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Figure 17.5b Gross anatomy of the heart.
Brachiocephalic trunk
Superior vena cava
Right pulmonary artery
Ascending aortaPulmonary trunk
Right pulmonary veins
Right atriumRight coronary artery(in coronary sulcus)Anterior cardiac veinRight ventricle
Right marginal artery
Small cardiac vein
Inferior vena cava
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian arteryAortic archLigamentum arteriosumLeft pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary veins
Auricle ofleft atrium
Circumflex artery
Left coronary artery(in coronary sulcus)
Left ventricle
Great cardiac veinAnterior interventricularartery (in anteriorinterventricular sulcus)
ApexAnterior view
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Figure 17.2a Location of the heart in the mediastinum.
Midsternal line
2nd rib
DiaphragmSternum
Location ofapical impulse
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Mediastinum
HeartLeft lung
Body of T7 vertebra
Posterior
Figure 17.2b Location of the heart in the mediastinum.
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Figure 17.2c Location of the heart in the mediastinum.
Superiorvena cava
Pulmonarytrunk
Diaphragm
Aorta
Parietal pleura(cut)
Left lung
Pericardium (cut)
Apex of heart
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Figure 17.3 The pericardial layers and layers of the heart wall.
Pericardium
Myocardium
Pulmonarytrunk Fibrous pericardium
Parietal layer of serous pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Epicardium (viscerallayer of serouspericardium)
Myocardium
Endocardium
Heart chamber
Heart wall
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Figure 17.5e Gross anatomy of the heart.
Superior vena cava
Right pulmonary artery
Pulmonary trunkRight atrium
Right pulmonary veins
Fossa ovalisPectinate muscles
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricleChordae tendineaeTrabeculae carneae
Inferior vena cava
Aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Left pulmonary veins
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Aortic valve
Pulmonary valve
Left ventriclePapillary muscleInterventricular septumEpicardiumMyocardiumEndocardium
Frontal section
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Rightventricle
Interventricularseptum
Leftventricle
Figure 17.10 Anatomical differences between the right and left ventricles.
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Figure 17.1 The systemic and pulmonary circuits.Capillary beds oflungs where gasexchange occurs
Pulmonary CircuitPulmonaryarteries Pulmonary veins
Aorta and branchesVenaecavae
Leftatrium
LeftventricleRight
atrium
Rightventricle
Heart
Systemic Circuit
Oxygen-rich,CO2-poor bloodOxygen-poor,CO2-rich blood
Capillary beds of allbody tissues wheregas exchange occurs
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Figure 17.9 The heart is a double pump, each side supplying its own circuit. (1 of 2)
Oxygen-poor blood
Superior vena cava (SVC)Inferior vena cava (IVC)
Coronary sinus
Rightatrium
Tricuspidvalve
Pulmonarysemilunar
valveRightventricle
Pulmonarytrunk
SVC
IVC
Coronarysinus
Rightatrium
Tricuspidvalve
Rightventricle
Pulmonaryarteries
Pulmonarytrunk
Pulmonarysemilunarvalve
To heartOxygen-poor blood returns from the body tissues back to the heart.
Oxygen-poor blood is carried in two pulmonary arteries to the lungs (pulmonary circuit)to be oxygenated.
To lungs
Pulmonarycapillaries
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Figure 17.9 The heart is a double pump, each side supplying its own circuit. (2 of 2)
Systemiccapillaries
To body
Oxygen-rich blood is delivered to the body tissues (systemic circuit).
Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart via the four pulmonary veins.
To heart
Pulmonaryveins
LeftatriumMitral
valveLeftventricle
Aorta
Aorticsemilunarvalve
Aorticsemilunar
valveMitralvalveAorta Left
ventricleLeft
atriumFour
pulmonary veins
Oxygen-rich blood
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Figure 17.5b Gross anatomy of the heart.
Brachiocephalic trunk
Superior vena cava
Right pulmonary artery
Ascending aortaPulmonary trunk
Right pulmonary veins
Right atriumRight coronary artery(in coronary sulcus)Anterior cardiac veinRight ventricle
Right marginal artery
Small cardiac vein
Inferior vena cava
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian arteryAortic archLigamentum arteriosumLeft pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary veins
Auricle ofleft atrium
Circumflex artery
Left coronary artery(in coronary sulcus)
Left ventricle
Great cardiac veinAnterior interventricularartery (in anteriorinterventricular sulcus)
ApexAnterior view
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Aorta
Superiorvena cava
Anastomosis(junction ofvessels)
Rightatrium
Rightcoronaryartery
Rightventricle
Rightmarginalartery
Posteriorinterventricularartery
Anterior interventricularartery
Leftventricle
Circumflexartery
Leftcoronaryartery
Left atrium
Pulmonarytrunk
The major coronary arteries
Figure 17.11a Coronary circulation.
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Figure 17.5d Gross anatomy of the heart.
Aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary veins
Auricle of left atriumLeft atrium
Great cardiac vein
Posterior vein ofleft ventricleLeft ventricle
Apex
Superior vena cava
Right pulmonary arteryRight pulmonary veins
Right atrium
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinusRight coronary artery(in coronary sulcus)Posterior interventricularartery (in posteriorinterventricular sulcus)Middle cardiac veinRight ventricle
Posterior surface view
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Figure 17.5b Gross anatomy of the heart.
Brachiocephalic trunk
Superior vena cava
Right pulmonary artery
Ascending aortaPulmonary trunk
Right pulmonary veins
Right atriumRight coronary artery(in coronary sulcus)Anterior cardiac veinRight ventricle
Right marginal artery
Small cardiac vein
Inferior vena cava
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian arteryAortic archLigamentum arteriosumLeft pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary veins
Auricle ofleft atrium
Circumflex artery
Left coronary artery(in coronary sulcus)
Left ventricle
Great cardiac veinAnterior interventricularartery (in anteriorinterventricular sulcus)
ApexAnterior view
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Superiorvena cava
Anteriorcardiacveins
Smallcardiac vein Middle cardiac vein
Coronarysinus
Greatcardiacvein
The major cardiac veins
Figure 17.11b Coronary circulation.
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Figure 17.5d Gross anatomy of the heart.
Aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary veins
Auricle of left atriumLeft atrium
Great cardiac vein
Posterior vein ofleft ventricleLeft ventricle
Apex
Superior vena cava
Right pulmonary arteryRight pulmonary veins
Right atrium
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinusRight coronary artery(in coronary sulcus)Posterior interventricularartery (in posteriorinterventricular sulcus)Middle cardiac veinRight ventricle
Posterior surface view
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Pulmonary valveAortic valve
Area of cutaway
Mitral valveTricuspid valve
Myocardium
Mitral(left atrioventricular)valveTricuspid(right atrioventricular) valveAortic valve
Pulmonary valve
Anterior
Cardiacskeleton
Figure 17.6a Heart valves.
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Figure 17.6b Heart valves.
Pulmonary valveAortic valve
Area of cutaway
Mitral valveTricuspid valve
Myocardium
Mitral(left atrioventricular)valveTricuspid(right atrioventricular) valveAortic valve
Pulmonary valve
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Figure 17.6c Heart valves.Pulmonary valve
Aortic valve
Area of cutaway
Mitral valve
Tricuspid valve
Chordae tendineae attached to tricuspid valve flap
Papillary muscle
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Pulmonary valve
Aortic valve
Area of cutaway
Mitral valve
Tricuspid valve
Opening of inferiorvena cava
Tricuspid valve
Myocardium of right ventricle
Papillary muscles
Mitral valveChordae tendineae
Interventricular septum
Myocardium of left ventricle
Figure 17.6d Heart valves.
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Figure 17.7 The atrioventricular (AV) valves.
1
2
3
Blood returning to the heart fillsatria, pressing against the AV valves.The increased pressure forces AVvalves open.
As ventricles fill, AV valve flapshang limply into ventricles.
1
2 3
Atria contract, forcing additionalblood into ventricles.
Ventricles contract, forcingblood against AV valve cusps.
AV valves close.
Papillary muscles contract andchordae tendineae tighten,preventing valve flaps from evertinginto atria.
AV valves open; atrial pressure greater than ventricular pressure
AV valves closed; atrial pressure less than ventricular pressure
Direction ofblood flow
Cusp ofatrioventricularvalve (open)
Atrium
Chordaetendineae
Papillarymuscle
Atrium
Cusps ofatrioventricularvalve (closed)
Blood inventricle
Ventricle
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Figure 17.7a The atrioventricular (AV) valves.
1 Blood returning to the heart fills atria, pressing against the AV valves. The increased pressure forces AV valves open.
2 3 As ventricles fill, AV valve flaps hang limply into ventricles.
Atria contract, forcing additional blood into ventricles.
AV valves open; atrial pressure greater than ventricular pressure
Direction ofblood flow
Cusp ofatrioventricularvalve (open)
Atrium
Chordaetendineae
PapillarymuscleVentricle
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Figure 17.7b The atrioventricular (AV) valves.
1
2
3
Ventricles contract, forcingblood against AV valve cusps.
AV valves close.
Papillary muscles contract and chordae tendineae tighten,preventing valve flaps from everting into atria.
AV valves closed; atrial pressure less than ventricular pressure
Atrium
Cusps ofatrioventricularvalve (closed)
Blood inventricle
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Figure 17.8 The semilunar (SL) valves.
As ventricles contract and intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up against semilunar valves, forcing them open.
As ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from arteries, filling the cusps of semilunar valves and forcing them to close.
Aorta
Pulmonarytrunk
Semilunar valves open
Semilunar valves closed
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Figure 17.8a The semilunar (SL) valves.
Aorta
As ventricles contract and intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up against semilunar valves, forcing them open.
Pulmonarytrunk
Semilunar valves open
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Figure 17.8b The semilunar (SL) valves.
As ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from arteries, filling the cusps of semilunar valves and forcing them to close.
Semilunar valves closed
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Both sides of the heart pump at the same time, but let’s follow one spurt of blood all the way through the system.
Oxygen-poor bloodOxygen-rich blood
Superior vena cava(SVC)Inferior vena cava(IVC)
Coronary sinus
Rightatrium
Tricuspidvalve
Pulmonarysemilunar
valveRightventricle
Pulmonarytrunk
SVC
IVC
Coronarysinus
Rightatrium
Tricuspidvalve
Rightventricle
Pulmonaryarteries
Pulmonarytrunk
Pulmonarysemilunarvalve
To heart To lungs
Systemiccapillaries
Pulmonarycapillaries
To body
Oxygen-poor blood returns from the body tissues back to the heart.
Oxygen-poor blood is carried in two pulmonary arteries to the lungs (pulmonary circuit) to be oxygenated.
Oxygen-rich blood is delivered to the body tissues (systemic circuit).
Oxygen-rich bloodreturns to the heartvia the four pulmonaryveins.
To heart
Pulmonaryveins
Leftatrium
Mitralvalve
Leftventricle
Aorta
Aorticsemilunarvalve
Aorticsemilunar
ValveMitralvalve
AortaLeft
ventricleLeft
atriumFour
pulmonary veins
Figure 17.9 The heart is a double pump, each side supplying its own circuit.
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Figure 17.11 Coronary circulation.
Superiorvena cava
Anastomosis(junction ofvessels)
RightatriumRightcoronaryartery
Rightventricle
Rightmarginalartery
Posteriorinterventricularartery
Anterior interventricularartery
Leftventricle
Circumflexartery
Leftcoronaryartery
Left atrium
Pulmonarytrunk
Aorta
The major coronary arteries
Superiorvena cava
Anteriorcardiacveins
Smallcardiac vein Middle cardiac vein
Coronarysinus
Greatcardiacvein
The major cardiac veins
