ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
1
: : 2011-2010 :
http://www.abahe.co.uk/http://www.abahe.co.uk/
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
2
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
3
: :
. . :
/ .......................................... : :
, , :
:
) ( ) 290( , 1152
. , :
. :
( 0.05 - )
. 0.01 -
( ) - (
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
4
) .) - (
. .
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
5
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
6
3
4 5
)12-16(
12 13 13 14 14 14 15
: -1 -2 -3 -4
)19-96(
21 21 24 27 32 54
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
7
-5 -6 -1 -2 -3
86 )97-128(
97 101 122
:
)129-137( 129 136
)132-151(
138 139 140 148 149
)152-188(
152 156
)190-201(
190 192 195
)206-202(
208
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
8
)1( )2(
209
39 1 57 2 61 . 3 64 4 64 5 65 6 70 7 YX( 94( 8 104 9 105 10 111 11 114 ( 12 114 13 116 14 116 15 118 16 119 17 138 18
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
9
138 19 140 - ( 20 141 21 141 22 142 23 24
143
144 25 144 26 145 27 28
146
151 29 151 30 151 31 152 32 152 33 153 34 35
154
158 36 37
163
38
167
171 39 172 ) LSD( 40 174 (STL)) ( 41 175 42 176 ) LSD( 43 177 (STL)) ( 44 178 ) LSD( 45
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
10
179 LSD 46 182 47
24 1 32 2 88 3 101 4 109 5
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
11
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
12
:
. ,
. ,
.
- . .
, -
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
13
.
:
. .
,
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
14
,
.
):( :
:
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5
:
. -1 . -2 . -3 -4 -5
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
15
: :
: -1 ,
, . , , ,
, : -2 , ,
.
: :
: ) ( ,
. :
). ( 2011 /2010 :
: .
: : -1
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
16
-1995 (
50( :
. : -2
, ,
)85 -9019 ( , :
).17 1980 ( (
, .)17 -1983 (
.
: :
, .
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
17
: ,
.
: -3 )25 2000 (
: :
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
18
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
19
: :
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
20
: )60 ( } {:
, ,
, ,
. ,
.
, ,
.
,
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
21
% 70
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
22
:
, , , ,
.
0 ) ( , 0
)125-1987.(
0 .
: : ,
) ( , , ,
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
23
, )11-1999(_
) ( )209-1992(.
) ( )255-2005(
.
. ) ( ,
) ( .
, ,
. , ,
).248 2009 (. , ) (
, , .
, ,
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
24
)15 2007.( ) ( ,
.
, . ,
).15 13 87 ( ) (
, , , , ,
).208-2005.( ) ( , -
).4762007(
: ) ( -,
).2552005( .
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
) ( - .
).1961996 .( ,
) ( -
.
, ,
)1( ) 1(
) (: :
. - -
www.abahe.co.uk
25
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
26
- .
. .
. .
:
.)1501987( -: : -1
.
: -2
.
.
: -3 ) (
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
27
.
:
) (
. .
." )1261961(."
. ) (
.
. .
. "
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
28
1988298
:
: , ) 179 2003 (
, , ,
. ) (
: , -1
.
http://www.alrufaiah.net/vb/newthread.php?do=newthread&f=67#_ftn6
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
29
. -2. -3. -4. -5. -6. , -7. -8)280 -2008 (. -9
, ) ( , ,
. ,
, , ,
)198 -2007(.
: )18 -87 (
: : -
. ,
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
30
: -
.
: * , ) (
, , ,
: -
. . - . - . - . - . - . - )109108 -2002 .( -
) ( , ,
:
.
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
31
, .)253-2005(.
,
, , ,
, ).314-2008.(
)16 15 - 2005( , ,
:-
, , .
. ,
,
, , . ,
, ,
, .
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
32
, ,
, . , ,
, : , . - . - . -. -
, ,
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
33
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
:
: , ) (
, , , , , ,
, , ,
-2008 (. , ).275 : -1
, ,
: )2(
www.abahe.co.uk
34
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
35
( , )
. : -1
, , ,
, , , , , , ,
. , ,
) ( , ) (
, .
. , , , ,
.
, . .
: -2 ) ( , ,
)267-2009 (.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
36
, ) ( : ,
. - . - )19-2007.( -
-: )268-2009( : -
. , : -
.
, : - . , ,
: - .
: - . : -3
, :
. : -
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
37
: - .
: - .
, ) ( -
: , : *
, , , . ,
, , : * , ,
, , % 5.
).( : -5
, )306 303 -2009( , , , , ,
, :
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
38
, : - , ,
. : -
. : -
. : -
. , : -
)41 -2003 ( :
: - (
) .
, ,
. : -
, , , ,
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
39
, .
: . -
. - . -
. -
: . , -
. - . - . - . -
,
.
: . -
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
40
. - . - . -
:
. - . - - : -
, ,
, . : -
. : -
, ,
, , , % 20
, , ,
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
41
: - ( ,
) ) (
, . ,
: - ,
. : -
)49 -2003 ( . ,
: *
,
,
,
,
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
42
.
-: ,
, . , ,
: ,
( .) 57 2009
)1( 1 2
3 4 5 - 6
)58 2009 (
)( -:
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
43
) : ( -1 -
. -
. -) : ( -2 . -
. - )1716 -87 ( . -
: ) ( :
:
: - 1
, , , ,
. , : - 2
, ,
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
44
, : - 3 ,
, ,
.
, , ,
, .
. ) ( ,
. ) (, ) ( : - 4
, , ,
: . -
. - . -
. , , - . -
,
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
45
, .
)( : -5 ,
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, ,
. . ,
)198 -2007(
).(
:
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
46
: - ) ( ,
. , : -
.
) ( (
)) ( ) 2009(
, )2562009(.
: - ,
%)15 -% 5(
. :
. ,
: , ,
(
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
47
) .) (
: _ ,
, )293 289 2007 .(
)( ) (
, , ,
: : -1
,
, , ,
.) 65 2009(
: -2 ,
. ) (
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
48
, :
: - , ) (
:
.
.
% 100 % 70
-2007( 245(
: - ,
. ,
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
49
, , ,
, , (
. ) : -
, ) ( ) (
, , ,
. , :
, , , , ,
.
: - ,
. ,
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
50
).()
: ,
, , . , :
, .
. , ,
. , )215 -2007 (
: -
, , .
,
: -
, , ,
: ,
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
51
, * .
. * . * * . : -4
.
, . ) (
: -5 ,
: , : -
, .
: - . , : - ,
. )18 87 (
:
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
52
. - . - . - . - . - . -
:
- . -
.
: * : ) (
, - ,
. , -
,
.)28 2007(. : *
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
53
)297296 -2008 ( :
. - . - . - )( . -
.
. - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . , - . -
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
54
. - . - . - . - )( . -
,
. : * , ) - 2009 (
, , :
: -1 .
: -2 ,
, , .
: -3. , ,
, : -4 ,
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
55
: -5
. , -6 : -7
. :
)12 -2007 ( , ,
-: ) ( . -1 . -2 . , , -3 -4 ,
. , -5
. , . , -6 . -7
* : ) (
, : -1 .
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
56
, : -2 ) () ( .
: -3 .
: -4 ,
) .( , : -5
. . : -6 : -7 , : -8
. , : -9
. , : -10
. , , : -11
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
57
: -12 .
, : -13 . ,
. : -14 . : -15 : -16
. : -17
. . , : -18 . : -19 : -20
. : -21
. : -22 : -23
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
58
: -24 )320-319-2009(.
: ,
, , , ,
, . :
, ) ( ,
, , . ,
.( ,
)272 2002
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
59
,
. , ,
)321 1992 .( , ) (
.
: : -1
)51-2005 ( , ,
,
.
. ,
, ,
).292 2000 .( -:
: -
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
60
, ,
).2092005.( ) (
, ,
87.( )21
, ) ( ,
).115 1987 ( ) (
,
, ,
)279 2005 .(
, , . ,
: - ,
,
,
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
61
, ,
).281 2006 ( . , ) (
,
, , , ,
).281 2006 ( .
, ) ( ,
, 2009 (: ) ( , )250 249
. -1 . -2
.
)2(
-3 -2 -1 -2 -1
-2 -1
)250 2009 (
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
62
: -1
) (
. ) 288 -2008 ( : -
, ) (
)16-2007( . ) (
) . (
) 16 -2007(
) (
) (
) (
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
63
) (
)256-2009( ) 2008 (
).287 -2008 ( .
): ( :
. -. -. , -. -
: . -. -. -. -
: -
, )29 87(
: X = X =
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
64
)17 -2007( .
150 , 7 200 , ) ( 150 50 , 50 ,
, .
12 , , 4 ,
. 16 : x = ( + =
. ) = / :
( : - , )
. : )30 -87(
. _ _
: ) X + ( = + =
6 20 8
. 8 4
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
65
) X 4 2( :
+ = 28= 8+ 20=
: - ) (
,
. :
, , 1200 , 1000 600
10000 10 , 200 5000 5000
: -
) (
: + =
: 8 6
)x) 6/8 x 2 2.5= 2.5 x 1.5 = 3.75
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
66
+ = 23.75 = 3.75 + 20=
)31 -87( :
. + + = 2+ 10= :
X 4 = 64,8 10 2 + 8 + 8= ) 29 87( : -
: X = X =
: - ):3(
)3(
) ( 10 % 80 1 11 % 89 -%80 2 12 % 99 -%90 3 13 % 110-%100 4 14 % 110 5
)132 -2003 ( :
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
67
. : -
: , X 100
. % 100 % 20 . % 80
. X % = 80 : 9,3
9,2 X 100 = 115% %35% = 80 -% 115=
X X + X = =
8 X 4 + 8 X 4 X 35 = %32 + 11,2 = 43,2 / : -2
.
)259 2009( ,
. , )18 -2007 (
, , , ,
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
68
) ( ) ( , , , ,
, .
. ,
, ,
)260 -2009 ( . ) 2009( : . -. - . - . - . - -
. . - . - -
. :
. ) (
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
69
)4( )4(
750 75 300 15
150 15 200 100 2
120 150 60
)290- 2009 ( :
% 100 : - % 96 10
12 % 96 :
)5(
)( 9 97 1 12 96 2
)283 -2008 ( : -
, : ,
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
70
)6(
96 1 8 110 96 2 10 110 3
)285 2008 (
. )287-286 -2008 ( -
,
.
)201-2009 ( : . -
. - . - . -
: . -
. , - . -
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
71
. ,
)129126-2003( :
: -1 , ,
12 . , : -2
. )18 -2007(
, .
: -3.
: -4 . ,
, )288 2008 (
, : -5
. : -6
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
72
)149 -2003 ( , ,
( ,
, ) ... .
: -3 ,
, , :
, : - ) ( , ,
, , .
, ,
: -
, . ,
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
73
, )18 -2008 ( . ,
, : - ,
. , , ) 128 2003 ( , % 25 % 5 , ,
, ,
, .
. ,
: -4 ( ,
, ) .
, .
. )198-0720(
, ,
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
74
, , , .
, .
-: )189 -2003 (
, 1933 : - ,
, , ,
. ) ( : -
. , ) (
, 200 % .20 200
160 , % 4 % 16
: 40000 = 160000 200000)= (
, 40 .
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
75
, , ,
, %) 33.3(
,
, , .
) ( , % 33.3
.
. )7(
1.000.000 1.000.000 1 2
400.000
600.000 1.000.000 )( 3 ( 4
)200.000 200.000
20200.000/600.000=200.000/1.000.000 5
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
76
% =33.3%
)199-2009 (
-5 ,
: ,
: -
.
, ,
, ,
. -
, ,
% 3 , ,
: )100 1 ( 100 % 1 )200 100 ( 100 % 2
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
77
)300 200 ( 100 3% ) 400 300 ( 100 4%
, . 500 % 3
: - ,
, : , , : -
. : -
,
. : -
: - - - -.() : - : . -
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
78
-. - - - : -
. . -
. - -
. , -
. ) ( )(
, .
-4 : -
) 63 2003 ( ,
, , . ,
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
79
: ) ( . -. / -. - . -
: ) 2007 ( -
: -
.
-.
-. , -
, ( .
)29-28 2007 : -
, - ,
,
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
80
-. ,
: -5
,
)210 2005( . ,
.
.
.
)163-161 1987 (. ,
. ) 294 293- 200 ( : . -
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
81
. -. -. -. , -. -
: ) 212 210- 2005 (
. ,
: ) ( , ,
)208 2007(.
, .
)29 -2000( ,
)226 1995(
) ( ) ( ) ( , ,
) ( , . )361 - 2000 (
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
82
)
)228 2006 ) (
)322 2008 .( )(
)572 1980 ( .
(. )2007
: : -. : -
. : -
. : -
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
83
: - .
: - .
: - .
: -
)2007 ( ) ( :
. - . - . - . - - . - . - . - . - . - . - . -. -
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
84
. - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . -
) (
)235-2008(. ) (
. :
: -
. .
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
85
:
. -. - . -
.
: -
. -
.
: . -. -. -. -. -. -
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
86
. -. -. -. -
: .
.
.
.
: . -. -. -. -
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
87
.
: -
. . - -
)290 287 -1987(. : )189 186-1979 (
: -1
,
. :
. - - . -
:
. - . -. -
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
88
.
.
. : )33 87(
. -. -. -. - . -
: )34 - 87( . -. -. -. -. - . -
: -2
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
89
,
. ) (
,
)34 87( .
.
: . - . - . - - . -
. : : -1
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
90
. :
. -. -. -. -
:
. - . -. -. - . -
: -2
.
:
. - . - . -
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
91
.
.
.
, , , ) (
, , ,
, , ,
: . -. -. -. -
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
92
).213 212 2005(. ) (
:
. -. -. -. -
: . -. -. - . -
:
,
, ,
,
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
93
: , : -" "
.
. " "
. : " "
. - . -
.
.
,
. : -
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
94
.
" "
: .
.
. ) ( -
" " ).2(
:
"" - . -
)3 (
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
95
)74-2006 :( ) (
) (
,
,
.)444443 2007.(
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
96
" "
)178 1975 (.
) ( -" " 1959
, ,
,) (
" "
) (
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
97
.
:
: -1 ,
, )319-2008 ( .
):( -2 ) ( ,
.
, ) (
) ( ) (
. :
- .
--2008 .( .
)320
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
) : ( -
. " " )265264 2005(
, :
= :
, - .
. , -. -
, ,
, .
(. .)266 1961
www.abahe.co.uk
98
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
99
.
" "
.
: - ) Z( " "
. " "
) Z(
. ): ( -
" "
.
:
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
100
: - ,
.
- : ,
, , ,
. : -
: : -
. . : - : -
. : -
.
:XY -
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
101
( ) ( X (
) ( ) (
).X(
( Y (
).Y(
)X Y ( ( X ( )Y (
)YX( )10( ,
)8 ( .)YX(
) Y ( ) X (
( )
.
.
.
.
.
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
102
) (
) (
. .
)262 2005 (
, )267266 2005 ( :
- ,
, . ,
- , , ,
, .
, ,
, .
) (
:
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
103
. -. -. -. -. -
)60 87 (.
: : :
,
, ,
, ,
,
. .
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
104
. ) (
, .
) (
,
,
.
)(
. , . , ) (
. :
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
105
,
.
, ,
,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
: -1 , , . . -2
, , , ,
, .
. ,
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
106
)270 2002 (
, , , ,
).209 - 2000 .(
. )210 1987 ( : . -. -. -. -. -. - . -
)273 - 1998( :
. : -. : - : ( : -
. )
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
107
-
- - - -
- - -
-
2000( ". :" )210
) 4( )4(
,
)210 2000(
: : ,
,
. :
: *
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
108
:
, : ,
)86 2000 ( : ) (
2005 ( 189(
: ) (
. .( :
)278 2007
, , .
: .)189 - 2005 .(
* ) (
,
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
109
) ( . :
, : - , , ,
,
. : -
. : -
, .
: - , ,
. :
)307 -2009 ( :
, : ,
. , :
. . : -
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
110
. : - : -
. : -
. : -
. - , :
, .
: -2 :
: . ,
: : - : : -
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
111
( ( .
, : ,
: : : -
: : -
: : -
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
112
.
: -2 : )310 -2009(
, , : - , ,
: )9(
................... ..... ................. ................ ......................
5 15 25 35 35 10 15 20 25 25
15 15 12 9 6
6 9 12 15 15 1 4 7 10 10
)311 2009(
: - . ,
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
113
, : - , ,
. , , : -
. , .
, : - . ,
:
. : ) 9(
)10(
1
150 160 107%
2
50 50 100%
3
1000 950 110%
%75 15 20 4 5
10 8 80%
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
114
)316 2009(
-2 )165 -2003( : -1
, , . ,
: . : - . : - . : -
, ) ( .
)2008 ( ,
, , ,
.
)455454 2008 ( -305 - 2009( :
306( , , : -
, , , , , .
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
115
, : - , , ,
. , , : -
, , , , ) ( , . , : - , ,
. -4
, )29 -2003 ( , , ,
. :
)33 -2003( ) ( ,
, ):5(
)5(
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
116
)34 -2003 (
: -5 )35 -2003 (
, , ,
. ,
.
: . . .
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
117
. . . . . . . . . . .
: -6 .
, )39 -2003 ( . :
: - ,
, .
: -
. , : -2
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
118
,
2000 (.
).211
, ,
).279278 2007 .( ) (
(.
).188 2005 -: ) (
. -. - -
. -
. -
)211 2000 ( ) (
: : : -
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
119
. -. -. -. - . - : : - . -. - -4 -
. : -
: . - -
)280279 2007 (. )256(
)14( , )281 -2007 (:
)11 (
91 1 90 2
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
120
82 3 63 4 61 5 57 6 55 7 50 8 38 ) ( 9 32 10 29 11 26 12 25 ) ( 13 7 14
)281 2009 (:
: -3
: ) ( , , -
. . - , -. , -
. , -
: , -
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
121
. - , -
. . -).203202 2005 (
: ) ( , -
, ,
. . - -
.
-.
-.
-. ,
, - , ,
)8584 2005 (. : -4
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
122
. ,
( .
).190 2005 )125-121 2000 (
-: : -1 : -
)5 1 ( ( ) 3(
) : )219 2000 (
)12 ( -
)1( )2( )3( )4( )5( )219 2000(
: -.
: -
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
123
,
, 2007( ).291290
: )13 (
1 1 2 2
3 3 4 4 5 5
6 6 )290 2007 ( :
. , ) (
, , , .
: -3 , : -
,
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
124
, ,
. , .)91 2005 ( : -
, , , ,
, )5 ( ,
, ,
, ,
).227-226 2000 (.
)14 (
1 2 3 4 5
) (
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
125
: -
:
)15(
10% 20% 40% 20% 10%
) .93 205 ( : -3 : -
( ) ( )
. )200 - 2005 ( : -
: )192 190 -2005 ( -
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
126
.
( ,
. )() : -
.
: - ) ( ,
,
. )16( )16(
/.........................
/................... /......................
/................................ /............................
/...................
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
127
:......................
:.............. () () () ()
)193 2005 (
).16( , )17(
...../............. /.................. /...................
/.................... /.....................
/.........
- :
30%
%30 : -
%20 : -
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
128
%10 : - %10 : - %100 : *
( ) :.............. ( ) : ....................... )( : :..................
)195 2005 (: )17(
.( )
:
.
) ( ) (
. )220 - 2000 ( : -4 : :
) 8( ) 1( ) 8( ) 1(
. :
:
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
129
298 2006 (
(. " ) (
).208 2003 ( " ) ( ,
.
: :
, :"
).11 1999 ( " "
: - -:
: - .
: - .
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
130
: - .
. : - : -
44 1999 ( 45.(
: -6
) ( ) Z( ) Y X(
. )448 2007 .(
: )501 2007 (
,
. ) ( ) (
. )184 2005 ( "
: -7 -
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
131
- .
- .
. - -
.
. : - 8
: : -
: - .
: - .
: -
) (
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
132
: -
. :
.
: - :
- .
- .
: -
.
: -
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
133
.
: * . - . - . - . - . - : * . -. - ). ( - . - . - ) ( - . - . - -
: : -
: .
: -.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
134
: - .
: . - . - . -. -
:
. ) ( :
.
:
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
135
) ( : .
.
.
.
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
136
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
: -:
www.abahe.co.uk
137
, ,
, :
( )2005 ( - )
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
138
) ( : ,
, ,
. : :
( ).
) : (
.
) ( : , . ,
: ,
, ) (
) ( : )2006( -
: -
, ,
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
139
, ,
, ) ( , .
:
, , ,
.
) ( : ,
. ) ( : -
, , .
)2006 ( - .
) ( : , , ,
110 ) ( , .
: ) (
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
140
, ) - ( ,
. ) ( :
, .
) ( : ,
, ) ( , .
)2007 ( - .
) ( : , ,
. , ) ( :
( , , )
. :
, , ,
. :
, ,
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
141
.
)2008 ( - :
, , .
: ,
. :
. :
, , , ,
, ) (
. ) 2008 ( -
. , ) ( :
, . ,
) ( : ,
,
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
142
( ,
) ) ( :
, .
: ,
) ( ,
. ( )2009 ( -
) ) ( :
, , , ,
. ) ( :
, ,
. ) ( :
. , :
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
143
) ( ,
. )2007 ( -
) ( :
, , ,
. , , ) ( :
. , ) ( :
. , , :
,
. )2007 (
. ) ( : -
, , ,
. ,
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
144
) ( : - ,
. , ) ( : -
, .
, : -
. , )2009 ( -
) ( :
, , .
) ( :( ,
, ) , ) (
. ) ( :
. , , : -
, ,
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
145
: *
, , .
: ,
. ,
() 2006() 2005( , ) 2007() 2006
( ) 2009 ( ) 2008) (2006( ) 2009
) 2008 (
.
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
146
-
-
:
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
147
)( . :
, ) 3072001 (
2000 (
).186 : -
.
: )1152 (
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
148
)18 (
.
226 198 28 1
186 158 28 2 185 159 26 4 158 133 25 5 226 198 28 6 85 78 7 7
167 134 22 8
1233 1058 164
( )137 1989 ) 290 (
%) 96.9 ( ) 281 ( :
)19 ( 81 76 5 1 63 30 3 2 61 58 3 4 34 32 2 5 44 42 2 6 14 13 1 7 23 22 1 8
290 273 17
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
149
: -
" " :
. -1 . -2 . -3 . -4
- - - (
) 54 ( ) - - :
-1 10 . -2
. 15 -3 15
-4 . 15
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
150
- - - :( ). -
: )20(
5 1 4 2 3 3 2 4 1 5
) Closed Questionnaire ( .
: - )429 1995 (
" ( "
: . )179 2001 : -
. : -
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
151
( : )
)21 (
281 10 0,9331
) 0.9331 (
. (
):
:
)22 ( .
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
152
1 0.9300 0,6612 0,72** 281 2 0,9276 0,7082 0,77** 2813 0,9265 0,7324 0,78** 2814 0,9271 0,7307 0,78** 2815 0,9221 0,8148 0,86** 2816 0,9224 0,8068 0,85** 2817 0,9259 0,7440 0,79** 2818 0,9232 0,7924 0,84** 2819 0,9278 0,7019 0,76** 28110 0,9287 0,7250 0,80** 281 0.01 **
: * . ( . )
( ) 11 ( ) 0.01 .0.8148 0.6612
( : )
)23 (
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
153
281 15 0.9518
) 0.9518 (
. (
) :
)24 (
1 0.9489 0,7223 0,76** 281 2 0,9491 0,7120 0,75** 2813 0,9477 0,7750 0,81** 2814 0,9488 0,7202 0,76** 2815 0,9486 0,7372 0,78** 2816 0,9492 0,7058 0,75** 2817 0,9493 0,6991 0,74** 2818 0,9493 0,7123 0,76** 2819 0,9474 0,7899 0,82** 281
10 0,9469 0,8141 0,84** 28111 0,9472 0,7927 0,82** 281
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
154
12 0,9491 0,7079 0,75** 28113 0,9471 0,8034 0,83** 28114 0,9513 0,6272 0,68** 28115 0,9476 0,7737 0,81** 281
0.01 ** : * . ) 24 (
0.01 .0.8141 0.6272
( : )
)25 (
281 14 0,9337
) 0.9337 ( .
( )
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
155
)26 (
.
1 0.9355 0,4319 0,50** 281 2 0,9332 0,5308 0,59** 2813 0,9322 0,6558 0,63** 2814 0,9308 0,6350 0,68** 2815 0,9282 0,7274 0,76** 2816 0,9278 0,7219 0,77** 2817 0,9251 0,8052 0,84** 2818 0,9257 0,7873 0,82** 2819 0,9243 0,8241 0,86** 281
10 0,9266 0,7559 0,80** 28111 0,9269 0,7480 0,79** 28112 0,9262 0,7697 0,81** 28113 0,9279 0,7179 0,76** 28114 0,9335 0,5810 0,66** 281
0.01 ** : * . (
) 1 ( ) ) 0.9337 ( ) 0.9355( .
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
156
) 26 ( ) (
0.01 .0.8241 0.4319
( : )
)27 ( (
.)
281 15 0,9558
( ) 0.9558 ( )
. (
).
:
)28 ( (
.)
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
157
1 0.9517 0,8094 0,84** 281 2 0,9518 0,8151 0,84** 2813 0,9524 0,7775 0,81** 2814 0,9512 0,8263 0,85** 2815 0,9518 0,7994 0,83** 2816 0,9535 0,7271 0,77** 2817 0,9540 0,6993 0,74** 2818 0,9526 0,7611 0,80** 2819 0,9517 0,8098 0,84** 28110 0,9524 0,7726 0,80** 28111 0,9533 0,7271 0,76** 28112 0,9541 0,6894 0,73** 28113 0,9527 0,7577 0,79** 28114 0,9563 0,6086 0,67** 28115 0,9529 0,7484 0,79** 281
0.01 ** : . ( )
) 0.9558 ( ) 0.9563 ( )14( .
( )28 ( ) 0.01 ).0.8263 ()0.6086(
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
158
: -
) 281 ( ) 22 (
. ) spss (
. : -
Statiatical Package for
Social Sciences ) spss(
)4=1-5 ( ) ( ) 0.8=45( ) ( :
. ) ( 1.80 1 - . ) ( 2.60 1.81 - . ) ( 3.40 2.61 - . ) ( 4.20 3.41 - . ) ( 5.00 4.21 -
:
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
159
-1 .
" Weighted Mean)" ( -2
. " Mean" -3
) ( . " Standard Deviation " -4
.
. ) Chi-square ( -5
. ) Independent Sample T-test ( ) ( -6
. ) One Way ANOVA ( -7
. ) LSD( -8
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
160
- -
-
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
161
( )
: -1 -2 -3 -4 -5
: : * - - - - ( _
) -
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
162
:
)29(
28.5 80 30 40 30
138 49.1
22.4 63 40 %100 281
% 49.1 ) 138 () 29 ( 40 30 30 % 28.5 ) 80 ( . 40 % 22.4 ) 63 (
)30 (
19.6 55 80.4 226
% 80.4 ) 226 () 30 ( % 19.6 ) 55(
. )31 (
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
163
6.8 19 ) ( 21.4 60
63.7 179 8.2 23
%100 281
% 63.7 ) 179 () 31 (
) 60 ( ) 23 ( % 21.4 % 8.2
.) ( % 6.8 ) 19( )32 (
( )
260 92.5
7.5 21 %100 281
% 92.5 ) 260 () 32 ( ) 21 ( ) ( . % 7.5
)33 (
12.1 34 11.7 33 16.0 45
21.7 61 4.6 13
5.0 14 82.8 81
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
164
% 28.8 ) 81 () 33 ( ) 61 ( % 16.0 ) 45 ( % 21.7
% 12.1 )34 ( % 11.7 ) 33( ) 13( % 5.0 ) 14( , . % 4.6
)34(
10.3 29 5
20.6 58 10 5 23.5 66 15 10
26.7 75 20 15 18.9 53 20
%100 281
% 26.7 )75 () 34 ( 20 15
% 23.5 ) 66 ( % 20.6 ) 58 ( 15 10
%100 281
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
165
) 53 ( 10 5 ) 29( 20 % 18.9 . 5 % 10.3
: - " : - "
)35 (
1 0.7 4.71 5 6 4 36 230 61
684.621 0.000** 1
% 81.9 12.8 1.4 2.1 1.8
4 5 2 12 70 192 % 68.3 24.9 4.3 0.7 1.8
4.57 0.767
465.210 0.000** 2
3 4 10 11 68 188 % 66.9 24.2 3.9 3.6 1.4
4.52 0.846
434.391 0.000** 3
2 7 14 19 45 196 % 69.8 16.0 6.8 5.0 2.5
4.46 0.992
449.374 0.000** 4
9 6 7 19 79 170 2.1 2.5 6.8 28.1 60.5 %
4.42 0.888
352.221 0.000** 5
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
166
. 0.01 ** ) 5 4.36 (
) 5.00 4.21 ( .
0.01 .
)4.71 4.00 ( - (
)
7 6 4 24 81 166 % 59.1 28.8 8.5 1.4 2.1
4.41 0.870
337.238 0.000** 6
5 8 6 28 82 157 % 55.9 29.2 10.0 2.1 2.8
4.33 0.945
292.968 0.000** 7
8 7 12 60 72 130 2.5 4.3 21.4 25.6 46.3 %
4.09 1.033
179.445 0.000** 8
6 10 11 56 74 130 % 46.3 26.3 19.9 3.9 3.6
4.08 1.066
176.883 0.000** 9
10 12 28 51 48 142 4.3 10.0 18.1 17.1 50.5 %
4.00 1.214
181.580 0.000** 10
0.9 4.36 4
-
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
167
) 1,4,3,2,9,7,5 (
: " " ) 1( -1 )5 4.71 (
. " " ) 4( -2 )5 4.57(
.
" " ) 3( -3 )5 4.52(
,
. " " )2( -4 )5 4.46(
. " ") 9( -5 ) 5 4.42(
. " " ) 7( -6
)5 4.41(
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
168
. " " ) 5( -7
) 5 4.33 ( .
) 1068( : " " ) 8 ( -1 )5 4.09(
.
" " ) 6( -2 )5 4.08 (
.
" " ) 10 ( -3 )5 4.00 (
.
:" :
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
169
:
)36 (
9 3 1 10 72 195 .69%
4 25.6
3.6 0.4 1.1
4.62
0.677 489.801
0.000** 1
1 2 2 4 87 186 %66.
2 31.0
1.4 0.7 0.7
4.61
0.629 469.694
0.000** 2
.18 3
2 2 2 5 89
%65.1
31.7
1.8 0.7 0.7
4.60
0.637 456.420
0.000** 3
1 3 1 9 83 185 0
%65.
8 29.5
3.2 0.4 1.1
4.59
0.676 452.185
0.000** 4
1 3 2 8 92 176 3
%62.
6 32.7
2.8 0.7 1.1
4.55
0.691 422.149
0.000** 5
1 4 2 13 80 182 5
%64.
8 28.5
4.6 0.7 1.4
4.54
0.746 425.637
0.000** 6
4 2 2 12 94 171 %60.
9 33.5
4.3 0.7 0.7
4.53
0.681 399.231
0.000** 7
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
170
1 4 1 11 95 170 1
.60%
5 33.8
3.9 0.4 1.4
4.52
0.723 396.278
0.000** 8
3 3 2 10 101 165 .58%
7 35.9
3.6 0.7 1.1
4.51
0.703 386.954
0.000** 9
8 3 10 16 74 178 %63.
3 26.3
5.7 3.6 1.1
4.47
0.841 386.725
0.000** 10
1 4 2 19 114 142 2
%50.
5 40.6
6.8 0.7 1.4
4.38
7.66 315.815
0.000** 11
5 8 5 21 102 149 %53.
0 36.3
7.5 1.8 1.4
4.38
0.815 307.707
0.000** 12
7 3 2 27 110 139 %49.
5 39.1
9.6 0.7 1.1
4.35
0.770 291.295
0.000** 13
6 4 2 23 116 136 %8.4
4 41.3
8.2 0.7 1.4
4.35
0.778 297.310
0.000** 14
1 3 7 29 114 128 4
%45.
6 40.6
10.3
2.5 1.1
4.27
0.827 257.772
0.000** 15
4.4 8
1.19 -
0.01 ** ) 5 4.48 (
) 5.00 4.21 (
. 0.01
.
) 4.62 4.27 (
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
171
) (
) 146751283114151310219 ( : " ") 9 ( -1 ) 5 4.62 (
.
" " ) 1 ( -2 ) 5 4.61 (
. " " ) 2 ( -3 ) 5 4.60 (
. " " ) 10 ( -4 ) 5 4.59 ( . " " ) 13 ( -5
) 5 4.55 (
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
172
" " ) 15 ( -6 ) 5 4.45 (
. " " ) 4 ( -7
) 5 4.53 ( . " " ) 11 ( -8 ) 5 4.53 (
. " " ) 3 ( -9 )5 4.51 (
.
" ") 8 ( -10 )5 4.47 (
.
" " )12( -11 )5 4.38(
.
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
173
" ") 5 ( -12 )5 4.38(
.
" ") 7 ( -13 ) 5 4.35 (
.
" " ) 6( -14 ) 5 4.35 (
.
" " )14( -15 ) 5 4.27( . ": : "
:
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
174
)37(
.
4 2 1 9 73 196 % 79.8 26.0 3.2 0.4 0.7
4.64 0.635 498.911 0.000** 1
5 4 3 8 67 199
% 70.8 23.8 2.8 1.1 1.4
4.62 0.728 505.103 0.000** 2
2 4 9 8 61 199 % 70.8 21.7 2.8 3.2 1.4
4.57 0.817 492.719 0.000** 3
3 3 10 9 61 198 % 70.5 21.7 3.2 3.6 1.1
4.57 0.808 486.171 0.000** 4
1 3 5 12 77 184
% 65.5 27.4 4.3 1.8 1.1
4.54 0.755 430.085 0.000** 5
6 6 6 11 70 188 % 66.9 24.9 3.9 2.1 2.1
4.52 0.845 438.520 0.000** 6
7 6 7 31 90 147 % 52.3 32.0 11.0 2.5 2.1
4.30 0.916 266.242 0.000** 7
13 8 2 29 102 140 % 49.8 36.3 10.3 0.7 2.8
4.30 0.895 269.053 0.000** 8
10 5 9 40 89 138
% 49.1 31.7 14.2 3.2 1.8
4.23 0.933 229.160 0.000** 9
8 5 6 44 101 125 % 44.5 35.9 15.7 2.1 1.8
4.19 0.902 214.071 0.000** 10
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
175
12 8 8 43 113 109 % 38.8 40.2 15.3 2.8 2.8
4.09 0.952 192.790 0.000** 11
9 6 9 52 102 112 % 53.3 36.3 18.5 3.2 2.1
4.09 0.949 177.523 0.000** 12
11 8 8 67 98 100 % 35.6 34.9 23.8 2.8 2.8
3.98 0.983 149.979 0.000** 13
14 11 25 69 89 87 % 31.0 31.7 24.6 8.9 3.9
3.77 1.102 92.612 0.000** 14
_ 0.87 4.32
0.01 ** )5 4.32(
)5.00 4.21 ( .
0.01 .
3.77 ( )4.64
) /(
) 10,13,7,6,1,3,2,5,4( :
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
176
" " )4( -1 ) 5 4.64(
. " ")5 ( -2
) 5 4.26(
. " " )2( -3
) 5 4.57( . " " ) 3 ( -4 ) 5 4.57 ( .
" " ) 1 ( -5 ) 5 4.54(
. " " ) 6 ( -6 ) 5 4.52 ( .
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
177
" " ) 7 ( -7 )5 4.30 (
,
" " ) 13 ( -8
) 5 4.30 (
. ) ( )10 ( -9
) 5 4.23 ( . ) 14119128 ( : " " ) 8 ( -1 ) 5 4.19 (
.
" " )12 ( -2 ) 4.09 (
..
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
178
" " ) 9 ( -3 ) 5 4.09 (
. , " " ) 11 ( -4 ) 5 3.98 (
.
" " ) 14 ( -5 ) 5 3.77 (
. : :
:
)38 (
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
179
1 2 2 4 88 185 % 65.8 31.3 1.4 0.7 0.7
4.61 0.629 466.206 0.000** 1
2 1 1 7 89 183 % 56.1 31.7 2.5 0.4 0.4
4.61 0.594 456.740 0.000** 2
9 2 - 10 83 186 0.7 - 3.6 29.5 66.2 %
4.60 0.630 311.014 0.000** 3
10 2 1 7 90 181 % 64.4 32.0 2.5 0.4 0.7
4.59 0.632 44.025 0.000** 4
3 1 1 10 89 180 0.4 0.4 3.6 31.7 64.1 %
4.59 0.616 438.270 0.000** 5
13 2 - 14 86 197 % 63.7 30.6 5.0 - 0.7
4.57 0.657 283.228 0.000** 6
11 2 1 10 94 174 0.7 0.4 3.6 33.5 61.9 %
4.56 0.653 416.811 0.000** 7
15 2 1 16 85 177 % 63.0 30.2 5.7 0.4 0.7
4.54 0.86 409.075 0.000** 8
4 3 1 11 94 172 % 61.2 33.5 3.9 0.4 1.1
4.53 0.692 404.961 0.000** 9
8 4 2 12 90 173 1.4 0.7 4.3 32.0 61.6 %
4.52 0.742 398.591 0.000** 10
12 2 - 18 110 151 % 53.7 39.1 6.4 - 0.7
4.45 0.680 220.480 0.000** 11
5 3 4 15 103 156 % 55.5 36.7 5.3 1.4 1.1
4.44 0.754 345.246 0.000** 12
7 3 1 18 121 138 % 49.1 43.1 6.4 0.4 1.1
4.39 0.719 324.320 0.000** 13
6 3 3 20 115 140 % 49.8 40.9 7.1 1.1 1.1
4.37 0.755 310.512 0.000** 14
14 2 4 27 114 134
% 47.7 40.6 9.6 1.4 0.7
4.33 0.766 283.075 0.000** 15
- 0.69 4.51
0.01 **
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
180
) 5 4.51 ( ) 5.00 4.21 ( .
0.01 .
) 4.61 4.33 ( ) (
) 512841511133109211467(
: " " ) 1 ( -1 ) 5 4.61 ( .
" " ) 2 ( -2 ) 5 4.61 (
ArabBritishAcademyforHigherEducation.
www.abahe.co.uk
181
" " ) 8 ( -3 ) 5 4.60 ( .
" " ) 10 ( -4 ) 5 4.59 ( .
" ") 3( -5 ) 5 4.59(
. " ")12( -6
) 5 4.57( . " ")11 ( -7 )5 4.56(
.
" ")15( -8 ) 5 4.54(