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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

4.5 bya 3.5 1.52.5 500 mya

1.8 bya 1.5 bya 1.3 bya 1.2 bya

20 m

20

m

25 m 25 m

(a) A 1.8-billion-year-old fossileukaryote

(b) Tappania, a1.5-billion-year-oldfossil that mayrepresent an earlyalga or fungus

(c) Bangiomorpha,an ancient redalga

20

m

(d) Proterocladus,classified as agreen alga

(e) Bonneia, avase-shapedeukaryote

(f) An early member ofthe Ediacaranbiota

(g) Sprigginafloundersi,an earlyanimal withmany bodysegments

750 mya 635 mya 600 mya550mya

535mya

1 cm

0.5 cm

2

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CytoplasmDNA

Nucleus

Engulfingof aerobicbacterium

Engulfingof photo-syntheticbacterium

Mitochondrion

Mito-chondrion

Plastid

Plasmamembrane

Endoplasmicreticulum

Nuclearenvelope

Ancestralprokaryote

Ancestralheterotrophiceukaryote

Ancestralphotosyntheticeukaryote

3

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Cyano-bacterium

Membranesare representedas dark lines inthe cell.

Red alga

Primaryendo-

symbiosis

1 2 3

NucleusHeterotrophiceukaryote

One of thesemembraneswas lost inred andgreen algaldescendants.

Greenalga

Secondaryendo-

symbiosis

Secondaryendo-

symbiosis

Plastid

Euglenids

Chlorarachniophytes

Stramenopiles

Plastid

Secondaryendo-

symbiosis

Dinoflagellates

4

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Pediastrum

5

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Flagellum

Cytoplasm

Outer cell wall

Inner cell wall

Outer cell wall

Cytoplasm

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

Chlamydomonas

Gonium

Pandorina

Volvox

6

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Individualchoanoflagellate

Choano-flagellates

Otheranimals

Collar cell(choanocyte)

Sponges

An

imals

OTHEREUKARY-OTES

7

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Hydra

Mouse

“CCD” domain

Choano-flagellate

Fruitfly

8

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Stram

en-

op

iles

Diplomonads

Parabasalids

Euglenozoans

Excavata

Alveo

-lates

Rh

iza-rian

s

Diatoms

Brown algae

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Ciliates

Forams

Cercozoans

“SA

R” clad

e

Green

algae

Am

oeb

o-

zoan

s

Red algae

Chlorophytes

Charophytes

Land plants

Arch

aeplastid

a

Op

istho

kon

ts

Un

ikon

ta

Gymnamoebas

Slime molds

Nucleariids

Fungi

Choanoflagellates

Animals

100 m

50 m“SAR” Clade

Excavata 5 m Archaeplastida

20 m50 m

Unikonta

100 m

9

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The parabasalid parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis(colorized SEM)

Undulatingmembrane

Flagella

5 m

10

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Euglenozoan flagellum

Ring of microtubules(cross section)

Crystalline rod(cross section)

8 m

0.2 mFlagella

11

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Trypanosoma, the kinetoplastid that causes sleepingsickness

9 m

12

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The diatom Triceratium morlandii(colorized SEM)

40

m13

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Blade

Stipe

Holdfast

14

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Flagellum Alveoli

Alveolate

0.2

m

15

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Flagella

Pfiesteria shumwayae, a dinoflagellate

3 m

16

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Contractilevacuole

Cilia

Oral groove

Cell mouth

MicronucleusFoodvacuolesMacronucleus

50 m

17

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5 m

Chromatophore

18

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Bonnemaisoniahamifera

8 mm

Red algae

Nori

19

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(a) Ulva, or sealettuce

(b) Caulerpa, anintertidalchlorophyte

Multicellular chlorophytes

2 cm

20

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Spores(n)

Fruitingbodies (n)

Emergingamoeba(n)

Solitary amoebas(feeding stage) (n)

ASEXUALREPRODUCTION

SEXUALREPRODUCTION

MEIOSIS

FERTILIZATION

Zygote(2n)

Amoebas(n)

Aggregatedamoebas

600 m

Migratingaggregate

200 m

Key

Haploid (n)Diploid (2n)

21

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Otherconsumers

Herbivorousplankton Carnivorous

plankton

Protistanproducers

Prokaryoticproducers

22

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NI

SIS SP

SA

EA

NAAEPNP

Sea-surface temperature (SST) change (C)−2.50 −1.25 0.00 1.25 2.50

(a) (b)

Southern (S)

South Pacific (SP)

Equatorial Pacific (EP)

North Pacific (NP)

South Indian (SI)

North Indian (NI)

South Atlantic (SA)

Equatorial Atlantic (EA)

North Atlantic (NA)

Arctic (A)

Chlorophyll change (mg/m2 • yr)−0.02 −0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02

23

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10

m

24

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0.5 m

Apex

Red bloodcell

Merozoite

Liver

Livercell

Redbloodcells

Merozoite(n)

Zygote(2n)

Oocyst

MEIOSIS

Sporozoites(n)

Inside mosquito Inside human

FERTILIZATION

GametesGametocytes(n)

Key

Haploid (n)Diploid (2n)

25