly of spongy bone

Figure 5.3a

Distalepiphysis

Diaphysis

Proximalepiphysis

Articularcartilage

Spongy bone

EpiphyseallinePeriosteum

Compact boneMedullarycavity (linedby endosteum)

(a)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owlpf6zHgyw

Page 10: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Anatomy of a Long Bone

• Periosteum• Outside covering of the diaphysis• Fibrous connective tissue membrane

• Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers• Secure periosteum to underlying bone

• Arteries• Supply bone cells with nutrients

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8A0rRIpjutY&feature=relmfu

Page 11: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.3c

Yellowbone marrow

Compact bone

Perforating(Sharpey’s)fibers

Nutrientarteries

Periosteum

Endosteum

(c)

Page 12: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.3b

Compact bone

Spongy bone

Articularcartilage

(b)

Anatomy of a Long Bone

• Articular cartilage• Covers the external surface of the epiphyses

• Made of cartilage

• Decreases friction at joint surfaces

Page 13: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.3a

Distalepiphysis

Diaphysis

Proximalepiphysis

Articularcartilage

Spongy bone

EpiphyseallinePeriosteum

Compact boneMedullarycavity (linedby endosteum)

(a)

• Epiphyseal plate• Flat plate of

hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone

• Epiphyseal line• Remnant of

the epiphyseal plate

• Seen in adult bones

Anatomy of a Long Bone

Page 14: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Anatomy of a Long Bone

•Marrow (medullary) cavity •Cavity inside of the shaft•Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults

•Contains red marrow for blood cell formation in infants

• In adults, red marrow is situated in cavities of spongy bone and epiphyses of some long bones

Page 15: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bone Markings

• Surface features of bones• Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments

• Passages for nerves and blood vessels• Categories of bone markings

• Projections or processes—grow out from the bone surface

• Terms often begin with “T”• Depressions or cavities—indentations

• Terms often begin with “F”

Page 16: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone

•Osteon (Haversian system)•A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings

•Central (Haversian) canal•Opening in the center of an osteon•Carries blood vessels and nerves

•Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal•Canal perpendicular to the central canal•Carries blood vessels and nerves

Page 17: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.4a

CompactbonePeriostealblood vesselPeriosteum

Perforatingfibers

Central (Haversian) canal

Perforating(Volkmann’s) canalBlood vessel

Spongy bone

Blood vessel continues intomedullary cavity containing marrow

Lamellae

(a)

Osteon(Haversian system)

Page 18: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

•Lacunae•Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)•Arranged in concentric rings called lamellae

•Lamellae•Rings around the central canal•Sites of lacunae

•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNdwwVCpld8&feature=relmfu

Page 19: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.4b

Lamella

CanaliculusLacunaCentral (Haversian) canal

(b)

Osteocyte

Page 20: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.4c

Osteon

Lacuna

Centralcanal

Interstitiallamellae

(c)

Page 21: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

•Canaliculi •Tiny canals•Radiate from the central canal to lacunae•Form a transport system connecting all bone cells to a nutrient supply

•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQhUINnTdZI&feature=relmfu

Page 23: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Formation of the Human Skeleton

• In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage

•During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone – called ossification

•Cartilage remains in isolated areas•Bridge of the nose•Parts of ribs•Joints

Page 24: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bone Growth (Ossification)

•Epiphyseal plates allow for lengthwise growth of long bones during childhood•New cartilage is continuously formed•Older cartilage becomes ossified

•Cartilage is broken down•Enclosed cartilage is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity

•Bone replaces cartilage through the action of osteoblasts

Page 25: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bone Growth (Ossification)

•Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops•Bones are remodeled in response to two factors•Blood calcium levels•Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton

•Bones grow in width (called appositional growth)

Page 26: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.5

In a fetusIn an embryo

Bone collar

Hyalinecartilagemodel

Bone startingto replacecartilage

In a child

Medullarycavity

New center ofbone growth

Hyalinecartilage

Epiphysealplate cartilage

Growthin bonelength

New boneforming

Invadingbloodvessels

Epiphysealplatecartilage

Articularcartilage

Spongybone

New boneforming

Growthin bonewidth

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5_3sNLtfxQ

Page 27: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Types of Bone Cells

•Osteocytes—mature bone cells•Osteoblasts—bone-forming cells•Osteoclasts—giant bone-destroying cells

•Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium in response to parathyroid hormone

•Bone remodeling is performed by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Page 28: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bone Fractures

•Fracture—break in a bone•Types of bone fractures

•Closed (simple) fracture—break that does not penetrate the skin

•Open (compound) fracture—broken bone penetrates through the skin

•Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization

Page 29: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Common Types of Fractures

•Comminuted—bone breaks into many fragments

•Compression—bone is crushed•Depressed—broken bone portion is pressed inward

• Impacted—broken bone ends are forced into each other

•Spiral—ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone

•Greenstick—bone breaks incompletely

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5Q5GPwAS4k

Setting a bone: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQVihuOUQkU&feature=related

Page 30: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Comminuted fracture

Compression fracture

Page 31: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Depressed fracture

Impacted fracture

Page 32: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Spiral fracture

Greenstick fracture

Page 33: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.7

Internalcallus(fibroustissue andcartilage)

Hematomaforms.

Fibrocartilage callus forms.

Bony callus forms.

Bone remodeling occurs.

1 2 3 4

Hematoma

Bonycallus ofspongybone

Spongybonetrabecula

Newbloodvessels

Externalcallus

Healedfracture

Healing of bone fractures

Page 34: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Axial Skeleton

•Forms the longitudinal axis of the body•Divided into three parts

•Skull•Vertebral column•Bony thorax

Page 35: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.8a(a) Anterior view

Phalanges

Metatarsals

Tarsals

Fibula

Tibia

Patella

Femur

Metacarpals

Phalanges

Carpals

UlnaRadius

Vertebra

Humerus

Rib

Sternum

Scapula

Clavicle

Facial bones

Cranium

Skull

Thoracic cage(ribs andsternum)

Vertebralcolumn

Sacrum

Page 36: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.8b(b) Posterior view

Fibula

Tibia

Femur

Metacarpals

Phalanges

Carpals

RadiusUlna

Vertebra

Humerus

Rib

Scapula

Clavicle

Cranium

Bones ofpectoralgirdle

Upperlimb

Bones ofpelvicgirdle

Lowerlimb

Page 37: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Skull

•Two sets of bones•Cranium•Facial bones

•Bones are joined by sutures•Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint

Page 38: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.9

Coronal suture

Parietal bone

Lambdoidsuture

Temporal bone

Squamous suture

Occipital bone

Zygomatic process

External acoustic meatus

Mastoid process

Styloid process

Mandibular ramus

Frontal bone

Sphenoid bone

Ethmoid bone

Lacrimal bone

Nasal bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Alveolarprocesses

Mandible (body)Mental foramen

Page 39: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.10

Sphenoidbone

Temporal bone

Internalacoustic meatus

Parietal bone

Occipital bone

Foramen magnum

Jugular foramen

Foramen ovale

Sella turcica

Optic canal

Frontal bone

Cribriform plate

Crista galliEthmoidbone

Page 40: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.12

Coronal suture

Parietal bone

Nasal bone

Sphenoid bone

Ethmoid bone

Lacrimal bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Mandible

Alveolar processes

Vomer

Inferior nasal concha

Middle nasal conchaof ethmoid bone

Temporal bone

Optic canal

Superior orbital fissure

Frontal bone

Page 41: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Paranasal Sinuses

•Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity

•Functions of paranasal sinuses•Lighten the skull•Give resonance and amplification to voice

Page 42: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Fetal Skull

•The fetal skull is large compared to the infant’s total body length•Fetal skull is 1/4 body length compared to adult skull which is 1/8 body length

•Fontanels—fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones•Allow skull compression during birth•Allow the brain to grow during later pregnancy and infancy

•Convert to bone within 24 months after birth

Page 43: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.15a

Frontal bone

Parietalbone

(a)

Occipitalbone

Anteriorfontanel

Posterior fontanel

Page 44: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.15b

Anterior fontanel

Frontalbone

SphenoidalfontanelParietal bone

Posteriorfontanel

OccipitalboneMastoidfontanel

Temporal bone

(b)

Page 45: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Vertebral Column•Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location

•There are 24 single vertebral bones separated by intervertebral discs

•Seven cervical vertebrae are in the neck •Twelve thoracic vertebrae are in the chest region•Five lumbar vertebrae are associated with the lower back

•Nine vertebrae fuse to form two composite bones•Sacrum•Coccyx

Page 46: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.16

Anterior Posterior1st cervicalvertebra (atlas)2nd cervical vertebra (axis)

Cervical curvature(concave)7 vertebrae,C1 – C7

1st thoracicvertebra

TransverseprocessSpinousprocess

Intervertebraldisc

Intervertebralforamen

Thoracic curvature(convex)12 vertebrae,T1 – T12

1st lumbarvertebra Lumbar curvature

(concave)5 vertebrae,L1 – L5

Sacral curvature(convex)5 fused vertebrae

Coccyx4 fused vertebrae

Page 47: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.21

Superiorarticularprocess

AuricularsurfaceSacral

canalAla

Sacrum

Body

Mediansacralcrest

Posteriorsacralforamina

SacralhiatusCoccyx

Page 48: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Bony Thorax

•Forms a cage to protect major organs•Consists of three parts

•Sternum•Ribs

•True ribs (pairs 1–7)•False ribs (pairs 8–12)•Floating ribs (pairs 11–12)

•Thoracic vertebrae

Page 49: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.22a

T1 vertebraJugular notch

ManubriumSternal angleBodyXiphisternaljoint

Xiphoidprocess

Sternum

Intercostalspaces

Costal cartilageFloatingribs (11, 12)

Falseribs(8 –12)

Trueribs(1 –7)

L1 Vertebra

(a)

Clavicular notch

Page 50: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.22b

T2

T3

T4

T9

Jugularnotch

Sternalangle

Heart

Xiphisternaljoint

(b)

Page 51: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.8a(a) Anterior view

Phalanges

Metatarsals

Tarsals

Fibula

Tibia

Patella

Femur

Metacarpals

Phalanges

Carpals

UlnaRadius

Vertebra

Humerus

Rib

Sternum

Scapula

Clavicle

Facial bones

Cranium

Skull

Thoracic cage(ribs andsternum)

Vertebralcolumn

Sacrum

• Composed of 126 bones

• Limbs (appendages)

• Pectoral girdle• Pelvic girdle

The Appendicular Skeleton

Page 52: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.8b(b) Posterior view

Fibula

Tibia

Femur

Metacarpals

Phalanges

Carpals

RadiusUlna

Vertebra

Humerus

Rib

Scapula

Clavicle

Cranium

Bones ofpectoralgirdle

Upperlimb

Bones ofpelvicgirdle

Lowerlimb

Page 53: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.23a

Acromio- clavicularjoint

Scapula

(a) Articulated right shoulder (pectoral) girdle showing the relationship to bones of the thorax and sternum

Clavicle

Page 54: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.25

Phalanges (fingers)

Distal

Middle

Proximal

Metacarpals (palm)

Carpals (wrist)

Hamate

Pisiform

Triquetrum

Lunate

UlnaRadius

Capitate

Scaphoid

Trapezoid

Trapezium

1

2345

Page 55: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

•Formed by two coxal (ossa coxae) bones•Composed of three pairs of fused bones

• Ilium• Ischium•Pubis

Page 56: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

•The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis

• It protects several organs•Reproductive organs•Urinary bladder•Part of the large intestine

Page 57: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.26a

Coxal bone (or hip bone)

llium

Pubis

Ischium

(a)

Pubic arch

Coccyx

Sacrum

lliac crest

Sacroiliac joint

Pelvic brim

Ischial spine

Acetabulum

Pubic symphysis

Page 58: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Gender Differences of the Pelvis

•The female inlet is larger and more circular•The female pelvis as a whole is shallower, and the bones are lighter and thinner

•The female ilia flare more laterally•The female sacrum is shorter and less curved•The female ischial spines are shorter and farther apart; thus the outlet is larger

•The female pubic arch is more rounded because the angle of the pubic arch is greater

Page 59: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.26c

False pelvis

Inlet of true pelvis

Pelvic brim

Pubic arch (less than 90°)

False pelvis

Inlet of true pelvis

Pelvic brim

Pubic arch (more than 90°)

(c)

Page 60: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.28

Tarsals:

Medial cuneiform

Intermediatecuneiform

Navicular

Talus

Calcaneus

Cuboid

Lateral cuneiform

Tarsals:

Metatarsals

Proximal

MiddleDistal

Phalanges:

Page 61: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Joints

•Articulations of bones•Functions of joints

•Hold bones together•Allow for mobility

•Two ways joints are classified•Functionally•Structurally

Page 62: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.31

Acromion of scapula

Ligament

Bursa

Ligament

Tendon sheath

Tendon of biceps muscle

Humerus

Fibrous layer of the articular capsule

Synovial membrane

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

Joint cavity containing synovial fluid

Page 63: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.32a

NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial

(a) Plane joint

(a)

Page 64: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.32b

NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial

(b)

HumerusUlna

(b) Hinge joint

Page 65: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.32c

NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial

(c)

(c) Pivot joint

UlnaRadius

Page 66: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.32e

NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial

(e)

Carpal

(e) Saddle joint

Metacarpal #1

Page 67: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.32f

NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial

(f)

Head of humerus

Scapula

(f) Ball-and-socket joint

Page 68: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints•Bursitis—inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction

•Tendonitis—inflammation of tendon sheaths•Arthritis—inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints•Over 100 different types•The most widespread crippling disease in the United States

• Initial symptoms: pain, stiffness, swelling of the joint

Page 69: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Developmental Aspects of the Skeletal System

•At birth, the skull bones are incomplete•Bones are joined by fibrous membranes called fontanels

•Fontanels are completely replaced with bone within two years after birth

Page 70: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.34

Frontal bone of skull

Mandible

RadiusUlna

Humerus

Femur

Tibia

Hip bone

Vertebra

Ribs

Scapula

Clavicle

Occipital bone

Parietal bone

Page 71: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Skeletal Changes Throughout Life

•Osteoporosis•Bone-thinning disease afflicting

•50 percent of women over age 65 •20 percent of men over age 70

•Disease makes bones fragile and bones can easily fracture

•Vertebral collapse results in kyphosis (also known as dowager’s hump)

•Estrogen aids in health and normal density of a female skeleton

Page 72: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.36

Page 73: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.37


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