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Global ecology

Landscape ecology

Ecosystem ecology

Community ecology

Population ecology

Organismal ecology

1

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Atmosphere

Low angle of incoming sunlight

Sun overhead at equinoxes

Low angle of incoming sunlight

Latitudinal variation in sunlight intensity

90S (South Pole)

0 (Equator)

23.5S (Tropic of Capricorn)

90N (North Pole)

23.5N (Tropic of Cancer)

2

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Global air circulation and precipitation patterns

30N

Northeast trades

66.5N (Arctic Circle)

30S

60S

Southeast trades

Westerlies

0

66.5S (Antarctic Circle)

30N

60N

Westerlies

Ascendingmoist airreleases moisture.

0

Descendingdry airabsorbs moisture.

3

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Constant tiltof 23.5

June solstice30N

December solstice

September equinox

60N

0 (equator)30S

March equinox

4

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CaliforniaCurrent

PACIFICOCEAN

Gulf Stream

ATLANTICOCEAN

LabradorCurrent

5

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Mountainrange

Air flow

Ocean

Leeward sideof mountains

6

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Temperate broadleaf forest

30S

Equator

Tropic of Capricorn

30NTropic ofCancer

Northern coniferous forest

High mountains

Tundra

Polar ice

Tropical forest

Savanna

Chaparral

Desert

Temperate grassland

7

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Temperatebroadleafforest

Northernconiferousforest

Annual mean precipitation (cm)

15

Tropical forestDesert Temperate grassland

Arctic andalpinetundraA

nn

ual

mea

n t

emp

erat

ure

(C

)

15

0

0

30

100 200 300 400

8

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A tropical rain forest in Costa Rica

9

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A savanna in Kenya

10

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Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona

11

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An area of chaparral in California

12

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A grassland in Mongolia

13

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A coniferous forest in Norway

14

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A temperate broadleaf forest in New Jersey

15

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Dovrefjell National Park, Norway

16

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A basin wetland in the United Kingdom

17

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An oligotrophic lake in Alberta, Canada

18

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A headwater stream in Washington

19

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A rocky intertidal zone on the Oregoncoast

20

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A coral reef in the Red Sea

21

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Open ocean near Iceland

22

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A deep-sea hydrothermal vent community

23

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Zonation in a lake

Littoralzone Limnetic

zone

Pelagiczone

Photiczone

Aphoticzone

Benthiczone

24

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Chemicalfactors

Why is speciesX absent froman area?

Does dispersallimit its

distribution?

Area inaccessibleor insufficient time

Predation, parasitism,competition, disease

Water, oxygen, salinity,pH, soil nutrients, etc.

Do biotic factors(other species)

limit itsdistribution?

Temperature, light,soil structure, fire,moisture, etc.

Do abiotic factorslimit its

distribution?

Physicalfactors

Yes

No

YesNo

25

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Births andimmigrationadd individuals toa population.

Deaths andemigrationremove individualsfrom a population.

Births

Immigration

Deaths

Emigration

26

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(a) Clumped

(c) Random(b) Uniform

27

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1,000

Percentage of maximum life span

III

Nu

mb

er o

f su

rviv

ors

(lo

g s

cale

)

100

10

01

10050

II

I

28

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1,000

Number of generations

Po

pu

lati

on

siz

e (N

)

1.0N

100

0 155

2,000

1,500

500

0.5N dt dN

dt dN

29

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rmax N dt dN (K − N)

K

K carrying capacity

Number of generations

Po

pu

lati

on

siz

e (N

)

30

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1,000

Number of generations

Po

pu

lati

on

siz

e (

N)

1.0N

100

0 155

2,000

1,500

500

1.0N

dt dN

Exponentialgrowth

Population growthbegins slowing here.

K 1,500

dt dN (1,500 N)

1,500

Logistic growth

32

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Dandelions growquickly and releasea large number oftiny fruits.

The Brazil nut tree(above), produces a moderate number oflarge seeds in pods (left).

33

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When populationdensity is low, b m. Asa result, the populationgrows until the densityreaches Q.

When populationdensity is high, m b, and the populationshrinks until the density reaches Q.

Equilibrium density (Q)

Density-dependentbirth rate (b)

Density-independentdeath rate (m)

Bir

th o

r d

eath

rat

ep

er c

apit

a

Population density

34

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Competition for resources

35

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Predation36

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Disease37

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Toxic wastes 5 m

38

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Territoriality

39

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Intrinsic factors

40

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Nu

mb

er o

f w

olv

es

Nu

mb

er o

f m

oo

se

Year

Wolves Moose

0

10

20

30

1,000

0

2,500

1,500

500

1955 1985 1995 20051965 1975

2,000

50

40

41