SELAMAT DATANGSELAMAT DATANG

The Concept of Action ResearchBogdan and Biklen (1982), action research is an inquiry which collects systematic information,with the aim to change or correct the social environment.

Kemmis (1982)

Asserted that action research is a self-reflective inquire, with the aim to acquire understanding and its rationale of how the actual situation occurs.

Hopkins (1985)

Action research refers to an inquiry which is undertaken by teachers in making a series of study towards the arisen problem in class.Believed that by taking a series of study, teachers will be able to correct weaknesses and inefficiencies in stages, until the aim of acquiring excel and perfect performance is achieved.

Working definition on ARAR exist in situation in which:People make reflection and improve their own work in their own situation,Relating their reflection and action closely,andMake their experience public not only to other participants, but also to other people who are interested and concerned about work,situation,their theories,working practices and the situation;and

continueWhen a certain situation in which there is a clear increase.Participants themselves (or with the help of others) collect data relates with their own investigation or questioning.Participants (in problem posing and in answering question)Power-sharing, and to avoid hierarchical working practice towards industrial democracy practice;

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Collaboration among members of the group as a critical community;Self-reflection, self-evaluation and self-management by autonomous and responsible persons and groups;Learning progressively (and publicly) from mistakes in a self-reflective spiral of planning, acting, observing, reflecting, replaning, and so on; and

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Reflection which supports the idea of the self -reflective practitioner

Characteristic of AR

It is usually carried out in a group and joint effort during the research process.Emphasizes the relationship between theory and practice.Aimed at forming community attitude so as to act as critics towards the environmental conditions and ownself, correct group work or ownself, and subsequently for the good of others.

ContinueConsists of a spiral of own reflection which consists of four stages, i.e plan, observe, act, and reflect.The process of action research does not limit to or stop at one level of study only. It can be carried out in a few spiral levels if necessary, until the findings of the study has attained its optimal result.

Continue The research processes include the application and keeping of data and record systematically.The research is concentrating its effort to problem-solving in the classroom.It does not aim to prove hypothesis or make contribution to the study of science. Result of research is mainly used to improved the performance of teaching and learning activities in the classroom.

Aim and purpose of AREncourage teachers and educators to make reflection towards education. Narrow the gap between theory and practice in teaching and learning activities.Improve teaching skills and enables teachers to vary their teaching methods and techniques.

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Build up teachers confidence Provides opportunity for teachers to test their achievement forecast and teaching effectiveness in the classTo upgrade their knowledge and image in the teaching profession.

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Result and findings of AR can be used as important reference materials not only for the particular teacher who conducted the research but also can be treated as a contribution of new idea to referred by colleagues and teachers of other school.

Principles of ARThe critical inquiry in action research is concerted effort of teachers and students who act as researchers and participants on the study of education problem that concerned them.The use of critical and reflective thinking is an important element for self evaluation and the source of education problem in the research.

Principles of ARThe collaborative principle ought to be emphasized so that all members can try to look for solution together on the common education problem, that also concerned other teachers in the school.AR should be carried out at the place where the education problem occurs, and by teachers concerned, who act as principal facilitators.

Principles of ARDuring the process of AR, participating teachers should exchange opinions and share the result of their findings so as to achieve a consensus understanding from their discussion as well as to decide the final outcome.

Principles of AR

Position of researchers and all participants in the research should be equal. The practice of power sharing and the principle of democracy must be prevailed in all processes and activities of the research.

Principles of ARAR should focus on one case (education problem) only at a time.During the AR process on a certain research if its objective or methodology is found unsuitable, researcher free to change it so that more appropriate one can be applied to the new situation.

Principles of ARAC emphasizes scientific studies.The research summary is the result of combined effort, discussions and investigations among the group of teachers or researchers. Precise conclusion can only be obtained through a series of research activities and collaborative discussions.

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The AR activity does not end or stop in a particular case study only, but continue as a spiral of cycles of continuous activities in several levels, until the aim of obtaining optimum satisfactory result is achieved.

The roles of participants in AR

To identify and analyze problem contained in the curriculum or teaching activities.To plan and formulate appropriate strategy to solve teaching and learning problem.To implement and to asses the strategy used.

The roles of participants in AR

To evaluate the effectiveness of the strategy.To make reflection on the findings of the research.To make precise conclusion based on research findings, identify new problems, and plan follow-up actions.

The roles of participants in AR

To carry out the second spiral (sometimes more than two), until the research progress has research progress has reached a satisfactory level of achievement.

Continue To make summary report of the research findings, and if necessary, prepare a research paper to forward and discuss in an organized seminar or conference, and later revise the research paper based on the result of discussion, so that it can be published in an education journal, with the aim to share the experience and result of findings with other interested educators and teachers.

THINKING MODEL OF STEPHEN KEMMIS

•Based on Kurt Lewis’s Model Of Thinking

•Modified for the purpose of educational problem study

•Add the re-planning

•FIRST LEVEL

•SECOND LEVEL

•Focus on research against one problem

•Give clear guidance for teachers in T&L activity.

JOHN ELLIOT THINKING MODEL

•Presents the Model of Action Research Process

•More in detail and practical

•FIRST LEVEL

•SECOND LEVEL

•Suitable for trainee teachers and fresh graduate teachers

JACK WHITEHEAD RESEARCH SCHEME

•Teacher plays on important role in the study

•Thinks that Jack and Elliot schemes are not practical

•Stress on self evaluation

•Introduce a research scheme in form of phrase and self evaluation process.

IMPLEMENTATION OF RESEARCH ACTIONS

•Teacher should always put effort in bringing changes and adaptation of the T&L techniques

•Mastering few basic methods.

EXAMPLES OF EDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS FOR RESEARCH.

a) Usage of teaching materials

b) Usage of teaching strategy, method and techniques

c) Management of group activity

d) Planning of remedial and enrichment

e) Class management

f) Discipline problem

4. Reflection

 

Research Theme

First level:

3. Observation Teaching technique 1. Planning

for Perimeter

2. Action

 

4. Reflection

 

Research Theme

Second level:

3. Observation Teaching technique 1. Planning

for Area

2. Action

 

4. Reflection

 

Research Theme

Third level:

3. Observation Teaching technique 1. Planning

for Volume

2. Action

Re-planning to Fourth Level,

if necessary.

WRITING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

1. kenalpasti masalah, team, objektif1. kenalpasti masalah, team, objektif

2. Rancang & tentu strategy2. Rancang & tentu strategy

3.Analysis, tarsier, kesimpulan3.Analysis, tarsier, kesimpulan

4.Laporan & tindakan4.Laporan & tindakan

PROSES PENYELIDIKAN PROSES PENYELIDIKAN TINDAKANTINDAKAN

Peringkat:Peringkat:

Satu: tinjauanSatu: tinjauan

Dua: perancanganDua: perancangan

Tiga: perlaksanaanTiga: perlaksanaan

Empat: refleksiEmpat: refleksi

KEJAYAAN ?????“mesti mematuhi semua kriteria

berikut……”

Tindakan secara saintifikTindakan secara saintifik

Rekod Rekod

Teori pendidikanTeori pendidikan

Tema kajianTema kajian

Kemahiran pemikiran reflektifKemahiran pemikiran reflektif

Perlaksanaan proses Perlaksanaan proses penyelidikan tindakanpenyelidikan tindakan

Ungkapan & huraianUngkapan & huraian

Aktiviti dan amalanAktiviti dan amalan

Perhubungan sosial & organisasiPerhubungan sosial & organisasi

Hasil dapatanHasil dapatan

Cara analisis, interpretasi, Cara analisis, interpretasi, kesimpulankesimpulan

Menyatakan data dlm bentuk Menyatakan data dlm bentuk statistikstatistik

Menganalisi data dari jadual atau Menganalisi data dari jadual atau perwakilan dataperwakilan data

Menginterpretasi dan tafsir dataMenginterpretasi dan tafsir data

Kesimpulan dan cadanganKesimpulan dan cadangan

QUESTIONNAIREFORM

• Questionnaire is primary data that are collected through the use of structured questionnaire will be given to the respondents at the sites.

QUESTIONNAIRE FORMExample:

The Effectiveness of Inquiry Methods in classroom

School Name:

Teacher Name:

1. How do you set your questions? A . B. C . D.

2. How is the group study? A.B.C.D.

3. Did you use teaching aids? If yes please state it.

INTERVIEWInterview is one of the method that

can be used to collect data.

There are few types of interview such

as interview face to face, interview

via telephone with the respondent

and focus group interviews

OBSERVATIONData also can be gathered by observing a respondents behavior.

Researcher will than study over the behavior.

Researcher will record the action or event for subsequent use.

Researcher should have a guideline about what he / she want to observe.

PREPARE A REPORTResearch report is the final stage of research process

A proper research report should have:

1. Introduction to the research topic

2. Problem statement

3. Topic description

4. Objective and research purpose

(continued)5. Research hypothesis6. Research methodology7. Data collecting techniques8. Appendix9. Data analysis, interpretation,

conclusion10. Recommendation11. Bibliography12. References