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What is the composition of the filtrate in the capsular space?

a. like urine, only more concentratedb. similar to waterc. like urine, only less concentratedd. similar to plasma, only no proteins

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What part of the nephron is involved with obligatory water, ion, and organic nutrient reabsorption?

a. PCTb. DCTc. glomerular capillariesd. nephron loop

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Why don’t plasma proteins pass into the capsular space under normal circumstances?

a. Glomerular capillary pores are too small.b. Glomerular blood pressure is too low.c. Glomerular filtration rate is too low.d. Glomerular blood flow is too slow.

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What is the major driving force behind filtrate production?

a. capsular hydrostatic pressureb. the osmotic pressure of the bloodc. hydrostatic pressure in the afferent

arterioled. hydrostatic pressure in the efferent

arteriole

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Why are glomerular pressures higher than pressure in other capillaries?

a. The efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole, increasing resistance.

b. Sodium content of the filtrate increases pressure.

c. E and NE cause increased glomerular pressure.

d. The length of the afferent arteriole is longer than the efferent arteriole.

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What effect does renin have on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

a. It will decrease the GFR and vasoconstrict the efferent arteriole.

b. It will increase the GFR and vasoconstrict the efferent arteriole.

c. It will raise the GFR and vasoconstrict the afferent arteriole.

d. None of the above are correct.

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Why is the presence of microvilli important to the epithelial tissue of the PCT?

a. because most reabsorption occurs at the PCT

b. because filtration is taking place

c. because secretion of toxins and ions are actively secreted to waste at the PCT

d. because hormonally controlled reabsorption of water and sodium occurs in the PCT

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Why does the filtrate dilute all along the ascending loop?

a. A glycoprotein here restricts water from leaving the filtrate.

b. Water reabsorption has taken place at the descending loop.

c. Water channels allow it to mix with the filtrate.

d. None of the above are correct.

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A decrease in Na+ in the blood leads to an increase in blood pressure because:

a. it increases aldosterone secretion.b. it increases renin production.c. it increases ADH secretion.d. All of the above are correct.

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Why does osmotic concentration decrease in the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop?

a. Urea is transported out of the tubule.

b. Na+ and CI– are actively transported out of the tubular fluid.

c. The thick ascending limb is permeable to water.

d. Both A and B are correct.

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Which structures exit at the hilum of the kidney?

a. renal artery and veinb. renal uretersc. renal capsule and renal sinusd. both A and B

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An obstruction of a ureter by a kidney stone limits the flow of urine between which two points?

a. ureter and urethrab. renal medulla and renal pelvisc. renal medulla and urethrad. renal pelvis and urinary bladder

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The ability to control the micturition reflex depends on the ability to control which muscle?

a. urogenital diaphragmb. internal urinary sphincterc. external urinary sphincterd. coccygeus

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Mary has had a urinalysis that indicates a high level of bilirubin. What condition may she have?

a. liver diseaseb. anorexiac. ketonuriad. renal infection

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What effect does eating a high-protein diet have on the composition of urine?

a. increased ureab. increased potassiumc. increased fluid volumed. both A and C

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Which portion of a nephron is NOT in the renal cortex?

a. proximal convoluted tubuleb. distal convoluted tubulec. collecting ductd. nephron loop

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Damage to which part of the nephron interferes with hormonal control of blood pressure?

a. Bowman’s capsuleb. juxtaglomerular apparatusc. PCTd. nephron loop

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What event occurs when the plasma concentration of a substance exceeds its tubular maximum?

a. Glomerular blood pressure increases.

b. Filtration shuts down.

c. Excess is excreted in urine.

d. Glomerular osmotic pressure decreases.

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How would the absence of juxtamedullary nephrons affect the volume of urine and its osmotic concentration?

a. decrease volume; decrease osmotic concentration

b. decrease volume; increase osmotic concentration

c. increase volume; decrease osmotic concentration

d. increase volume; increase osmotic concentration

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The concentration of filtrate is greatest in _____. This is because ______.

a. the PCT; the PCT is where most reabsorption occurs

b. the bottom of the nephron loop; solutes are concentrated

c. the DCT; water diffuses out

d. the glomerulus; it has highest concentration of solutes

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Where does urine production begin?

a. renal arteryb. minor calycesc. nephrond. collecting duct

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How are cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons structurally different?

a. Cortical nephrons are surrounded by vasa recta.

b. Cortical nephrons have very short PCTs.c. Juxtamedullary nephrons have longer

nephron loops.d. All of the above are correct.

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What effect does an increased amount of aldosterone have on K+ concentration of urine?

a. K+ Increasesb. K+ decreasesc. no effectd. impossible to predict

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All of the following EXCEPT _______ are effects of angiotensin II.

a. elevation of glomerular pressures and GFR

b. inhibition of ADH release

c. elevation of arterial pressure throughout the body

d. stimulation of Na+ reabsorption in the DCT

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What is the role of the vasa recta in the urinary system?

a. increasing specific gravity of urine

b. increasing the osmotic concentration of urine

c. returning water and solutes to general circulation

d. cleansing blood before it re-enters systemic circulation

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What direct effect does sympathetic activation have on GFR?

a. produces powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole

b. produces powerful vasoconstriction of glomerular capillaries

c. produces dilation of the afferent arterioled. produces dilation of glomerular capillaries

and constriction of the efferent arteriole