+-__'-_-/2/- ,TY
North Central Forest Experiment StationForest Service--U.S. Department of Agriculture
1992 Folwell Avenue
St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
Manuscript approved for publication August 27, 19861986
BIOMASS YIELDS FOR SMALL TREES, SHRUBS, AND HERBSIN NORTHERN LAKE STATES FORESTS
W. Brad Smith, Mensurationist
Biomass estimates for small trees, shrubs, and Smith 1983), the 1983 inventory of Wisconsin (RaiIeherbs are used in determining wildlife habitat, 1985), and the 1980 inventory of the Superior andforest fuel conditions, and successional species occur- Chippewa National Forests in Minnesota 1. Eachrence. This paper presents empirical yield informa- forest sample plot for these inventories consisted oftion for lesser vegetation in the northern Lake 10 points uniformly spaced over 1 acre (Doman etal.States (fig. 1), based on data from recent field inven- 1981). At each point, trees 5.0 inches d.b.h, andtories, larger were selected with a 37.5 factor prism. In ad-
All data for this paper were collected by the Forest dition, at the first three points, tree saplings (d.b.h.Inventory and Analysis (FIA) work unit of the North 1.0 to 4.9 inches) were tallied if they occurred withinCentral Forest Experiment Station. The data are
from the 1980 inventory of Michigan (Raile and 1Gerhard Raile provided data for analysis.
\-.....I I_:_\ r.l .... 1__7 ! 1 i f
t i _-_--7_I i i__ I i I __j ' - .
L------_ ....... _-I-T-_ _--
- -I......T-- i _ i
Figure 1.--Forest survey units of the northern Lake States.
6.8 feet of the point (1/300th acre plot). Small trees small trees. Res. Note NC-299. St. Paul, MN: U.S.(less than 1.0 inches d.b.h.) and lesser vegetation Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northwere sampled on the northeast quadrant of each of Central Forest Experiment Station; 1983.8 p.these fixed radius plots.
Shrub species were placed into two categories to SPECIES AND SPECIES GROUPS INfacilitate samplingntall and low shrubs. Tall THE LAKE STATES 2shrubs (including small trees) were tallied by stemdiameter classes. Stem diameters were measured Commercial trees
6 inches above the ground level. The low shrubs Jack pine .................... Pinus banksiana(ground cover species) were sampled by visually esti- Red pine ....................... Pinus resinosamating the percent cover. White pine ...................... Pinus strobus
White spruce ..................... Picea glaucaField work was conducted all year; however, con- Black spruce ................... Picea mariana
sistent data were only available for May through Balsam fir .................... Abies balsamea
October (Brand 1985). This provided a data base of Eastern hemlock ............ Tsuga canadensis4,501 plots across the Lake States. Tamarack ..................... Larix laricina
Biomass was computed using equations summa- Northern white-cedar ....... Thuja occidentalisrized by Smith and Brand (1983), and the results are White oakpresented in tables 1-4 as yields in green pounds per white oak .................... Quercus albaacre by forest type. Species that did not comprise at Swamp white oak ........... Quercus bicolorleast 1 pound per acre were collected into the "other" Bur oak ............... Quercus macrocarpatall and low shrub categories. Select red oak
Northern red oak ............. Quercus rubraOther red oak
Northern pin oak ....... Quercus ellipsoidalisBlack oak .................. Quercus velutina
LITERATURE CITED HickoryBitternut hickory ......... Carya corcliformis
Brand, Gary J. Environmental indices for common Basswood .................... Tilia americana
Michigan trees and shrubs. Res. Pap. NC-261. St. Yellow birch ............ Betula alleghaniensisPaul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Hard mapleService, North Central Forest Experiment Sta- Sugar maple ............... Acer saccharumtion; 1985.5 p. Black maple ................... Acer nigrum
Doman, Andrew P.; Ennis, R.; Weigel, D. North Cen- Soft mapletral Resources Evaluation Field Instructions. St. Red maple .................... Acer rubrumPaul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Silver maple .............. Acer saccharinumService, North Central Forest Experiment Sta- Beech ...................... Fagus grandifoliation; 1981. 117 p. Station mimeo. Elm
Fernald, Merritt L. Gray's manual of botany. 8th ed. American elm ............. Ulmus americana
NY: American Book Co.; 1950. 1632 p. Slippery elm .................. Ulmus rubraLittle, Elbert L. Checklist of native and naturalized Rock elm .................. Ulmus thomasii
trees of the United States. Agric. Handb. 541. Black ash ..................... Fraxinus nigraWashington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, white and Green ashForest Service; 1979. 375 p. White ash .............. Fraxinus americana
Raile, Gerhard K.; Smith, W. B. Michigan forest Green ash .......... Fraxinus pennsylvanicastatistics, 1980. Resour. Bull. NC-67. St. Paul, Cottonwood ................. Populus deltoides
MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Serv- Willow ........................... Salix nigraice, North Central Forest Experiment Station; Balsam poplar ........... Populus balsamifera
1983. 101 p. Bigtooth aspen ......... Populus grandidentataRaile, Gerhard K. Wisconsin forest statistics, 1983. Quaking aspen ........... Populus tremuloides
Resour. Bull. NC-94. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Cen- 2The common and scientific names for tree speciestral Forest Experiment Station; 1985. 113 p. are based on Little (1979). The common and scientific
Smith, W. Brad; Brand, G. J. Allometric biomass names for shrubs are based on Gray's Manual of
equations for 98 species of herbs, shrubs, and Botany (1950).
Paper birch ................. Betula papyriferaBlack cherry .................. Prunus serotina
Butternut ..................... Juglans cinereaNoncommercial trees and tall shrubs
Striped maple ........... Acer pensylvanicum
Mountain maple ............. Acer spicatumAmerican hornbeam .... Carpinus carolinianaEastern hophornbeam ..... Ostrya virginianaPincherry .............. Prunus pensylvanicaChokecherry ............. Prunus virginianaMountain-ash ................... Sorbus spp.Green alder .................... Alnus crispaSpeckled alder ................ Alnus rugosaSwamp birch ................. Betula pumilaDogwood ....................... Cornus spp.Black alder ................. Ilex verticillata
Sweet gale ..................... Myrica galeWitch hazel .......... Hamamelis virginianaCommon ninebark .. Physocarpus opulifoliousJuneberry ................ Amelanchier spp.Hazel .......................... Corylus spp.Prickly ash ....... Xanthoxylum americanumAlder buckthorn ............. Rhamnus spp.Leatherwood ................ Dirca palustrisViburnum .................. Viburnum spp.Elder ....................... Sambucus spp.Sumac ........................... Rhus spp.Buffaloberry ......... S hepherdia canadensisShrubby willows ................. Salix spp.
Low shrubs and herbs
Common juniper ...... Juniperis horizontalisYew ...................... Taxus canadensis
Virginia creeper ......... Parthenocissus spp.Labrador tea ......... Ledum groenlandicumLeatherleaf ....... Chamaedaphne calyculataBog laurel ................. Kalmia polifoliaSweetfern .............. Comptonia peregrinaGooseberry-currant ............... Ribes spp.Raspberry-blackberry ............ Rubus spp.Rose ............................. Rosa spp.Bilberry-blueberry .......... Vaccinium spp.Bush honeysuckle ......... Diervilla loniceraHoneysuckle .................. Lonicera spp.Poison ivy ................... Rhus radicansGreenbriar ..................... Smilax spp.Bearberry .......... Arctostaphylos uva-ursiBog rosemary ...... Andromeda glaucophyllaGrape ........................... Vitus spp.Strawberry .................. Fragraria spp.
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Table2.--Shrub_I/biomassyieldsoncommercialforestlandbyshrubspeciesgroupandforesttype,MichiganUpperPeninsula
(In
poun
dspe
rac
regr
een
weig
ht)
............................
Foresttxpe..................
Northern
Shrub
Jack
Red
White
Balsam
White
Black
white-
Oak-
Elm-ash-Maple-
Paper
spec
ies
group
pine
_..p.i.n.
e..
..pi
nefi
r.s
pruc
e...
spru
ce..
...ceda
rTa
mara
ckhi
ckor
yma
ple..
...bi.
rch
Aspe
n..
birc
hTa
llsh
rubs
Jackpine
866
107
......................
Redpine
--
35
......................
Whitepine
40
918
6I
4......
23
85
Whitespruce
38
--
67
69
632
--
34
--
54
169
10
30
42
Blackspruce
57
--
13
92
--
1,266
281
291
--
13
21
2Balsamfir
26
80
396
1,210
128
561
848
1,192
588
240
305
321
555
Hemlock
......
31
--
1....
57
30
13
4Tamarack
......
5--
36
18
464
......
260
Northernwhite-cedar......
180
311
798
29
--
144
19
41
176
Whiteoak
..........................
Selectredoak
110
69
..........
70
616
410
Basswood
............
3....
46
23
3--
Beech
..................
12
134
....
Yellowbirch
....
178
--
110
....
114
72
29
--
Hardmaple
1--
159
117
77
85
66
1521
136
1,271
262
412
Softmaple
33
365
194
183
34
66
172
63
798
564
254
148
116
Elm
....
121
....
I....
40
24
5--
Blackash
......
67
--
5197
....
598
22
47
13
White&greenash
......
2....
18
....
41
30
56
118
Balsampoplar
......
30
116
--
9....
22
73
--
Bigtoothaspen
--
35
......
2........
25
2Quakingaspen
160
918
15
36
18
67
29
418
116
Paperbirch
1--
192
21
874
43
--
20
15
20
36
36
Blackcherry
77
--
21
20
180
41
....
39
52
28
60
Otherhardwoods
......
16
15
1--
9....
5--
Stripedmaple
............
2--
98
134
19
51
Mountainmaple
--
1--
257
4--
219
....
235
139
95
592
Americanhornbeam
..................
256
--
2--
Easternhophornbeam................
463
--
52
46
Pincherry
--
'....
115
--
i....
34
21
1Chokecherry
....
812
--
14
18
71
--
69
13
105
17
Mountain-ash
......
1--
12
1....
78
204
1Greenalder
......
1..................
Speckledalder
153
383
3,368
5,482
1,758
4,090
4,221
3,037
--
2,584
239
1,989
552
Swampbirch
..........
17
..............
Dogwood
......
63
17
81
73
58
--
76
482
46
Blackalder
--
I........
86
....
21
....
(Tab
le2
cont
inue
don
next
page
)
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oo
Tab
le3.
--S
hru
b_1
/b
iom
ass
yiel
ds
on
com
mer
cial
fore
stla
nd
by
shru
bsp
ecie
sg
rou
pan
dfo
rest
typ
e,n
ort
her
nM
inn
eso
ta
(In
po
un
ds
per
acre
gre
enw
eig
ht)
Fo
rest
t_pe
......
......
.....
......
......
......
...No'rthern
'"
Shrub
Jack
Red
White
Balsam
White
Black
white-
Oak-
Elm-ash-Maple-
Paper
,species9roup
...
pine..,pine.....,.pine
fir..
spruce
spruce
cedar
Tam.arack.'.h.ick.ory.
'maple,
birch
Aspen.
birch..
TalI
shru
bs
Jackpine
38
........
44
..............
Redpine
--
94
--
5..............
49
--
Whitepine
--
24
361
................
1--
Whitespruce
--
210
61
--
5..........
517
Blackspruce
39
--
162
108
--
1,087
11
......
1,952
74
--
Balsamfir
168
107
108
983
91
497
1,769
46
--
63
140
101
53
Tamarack
......
25
--
31
--
380
..........
Northernwhite-cedar......
43
....
47
.--
....
I....
Whiteoak
7..........
4......
45
--
Selectredoak
411
............
11
--
331
5Basswood
......................
486
Yellowbirch
....................
4....
Hardmaple
........
353
......
34
--
501
59
41
Softmaple
56
63
l,738
23
14
4--
22
30
135
96
145
Elm
..............
2--
168
6--
Blackash
............
237
....
633
10
58
6White&greenash
--
25
--
1..........
115
20
IBalsampoplar
........
1............
67
4Bigtoothaspen
......................
17
--
Quakingaspen
128
300
--
197
--
32
....
240
--
38
881
50
Paperbirch
400
9--
109
--
42
....
3--
28
13
332
Blackcherry
....................
68
--
Otherhardwoods
......................
4--
Mountainmaple
112
--
796
747
2874
....
68
2,308
394
631
Easternhophornbeam
....................
63
21
55
Pincherry
......
513
23
........
237
Chokecherry
48
149
353
37
385
....
56
....
36
91
41
Mountain-ash
......
30
--
24
..........
12
Greenalder
....
16
....................
Speckledalder
--
45
--
7,931
74,366
6,284
14,879
--
15,687
870
2,642
1,662
Swampbirch
..............
534
..........
Dogwood
--
23
44
68
448
5540
919
96
92
39
249
98
(Tab
le3
cont
inue
don
next
page
)
(Table3continued)
Forest
type
....
....
....
....
....
....................
....
....
....
....
....
.No
rthe
rn
Shrub
Jack
Red
White
Balsam
White
Black
white-
Oak-
Elm-ash-Maple-
Paper
species
group
....
pine
..p.i.ne...
.p.
ine.
,fi
rsp
ruce
.,sp
r.uc
ece
dar
T.am
.a.r
.a.c
k."hickory
maple
birch
Aspen
birch-
Tallshrubs
Witchhazel
--
2--
23
--
28
..............
Commonninebark
..............
25
..........
Juneberry
28
58
544
145
47
12
....
488
38
101
72
Hazel,
1,949
2,164
299
475
2,384
56
112
--
2,865
157
1,063
1,981
2,436
Pricklyash
......................
39
--
Leatherwood
..........
1........
82
5--
Viburnum
--
23
..............
11
45
2Elder
......
44
..........
45
......
Sumac
..........
10
..........
4--
Shrubbywillows
179
634
480
....
918
305
48
--
4,301
52
50
517
Misc
ella
neou
sta
llshrubs
..........
19
........
41
--
Totaltallshrubs
3,045
3,745
4,115
11,109
4,477
7,185
10,190
16,889
3,275
21,167
7,461
7,125
6,293
Low
shru
bsYew
......
1....
11
.......
2....
Virginiacreeper
......
1..................
Labradortea
......
131
--
238
84
200
--
23
114
2Leatherleaf
......
12
--
182
1528
....
63
--
Sweetfern
--
2................
2--
13
Gooseberry-currant4
9--
13
113
10
28
44
7235
28
16
70
Raspberry-blackberry99
57
13
145
305
66
125
511
179
26
144
93
Rose
20
45
47
73
94
--
20
--
326
6Bilberry-blueberry373
109
968
72
--
175
49
12
45
28
112
11
50
Bushhoneysuckle
17
949
21
--
31
--
80
--
27
5Honeysuckle
177
80
--
29
27
46
11
--
15
59
40
59
Bearberry
..................
3......
Bogrosemary
..............
31
..........
Grape
......
1..................
Miscellane
ous
low
shrubs
--
1......
1--
8....
8....
Totallowshrubs
690
312
1,077
433
448
730
314
828
178
473
199
261
298
All
shrubs
3,735
4,057
5,192
11,542
4,925
7,915
10,504
17,717
3,453
21,640
7,660
7,386
6,591
Numberofplots_/.....
12.......19
436
728
15
42
10
...25..
124
..30...
1-/Treesunder1.0inchd.b.h,arealsoincluded.
Lowshrubspeciesthataveragedlessthan1,0poundperacrearenotincluded.
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1I
Smith, W. Brad.Biomass yields for small trees, shrubs, and herbs in northern Lake
States forests. Res. Pap. NC-277. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Sta-tion; 1986. 11 p.
Biomass yield information by forest type is presented for lesservegetation in northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota based ondata from recent field inventories.
KEY WORDS: Green weight, lesser vegetation, forest inventory.