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Invertebrates 95-99% of animal species Animals without a backbone Many have exoskeleton :-hard or tough outer covering that
provides a framework of support-protect soft tissues-prevent water loss-provides protections from predators-is shed as the animal grows
Endoskeletons
Some invertebrates have internal skeletons, called endoskeletons (sea urchins, sea stars)
If an animal has an endoskeleton and a backbone, it is called a vertebrate.
Endoskeleton grows with the animal Protects internal organs, provides
support for the body, and can provide a place for muscles to attach on.
Endoskeleton
Vertebrates
Include fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
Have vertebral column or spinal column
Functions as a strong, flexible rod that muscles can pull against during swimming and running.
Bones enable forceful contraction of muscles, improving the strength of an animal.
Skeletal System: Bones (206)
Functions: movement [bones + muscles movement shape – framework – support:
gives your body shape produces blood cells protects internal organs
[skullbrain; ribs heart, lung] stores minerals calciumSPELLS: M SS PP : MISSISSIPPI
Blood Cell Production
Bone marrow: produces the blood cells2 Kinds:-yellow marrow stores fats-red marrow produces blood cells
Protects internal organs
skull protects the brain rib cage vital organs: heart, lungs vertebreae spinal cord
Stores Minerals
Calcium:- needed by your bones [skeletal
system]- needed by muscles [muscular system]- needed by nerves [nervous system]
Bone Development
Most bones develop from cartilage-softer, more flexible than bone tissue Except the bones of the skull come
from membranes
Appendicular Skeleton
arm/legs and hands/feet that are attached to these
[appendages: arms & legs]
Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton
Required Bonus
humerusradiusulnaphalangesfemurpatellatibiafibulacarpalstarsals
metacarpalsmetatarsalscalcaneus
Axial Skeleton
head [skull] chest [thoracic area] back pelvis
Bones of the Axial Skeleton
Required Bonus
craniummandibleclaviclesternumribscartilagescapulavertebraepelvissacrum
maxillazygomaticxiphoidcervicalthoraciclumbarcoccyx
Osteoporosis
is a disease – loss of bone mass brittle, thin bones that break easily,
especially in neck & femur & spine effects females Estrogen helps to maintain bone mass problems after menopause (loss of
estrogen production)
Osteoporosis contd.
other factors that may contribute to problems:
- diet poor in calcium & protein- lack of Vitamin D- smoking- exercise insufficient to stress
(need weight-bearing)
Osteoporosis
Gout “Gouty Arthrisis”
due to accumulation of uric acid [normal waste product of protein metabolism]
accumulate in blood and deposits crystals in soft tissue
usually big toe affects more males after age 30 possibly genetic
Gout Treatment
diet drugs lose weight
Rickets
bones fail to calcify bones soften & bow under weight
(legs) due to lack of calcium (and/or Vitamin
D that is needed to absorb Calcium into blood)
Scoliosis
Sideways curvature of the spine Makes it difficult for lungs to function properly
Leukemia
Cancer of blood forming tissue (Bone marrow and Lymphatic system)
Sprain
Stretched or torn ligament Pain, swelling, bruising
Rickets
Bones fail to calcify Bones soften and bow under weight
(legs) Due to lack of Catt (and or vitamin D
needed to absorb catt into blood.)
Arthritis
Accumulation of uric acid Accumulates in blood and deposits
crystals. In soft tissue (usually big toe), affects
males more (after 30), possibly genetic.