© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use....

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Chapter 11

Health Psychology: Stress, Coping, and

Well-being


11-2

MODULE 34: Stress and Coping• How is health psychology a union

between medicine and psychology?• What is stress, how does it affect us, and

how can we best cope with it?


11-3

Introduction• Health psychology: Investigates the

psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems• Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI): Study

of the relationship among psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain


11-4

Stress: Reacting to Threat and Challenge• People’s response to events that are

threatening or challenging• Stressors• Circumstances and events in life • Stressors produce threats to our well-being


11-5

The Nature of Stressors: My Stress Is Your Pleasure• Stress varies according to individuals• Bungee jumping

• For people to consider an event stressful, they must: • Perceive it as threatening or challenging • Lack all the resources to deal with it

effectively


11-6

Categorizing Stressors

• Occur suddenly and typically affect many people simultaneously

Cataclysmic Events

• Major life events• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Personal Stressors

• Daily hassles • Uplifts: Minor positive events

Background Stressors


11-7

The High Cost of Stress• Both biological and psychological

consequences• Psychophysiological disorders: Medical

problems influenced by an interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties• Stress affects us in multiple ways• Increases the risk of illness• Slow recovery from diseases• Reduce ability to cope with stress in future


11-8

The General Adaptation Syndrome Model: The Course of Stress• Physiological response to stress follows

the same set pattern regardless of the cause of stress• Three phases: • Alarm and mobilization• Resistance• Exhaustion


11-9

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)• PNI focuses on the outcomes of stress• Main consequences of stress:• Physiological results• Harmful behaviors• Indirect health-related behaviors


11-10

Figure 5 - Three Major Types ofConsequences of Stress


11-11

Coping with Stress

• Managing emotions in the face of stress, seeking to change the way one feels about or perceives a problem

Emotion-focused Coping

• Attempting to modify the stressful problem or source of stress

Problem-focused Coping

• Use more direct escape routes, such as drug or alcohol use

• Least effective

Avoidant Coping


11-12

Coping with Stress• People also use:• Defense mechanisms - Unconscious

strategies to reduce anxiety by concealing the source from themselves and others

• Emotional insulation - Stops experiencing emotions and thereby remains unaffected and unmoved by both positive and negative experiences


11-13

Coping with Stress• Learned helplessness• Occurs when people conclude that

unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled• Cease trying to remedy the aversive

circumstances even if they actually can exert some influence on the situation

• Experience more physical symptoms and depression


11-14

Coping with Stress• Coping styles: The hardy personality• Hardiness: Characteristic associated with

a lower rate of stress-related illness• Three components: • Commitment• Challenge• Control

• Resilience - Ability to withstand, overcome, and thrive after profound adversity


11-15

Coping with Stress• Social support: Turning to others• Mutual network of caring, interested

others• Enables us to experience lower levels of

stress and be better able to cope with stress we do undergo


11-16

MODULE 35: Psychological Aspects of Illness and Well-Being• How do psychological factors affect

health-related problems such as coronary heart disease, cancer, and smoking?


11-17

The As, Bs, and Ds of CoronaryHeart Disease• Type A behavior pattern: Cluster of

behaviors involving hostility, competitiveness, time urgency, and feeling driven• Type B behavior pattern: Characterized

by a patient, cooperative, noncompetitive, and nonaggressive manner• Type D behavior pattern: Insecurity,

anxiety, and the negative outlook puts them at risk for repeated heart attacks


11-18

Psychological Aspects of Cancer• Emotional responses of cancer patients to

their disease may affect its course• Some psychological therapies have the

potential for improving quality of life and even extending the lives of cancer patients


11-19

Smoking• Why people smoke• Heredity • Genetics• Environmental factors• Seen as “cool”• Media exposure• A “rite of passage”


11-20

Smoking• Quitting smoking• Nicotine replacement drugs • Behavioral strategies• Changes in societal norms and attitudes

toward the habit• Long-term effect of information about the

negative consequences

Smoking


11-21

MODULE 36: Promoting Health and Wellness• How do our interactions with physicians

affect our health and compliance with medical treatment?• How does a sense of well-being develop?


11-22

Following Medical Advice• Noncompliance• Result of misunderstanding medical

directions• Creative nonadherence• Alter a treatment prescribed by a

physician by substituting their own medical judgment


11-23

Communicating Effectively with Health-Care Providers

Make a list of health-related concerns before your visit

Before visit write down names and dosages of all medications

Determine whether your provider will communicate via e-mail

If you feel intimidated, bring along an advocate who can help you communicate

Take notes during the visit


11-24

Following Medical Advice• Increasing compliance with advice• Provide clear instructions to patients

regarding drug regimens• Honesty about nature of medical problems

and treatments• Positively framed messages - Change in

behavior will lead to a gain• Negatively framed messages - Highlight

what can be lost by not performing a behavior


11-25

Well-Being and Happiness• Subjective well-being: People’s sense of

their happiness and satisfaction with their lives• Characteristics of happy people• Have high self-esteem - Positive illusions• Have a firm sense of control• Are optimistic• Men and women are generally made happy

by the same sorts of activities• But not always

• Like to be around other people


11-26

Well-Being and Happiness• Money does not buy happiness • Set points for happiness• Most people’s set point is relatively high• 30% rate selves as “very happy”

• Despite the ups and downs of life, most people adapt to life by returning to a steady-state level of happiness

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