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Chapter 1Introduction to the Structural Units

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Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy–Shape and structure of an organism’s body and the relationship

of one body part to another

• Physiology–Function of each body part and how the functions of various

body parts coordinate to form a complete living organism

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Branches of Anatomy

• Gross anatomy• Microscopic anatomy• Developmental anatomy• Comparative anatomy• Systematic anatomy

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Terms Referring to Location or Position and Direction

• Anterior or ventral– Front or in front of

• Posterior or dorsal– Back or in back of

• Cephalic and caudal– Toward the “head end” or “tail end”

• Superior and inferior– Above or below another

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Figure 1-1 Terms Referring to Location or Position and Direction.

Body directions: Cephalic refers to the skull or head end of the body, and caudal refers to the tail end. Anterior (or ventral)

means “front” or “in front of.” Posterior (or dorsal) means “back” or “in back of.”

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Terms Referring to Location or Position and Direction

• Medial and lateral– Toward or away from the midline

• Proximal and distal– Toward or away from the point of attachment or origin

• Superficial/external and deep/internal– On or near the surface or deep inside

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Figure 1-2 Terms Referring to Location or Position and Direction.

Body directions: Proximal means “toward the point

of attachment to the body” or “toward the trunk of the body.”

Distal means “away from the point of attachment or origin” or

“farthest from the trunk.” Medial means “toward the midline or

median plane of the body,” and lateral means “away or toward

the side of the body.”

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Terms Referring to Body Planes and Sections

• Sagittal plane– Right and left parts

• Midsagittal plane– Equal right and left parts

• Coronal (frontal) plane– Vertical at right angles to the sagittal plane

• Transverse or cross section– Horizontal; divides body into upper and lower parts

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Figure 1-3 Terms Referring to Body Planes and Sections. Body planes: The midsagittal plane divides the body equally into right and left halves. The transverse plane divides the body into upper and lower portions. The coronal (or frontal) plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

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Terms Referring to Cavities of the Body

• Posterior (Dorsal) cavity– Cranial cavity – brain– Spinal cavity – spinal cord

• Anterior (Ventral) cavity– Thoracic cavity– Abdominopelvic cavity

– Abdominal cavity– Pelvic cavity

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Figure 1-4 Terms Referring to Cavities of the Body. The major body cavities

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Terms Referring to Regions in the Abdominopelvic Cavity (1 of 2)

• Epigastric region (upper)– Just below sternum

• Hypochondriac regions– Located below the ribs

• Umbilical (middle)– Located around the navel

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Terms Referring to Regions in the Abdominopelvic Cavity (2 of 2)

• Right and left lumbar– Extend from anterior to posterior

• Hypogastric (lower)– Pubic area

• Right and left iliac– Also called right and left inguinal areas

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Figure 1-5 Terms Referring to Regions in the Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions. Regions of the thorax and abdomen

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Smaller Cavities

• Orbital cavity– Eyes, eyeball muscles, optic nerves, and lacrimal (tear) ducts

• Nasal cavity– Parts that form the nose

• Oral/Buccal cavity– Teeth and tongue

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Life Functions (1 of 6)

• Living organisms may be one-celled organisms or multi-celled organisms. They include humans, plants, animals, etc.

• All living organisms are capable of carrying

on life functions.

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Life Functions (2 of 6)

• These functions allow living organisms to live, grow, and maintain themselves.

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Life Functions (3 of 6)

• Movement– Muscle system

• Ingestion– Digestive system

• Digestion– Digestive system

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Life Functions (4 of 6)

• Transport– Circulatory system

• Respiration– Respiratory system

• Synthesis – Digestive system

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Life Functions (5 of 6)

• Assimilation– Digestive system

• Growth– Skeletal system

• Secretion– Endocrine system

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Life Functions (6 of 6)

• Excretion– Urinary system

• Regulation (sensitivity)– Nervous system

• Reproduction– Reproductive system

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Human Development

• Cells• Tissues• Organs• Organ system

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Homeostasis

• Ability of the body to regulate its internal environment within narrow limits

• Essential to survival• Works on a negative feedback system

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Metabolism

• Functional activities of the cell that result in growth, repair, energy release, use of food, and secretions

• Anabolism– Building up

• Catabolism– Breaking down

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Metric System (1 of 2)

• Measurements for length, weight, and volume

• A decimal system• Based on the power of ten• Uses prefixes such as centi-, milli-, and

micro-

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Metric System (2 of 2)

• Lengths measured in meters• Weights measured in grams• Volumes measured in liters