DIPLOMACY &

NEGOTIATION

DIPLOMACY & NEGOTIATION

About diplomacy What do diplomats do? What influences

negotiations? Who’s influences foreign

policy making? What are the different

negotiation settings?

ABOUT DIPLOMA

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ABOUT DIPLOMACYWhat is diplomacy? Formal relations between countries Need to be sovereign to engage in diplomacy

Recognize with an Embassy

What is the objective of diplomacy? Promote/ preserve state’s national self-

interest

When did the modern era of diplomacy begin?

Marked by Treaty of Versailles, 1919

ABOUT DIPLOMACYWho is the most important diplomat for a

country?-Head of Government

Country

United States, France, Russia, Brazil

United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Japan

China, Czech Republic

Germany

Saudi Arabia, Brunei, Oman, Qatar

Titles for the Head of Government

President

Prime Minister

Premier

Chancellor

King

ABOUT DIPLOMACYHead of Government and Head of

StateCountry

United States, China, Germany , Brazil

France, Russia

United Kingdom, Morocco, Thailand, Japan

Saudi Arabia, Brunei, Oman, Qatar

Titles for the Head of State

President

Prime Minister

King or Queen

King

ABOUT DIPLOMACYWho’s involved in diplomatic

affairs? Head of government, head of state--

other diplomats?Head representative of a country’s

foreign affairs office

Ambassadors Civil servants

Foreign service officers

Country Title

United States Secretary of State

United Kingdom

Foreign Secretary

France Minister of State

China Minister of Foreign Affairs

WHAT DIPLOMATS

DO

WHAT DIPLOMATS DO

Represent state affairs Must be formally appointed

Policy representative Symbolic Substantive

Observer and reporter Negotiator Bureaucratic functions

NEGOTIATION

INFLUENCES

NEGOTIATIONS

What influences negotiations?2 Main Influences:1) National power2) 2-level games

NEGOTIATIONS

Aspects of National Power Multifaceted Dynamic, not static Hard v. soft

Coercive v. persuasive Tangible v. intangible

Tanks v. good leadership Relative

Regional power Nuclear power Economic power

NEGOTIATIONSNational Power: State Characteristics Sovereignty

Government type, corruption, bureaucratic efficiency, leadership

Population Age, health, education, morale,

diversity, size Territory

Size, climate, terrain, natural resources

Resources Factor endowments, industrialization,

labor supply

NEGOTIATIONSNational Power: National Infrastructure Technical structures

Roads, airways, railroad tracks Electric grids, telephone lines, fiber-

optic cables Waste management, storm drains Hospitals, schools, post offices How many people have access?

Transportation Planes, trains, automobiles

Information & Communications Radios, TVs, computers, telephones, cell

phones, newspapers, addresses

NEGOTIATIONS

2-Level Games Constrained by both domestic

and international factors/ influences

One level Between two or more state’s diplomats

Another level Between the diplomat and the

domestic population Intermestic issues

Let’s build a road in Kentucky Both levels affect decisions

NEGOTIATIONS

II II

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Negotiations take place on two levels:

Diplomat Diplomat with hat

One level of negotiations: between diplomats

One level of negotiations: between diplomat & people

One level of negotiations: between diplomat & people

NEGOTIATIONS

Example of 2-level game situation: Eurozone crisis

Domestic Level-Greeks

International Level

Domestic Level-Germans

Protesting against changes; government needs to act to save Greek economy

Need to coordinate economic policy

Germans upset their country/ money has to bailout irresponsible members

WHO INFLUENCES

NEGOTIATIO

NS?

INFLUENCES

Who’s involved in policy making?

1. Executive branch2. Legislative branch3. Bureaucrats4. Interest groups5. Population6. Media7. Political opposition

NEGOTIATION

SETTINGS

NEGOTIATION SETTINGS

Different Negotiation Environments Hostile Diplomacy

Armed/potential armed Adversarial Diplomacy

Little chance of conflict Coalition Diplomacy

Cooperation to solve issue Mediation Diplomacy

Third party to help in stalemate

DIPLOMACY & NEGOTIATION

About diplomacy What do diplomats do? What influences

negotiations? Who’s influences foreign

policy making? What are the different

negotiation settings?