משרד החינוך והמזכירות הפדגוגיתהאגף לתכנון ופיתוח תכניות לימודים
האוניברסיטה העברית בירושליםהמרכז להוראת המדעים
המרכז הארצילמורי הביולוגיה
מנהלת מל"םהמרכז הישראלי לחינוך מדעיטכנולוגי ע"ש עמוס דה שליט
Climate ChangeSince the industrial revolution, atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases have been rising, mainly due to burning of fossil fuels. With them, mean global temperatures have been rising.
Application of biochar to soil results in long term sequestration of fixed carbon
Soil fertility
No biochar8t/ha biochar
20t/ha biochar
Biochar applied once in 2003Colombian Llanos(N=3)
2006
•Biochar use agricultural plants
Major, J., M. Rondon, D. Molina, S.J. Riha and J. Lehmann, 2010. Maize yield and nutrition during 4 years after biochar application to a Colombian savanna oxisol. Plant and Soil 333, 117-128.
Increases soil fertilitynutrient retention water holding capacitycation exchange capacity
Increases beneficial soil microorganisms
Reduces nutrient runoff, absorbs ammonia and ammonium
Absorbs pesticides and soil toxins
Reduces agricultural N2O and CH4 emissions
Value of soil application of BiocharValue of soil application of Biochar
6
0115
17
19
Pepp
er c
anop
ydr
y w
eigh
t (g)
Biochar Content (%)0 3 5
ab
c
65 70 75 80 85
120
160
200
240
Time after planting (days)
Nor
mal
ized
pep
per
leaf
are
a (%
)
b
ba
aBiochar (%) 0 1 3
Plant growth promotion under optimal fertigation
BIOCHAR (%)
Fruit weight (g/plant)
Fruit weight (g/fruit)
0 440 ± 21 b 83 ± 7 b3 565 ± 36 b 97 ± 5 a5 732 ± 58 a 104 ± 4 a
Peppergrowth
Graber et al. 2010, Plant and Soil
35 45 55 65
200
400
600
Nor
mal
ized
tom
ato
plan
t hei
ght (
%)
Time after planting (days)
b
b
b b
a
a
a a
Biochar (%) 0 1 3
45 55 65100
200
300
Nor
mal
ized
tom
ato
leafl
et a
rea
(%)
Time after planting (days)
bb
b
aa a
ab
abab
Biochar (%) 0 1 3
Tomato growth
Graber et al. 2010, Plant and Soil
0
25
50
75
100
0 4 8 12
Ger
min
ation
(%)
Time after planting (days)
01
0
20
40
60
0 10 20 30H
eigh
t (cm
)Time after planting (days)
01 % GHW
נביטת חיטה
Increases soil fertility: nutrient retention, water holding capacity, cation exchange capacityIncreases beneficial soil microorganismsReduces nutrient runoffAbsorbs pesticides and soil toxinsReduces agricultural N2O and CH4 emissions
BiocharBiochar
Biochar has a beneficial effect on plants also on the background of full fertilizationBiochar has a beneficial effect on plants also on the background of full fertilization
What othereffects?What othereffects?
0
10
20
0 2 4 6
a
a
a
b b b03 0
3
Biochar )%(
AUDPC±SE*%(days)
42.3±8.3
10.5±3.8
ab
Dis
ease
sev
erity
(% le
af c
over
age)
Time after infection (days)
Effect of soil biochar applicationon leaf gray mold disease
Biochar
(%)
a
b
a
b
0
10
20
0 2 4 6 8
03
Biochar
(%)
Elad et al, Phytopathology 2010
Result: Suppression of gray mold on tomato and sweet pepper leaves
Citrus wood biochar
0
25
50
75
100
15 30 45 60
801±74112±24 70±16
a
b
13
0 ab
b
Middle leaves
0
25
50
75
100
15 30 45 60
a
b
1419±173 164± 39 106± 22
13
0 abb
Lower leaves
25
0
50
75
100
15 30 45 60
Biochar)%(
269±19 57±10 10± 3
AUDPC±SE%(*days)
ab
a
b
b13
0
Upper leaves
( Leveillula taurica )
Dis
ease
sev
erity
(% le
af c
over
age)
Time after infection (days) Elad et al, Phytopathology 2010
Effect of soil biochar applicationon tomato leaf powdery mildew
Citrus wood biochar
50
Biochar)%(
Disease severity (% leaf coverage)0 10 20
Middle
Leaf
hei
ght
Lower
Uppera
b
a
a
b
b
Elad et al., 2010 Phytopathology
Effect of soil biochar applicationon pepper leaf powdery mildew
Result: Suppression of powdery mildew on tomato and sweet pepper leaves
Bioc
har
conc
entr
ation
in
soi
l (%
)
0
20
40
60
80
a
a
a
a
b
b
b
b
30 55 80 105
0
13
Time after infection (days)
Dis
ease
sev
erity %
(le
af c
over
age
)Bi
ocha
rco
ncen
trati
on
in s
oil (
%)
ab
b
0 600 1200 1800AUDPC (%*days)
31
0
Disease severity
Long term effect of soil application on leaf powdery mildew
Elad et al, Phytopathology 2010
Elad et al, Phytopathology 2010 ( Polyphagotarsonemus latusאקרית העיוותים )
Broad Mite in Pepper
Control
Bioc
har
conc
entr
ation
in
soi
l (%
)
0 5 10 15 20Severity)%(
0 a
3 b
5 b
No biochar 3% biochar
Biomass source
- - - - - - - -Pyrolysis
temperature Disease assay
Biochar concentration
- - - - - - -Plants age (time after
biochar treatment)
Time after infection by pathogen
(days)
Effect of parameters of biochar treatment :
Greenhouse waste (GHW)
350 AL 29 12
450 AL 72 14
3.01.00.5
-
Bio
char
con
cent
ratio
n (%
)
0 20 40 60
3.01.00.5
-
GHW
Pyrolysis temp. C
Assay
Plants age
(d.a.p)Time after infection by Botrytis cinerea
(days)
Disease severity (%)
ab
a
bc
Effect of biochar treatment parameters:
Elad et al, Phytopathologia Mediterranea (2012)
0 10 20 30
Disease severity (%)
0 5 10 15Bio
char
con
cent
ratio
n (%
)
0 20 40 60
3.01.00.5
-
3.01.00.5
-
3.01.00.5
-
Pyrolysis temp. C
Assay
Plants age
(d.a.p)Time after infection by Botrytis cinerea
(days)Olive pomice (OP)
350 DL 23 7
450 DL 16 10
450 AL 21 5
OP
OP
ab
ab
ab
ab
Elad et al, Phytopathologia Mediterranea (2012)
OP
350 DL 23 7
350 AL 47 10
3.01.00.5
-
Bioc
har c
once
ntra
tion
(%)
0 20 40 60
3.01.00.5
-
Pyrolysis temp. C
Assay
Plants age
(d.a.p)Time after infection by Botrytis cinerea
(days)
Disease severity (%)
Eucalyptus wood (EW)
(EW)
a
b
abc
ab
Results: Suppression of foliar diseases in all casesEfficacy may differ with the biochar (temperature and biomass source)Three weeks of incubation are needed
Induced resistance (systemic)
•Plant pathogens infect foliar plant parts•Biochar applied to soil (root zone)
What plant genes may be responsible for the effect of biochar on plant diseases?
Salycilic
acid (SA)
Ethylene (ET)
Jasmonic acid (JA)
Systemic resistance pathways
PR10 (Fra a3)induced under stress and act as common allergens
LOX (Falox)
WRKY (FaWRKY1)
PR1 (FaPR1)SA dependent related marker
PR5 (Faolp2) Osmotin-Like (down regulated by ABA, induced by SA and wounding)
Lipoxygenase,central in JA
signaling, involved in ISR
Transcription factors involved in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses
PR1
PR5
PR10
Lox
WRKY
BiotrphsNecrotrphs
Syst
emic
acqu
ired
resis
tanc
e (S
AR)
PRs
Priming for defenses
Induced systemic
resistance (ISR)
BIOCHAR ?
Treatment
Control
Extraction total RNA
cDNA
Reverse Transcriptase
QPCR
Normalisation with house keeping gene (GAPDH)Relative quantification/control plant
QPCRמדידת כמות יחסית על ידי
Rela
tive
mRN
A le
vel (
Fold
Cha
nge)
13
0
5
10
15
210
150
180
FaWRKY1FaloxFra a3FaPR1 Faolp2
Greenhouse waste (3 wks)
0
Biocharconc. (%)
A
FaWRKY1FaloxFra a3FaPR10
5
10
15
160
110
Faolp2
135
BCitrus wood
9 mths
Total RNA was isolated from leaves and subjected to qPCR analysis. Transcripts levels were normalized to FaGAPDH and 18-26S interspacer RNA genes and expressed relative to no biochar amendment plants using the Δ Δ Ct Ct method.
PR1 PR5 PR10 Lox WRKY PR1 PR5 PR10 Lox WRKY
Effect of biochar amendments on expression of defense related genes in strawberry plants
Biochar induces SAR and ISR
Meller Harel et al, 2011
S A R ISR S A R ISR
Enhanced resistance to Gray mold in strawberry plants grown on biochar
Time after inoculation (days)
0Greenhouse waste (GHW) 1
GHW 3
Biochar, conc. (%) AUDPC ±SE
Citrus wood (CW) 3
Dis
ease
sev
erity
(rot
are
a, m
m2 )
0
50
100
0 4 7 9
b
a
ab
ab
B. cinerea
415.8± 50.5 a157.1± 33.0 b110.0± 32.0 b117.8± 24.3 b
Meller Harel et al, 2011
after 9 days:
Botrytis cinerea-+
0
50
100
150
Rela
tive
mRN
A le
vel (
Fold
Cha
nge)
FaWRKY1FaloxFra a3FaPR1 Faolp2 0
10
20
30
40
FaWRKY1FaloxFra a3FaPR1 Faolp2
1133
Biochar conc. (%) B. cinerea-+-+
Effect of Botrytis cinerea infection on expression of defense related genes(3 weeks GHW biochar + 7 days post inoculation)
Greenhouse waste
PR1 PR5 PR10 Lox WRKY PR1 PR5 PR10 Lox WRKY
B. cinerea (Bc)
(necrotroph)
induces SAR and ISR
1% primed PR5 for
expression in Bc infection
Meller Harel et al, 2011
S A R ISR S A R ISR
Enhanced resistance to Powdery mildew in strawberry plants grown on biochar
1373.4± 84.1 a1129.7±181.2 a
720.4± 87.7 b
0
40
80
0 10 20 30 40
Dis
ease
sev
erity
(%
leaf
cov
erag
e)
a
ba
ba
b
a
b
0Citrus wood (CW) 1
CW 3
- -
P. aphanis
Biochar ,conc. (%) AUDPC ±SE
Time after infection (days)Meller Harel et al, 2011
after 28 days:
No biochar 3% CW
1133
-+-+
Effect of Podosphaera aphanis infection on expression of defense related genes(9 momths with biochar + 28 days after inoculation)
Rela
tive
mRN
A le
vel (
Fold
Cha
nge)
100
0
1070
5
Podosphaeraaphanis
-+
FaWRKY1FaloxFra a3FaPR1 Faolp2
85
PR1 PR5 PR10 Lox WRKY0
30
60
135
FaWRKY1FaloxFra a3FaPR1 Faolp2
110
160Biochar P.
conc. (%) aphanis
PR1 PR5 PR10 Lox WRKY
Citrus wood
P. aphanis (biotroph)
induces SARPriming
Meller Harel et al, 2011
S A R ISRS A R ISR
Salycilic
acid (SA)
Ethylene (ET)
Jasmonic acid (JA)
Systemic acquire
d
resistance (SAR)
Induced systemic resistance (ISR)
BIOCHAR
Systemic resistance pathways
נקבוביות הביופחם משמשת מקלט למקרואורגניזמים •ייחודיים
חומרים המצויים בביופחם מעודדים מקרואורגניזמים •מסויימים ומעכבים אחרים
Stimulation of beneficial soil microbial consortiumStimulation of beneficial soil microbial consortium
1*109
Generalbacteria
1 10 100 1,000
Bacillus spp.
1
Population (CFU/g)
Trichoderma spp.
3101*1081*107
Growthmedium
Rhizosphere
Biochar conc.(%)
1*1041*102
Growthmedium
Rhizosphere
Growthmedium
Rhizosphere
oBiochar improves plants growth.oBiochar induces in plants resistance towards pathogens.oChanges in microbial populations.oBiochar-borne chemicals and/or biochar-induced microbial populations are responsible for these activities.
Research in cooperation withResearch in cooperation with
Yigal EladOmer Frenkel
Yael Meller-HarelDalia Rav David
Menahem BorenshteinRan ShulchaniSergey Segal
Amit Kumar JaiswalZeraye Mehari Haile
Ellen R. GraberEddie CytrynMax KoltonAvner Silber
Larissa KautskyMaya OfekDror Minz
Institute of Plant Protection Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences
Hebrew University Faculty of Agriculture
Zohar PasternakInst. of Agricultural Engineering
Beni LewCited publications•Elad, Y., Rav David, D., Meller Harel, Y., Borenshtein, M., Ben Kalifa, H., Silber, A. and Graber, E.R. (2010) Induction of systemic resistance in plants by biochar, a soil-applied carbon sequestering agent. Phytopathology 100:913-921.•Graber, E.R., Meller Harel, Y., Kolton, M., Cytryn, E., Silber, A., Rav David, D., Tsechansky, L., Borenshtein, M., Elad, Y. (2010) Biochar impact on development and productivity of pepper and tomato grown in fertigated soilless media. Plant and Soil 337:481–496.•Kolton, M., Meller Harel, Y., Pasternak, Z., Graber, E.R., Elad, Y. and Cytryn, E. (2011) Impact of biochar application to soil on the
root-associated bacterial community structure of fully developed greenhouse pepper plants. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77:4924-4930.•Elad, Y., Cytryn, E., Meller Harel, Y., Lew, B., and Graber, E.R. (2011) The Biochar Effect: plant resistance to biotic stresses. Phytopathologia Mediterrenea 50: 335−349.
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