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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
ANCESTRALLIZARD(with limbs)
Eastern glass lizard
Monitor lizard
Snakes
Geckos
No limbs
Iguanas
No limbs
2
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Species: Panthera pardus
Kingdom: Animalia Domain:
Archaea
Domain:Bacteria
Domain:Eukarya
Genus: Panthera
Order: Carnivora
Family: Felidae
Class: Mammalia
Phylum: Chordata
3
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pantherapardus(leopard)
SpeciesOrder Family Genus
Taxideataxus(Americanbadger)
Canislatrans(coyote)
Lutra lutra(Europeanotter)
Canislupus(gray wolf)
Pan
thera
Taxid
eaC
anis
Lu
tra
Felid
aeM
ustelid
ae
Carn
ivora
Can
idae
1
2
4
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
2
3
4
5
Branch point:where lineages diverge
This branch pointrepresents the commonancestor of taxa A−G.
This branch point forms apolytomy: an unresolvedpattern of divergence.
ANCESTRALLINEAGE
Sistertaxa
Basaltaxon
Taxon A
Taxon B
Taxon C
Taxon D
Taxon E
Taxon F
Taxon G
5
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Minke(Southern Hemisphere)
Unknowns 10,11, 12, 13
Unknown 1b
Unknown 9
Minke(North Atlantic)
Unknowns 1a,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Humpback
Blue
Fin
Results
6
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
C C A T C A G A G T C C
C C A T C A G A G T C C
C C A T C A G A G T C C
C C A T C A G A G T C C
G T A
Deletion
Insertion
C C A T C A A G T C C
G T AC C A T C A A G T C CG
C C A T C A A G T C C
G T A GC C A T C A A G T C C
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
8
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
G A T C C AA C G A G T C T A G G C A C T A
C C G G G TT C A A C A C T T T G A C T A G
9
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
B
C
A
D
E
F
G
Group I
(a) Monophyletic group(clade)
1 1B
C
A
D
E
F
G
Group II
(b) Paraphyletic group (c) Polyphyletic group
B
C
A
D
E
F
G
Group III
22
10
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Leopard
Turtle
Frog
Bass
Lamprey
Lancelet(outgroup)
Hair
Amnion
Four walking legs
Hinged jaws
Vertebralcolumn
Leo
par
d
Tu
rtle
Fro
g
Bas
s
Lam
pre
y
Lan
cele
t(o
utg
rou
p)
Hair
Amnion
Fourwalking legs
Hinged jaws
Vertebralcolumn
(backbone)
CH
AR
AC
TE
RS
TAXA
(b) Phylogenetic tree(a) Character table
0 10
1
0
1
0
1
0
10 1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
10
10 1
0 10
1
11
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mouse
Human
Chicken
Frog
Zebrafish
Lancelet
Drosophila
Millions of years ago65.5 Present542
PALEOZOIC
251
MESOZOIC CENOZOIC
13
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Species I Species II Species III
Three phylogenetic hypotheses:I I
I
II II
IIIII
III
III
Species I
Species II
Species III
Ancestral sequence
Site
Technique
Results
6 events 7 events 7 events
1 2 3 4
A G T T
C T A T
C T T C
A G A C
I I
I
II II
IIIII
III
III
3/A 4/C
I I
I
II II
IIIII
III
III
2/T 4/C 2/T 3/A
4/C
2/T 3/A3/A
4/C 2/T
3/A2/T 4/C
I I
I
II II
IIIII
III
III1/C1/C
1/C
1/C
1/C
14
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ornithischiandinosaurs
Birds
Crocodilians
Lizardsand snakes
Saurischiandinosaurs
Commonancestor ofcrocodilians,dinosaurs,and birds
15
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hindlimb
Frontlimb
(a) Fossil remains of Oviraptorand eggs
(b) Artist’s reconstruction of thedinosaur’s posture based onthe fossil findings
Eggs
17
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Divergence time (millions of years)
Nu
mb
er o
f m
uta
tio
ns
1209060300
90
60
30
0
18
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Year
Ind
ex o
f b
ase
chan
ges
bet
wee
nH
IV g
ene
seq
uen
ces
19401920 196019000
0.15
0.10
0.05
1980 2000
HIV
Range
Adjusted best-fitline (accounts foruncertain dates ofHIV sequences
19
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Forams
Ciliates
Euglenozoans
Diatoms
COMMONANCESTOR OF ALL LIFE
Land plants
Animals
Amoebas
Fungi
Red algae
Chlamydias
Green algae
(Mitochondria)*
Methanogens
Proteobacteria
Nanoarchaeotes
Thermophiles
Do
ma
in E
uk
arya
Gram-positivebacteria
(Chloroplasts)*
Spirochetes
Cyanobacteria
Do
ma
in B
acteria
Do
ma
inA
rch
aea
20