A parenthetical citation, or an “in-text citation,” is when a writer directly puts into the text a note from where he/she got the information.

“In-text” citations allows your reader to know where you gathered each idea/fact from.

Look at your essay and identify ALL of the areas you used to gather information.

What exact paragraphs/sentences were written with the help of a source?

Were there any direct quotes you used from a source(s)?

Make a note of each of these areas before continuing.

After having C&P all of your citations AND in-text citations like you were asked to do when initially creating your citations (on a simple Word document), you will now be placing those inside of your essay from where you gathered information.

This is IMPERATIVE that you do this. If you do not show WHERE you received information from and then submit it to your teacher, it is as though you stole the words of another person and passed them off as your own.

Plagiarism (noun):

The practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.

In my class, anyone caught plagiarizing will receive an automatic “0” grade.--If you happened to be caught plagiarizing: your family will be notified, and you must re-do the assignment.

The highest grade you can receive after completing the assignment once again is a 50%.

This is why it is so important to create a Reference page AND to place in-text citations in your essay to show where you obtained information.

“One very bad strain of E. coli was found in fresh spinach in 2006 and some fast-food hamburgers in 1993. Beef can contain E. coli because the bacteria often infect cattle ("E.coli,").”

Viruses are generally regarded as not living and therefore are not microbes, although the field of microbiology also encompasses the study of viruses. Habitats and ecology Microorganisms are found in almost every habitat present in nature ("Microorganism,").

Indirect quotes are like a “summary” of the exact quote, only you chose your own words to sum it-up in. However, you still need to make a citation.

Place citation at the end of the paragraph or sentence that you have “summed up.”

The quote direct: “Preservatives can be grouped into three general types:

antimicrobials that block growth of bacteria, molds or yeasts; antioxidants that slow oxidation of fats and lipids that leads to rancidity, and a third type that fights enzymes that promote the natural ripening that occurs after fruits or vegetables are picked. “

When revised in MY words:

There are three groups of preservatives: antimicrobials which block bacteria, molds, and yeasts; antioxidants that slow the oxidation of fats and lipids; and a third kind which fight enzymes that promote s the ripening of fruits that happens after they are picked ("Focusing on preservatives:,“).

As you can see in the second paragraph, I have revised the first paragraph in MY OWN WORDS. Still, I need to show where I gained that information from.

As a result, you need to STILL place the citation at the end of the sentence(s).

The direct quote: Extremophiles have been known to survive for a

prolonged time in a vacuum, and can be highly resistant to radiation, which may even allow them to survive in space.

REVISED in MY words: Extremeophiles are able to survive for an

extended time in a vacuum, are resistant to radiation, which can even let them thrive in space ("Microorganism,").

As you can see, I placed the citation AFTER my revised sentence. I still have to make sure I’m giving credit to the place where I gathered this information!

Everything relating to A.P.A. format can be found on my TeacherWeb page

On the left hand margin, in the “APA Format/Examples” Link.