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After Civil War came Reconstruction The two stage policy
Presidential reconstruction, and congressional reconstruction
Aimed to rebuild and strengthen the country
But what did this mean for Native Americans
“Bleeding Kansas” Civil War over time for
life to move on Two senators created a
new Reconstructed Kansas
Samuel Pomeroy James Lane 1862 began the process of
passing a bill called Reconstruction for Indian
Territory
Reconstruction for Indian Territory Feb1863
Authorized President to void all treaties between USA and Cherokee Choctaw Chickasaw Seminole Muscogee (creek)
And the removal of Native Americans from Kansas
Commissioner of Indian Affairs Dennis N. Cooley
meeting at Fort Smith, summer 1865
Native Americans in attendance shocked to hear that
government wanted them to vacate Kansas and head to Indian Territory
Order to release slaves allow freed men and women to become formal
members of native nations On this point Cherokee split between
Ross and Waite Other nations used this to argue against
making final decision After 13 days of talks Cooley signed peace pacts arranged to reconvene in Washington DC
1866 Washington DC Resulting treaties
Reduced native land holding greatly And their influence over remaining land
Native Americans in Indian Territory forced to give up land for incoming Kansas nations
Government dictated terms. i.e. Seminole sold their lands in Kansas for 15c an acre purchased new land in Indian Territory for 50c an
acre
forced to give right of way through territory
allowed railroads to spread out across Indian territory
Spurred white developmentFarmers, ranches, merchants,
salon keepers overran the land
During the war numerous conflicts had taken place further west
A situation that would continue after the war
Brief example from the civil war period of action in the west
Colorado 1863
1861 February 28 Colorado territory formalized
This set of a number of small incidents across the Plains
General Samuel R. Curtis sort to punish
Encouraged by Colonel John Chivington
Methodist Minister and Indian hater
1863 Black Kettle and Lean Bear along with other Cheyenne went to Washington where they committed themselves to peace
Governor Evans of Colorado feared that this may lead to an expanded reservation
No available Federal Troops so Governor formed a Militia in the lead Chivington
April 7, 1864 reported that the Cheyenne has raided 175 head of cattle (actually cattle had strayed)
Chivington attacked and destroyed 4 Cheyenne villages
May 26, 1864 George Eayre approached camp of 250 tipis
Lean Bear one of treaty group from Washington trip Walked out and explained that they were friendly
Eayre order his men to fire Killed Lean Bear and ran
Black Kettle continued to push for peace
Visited Fort Lyon Agreed to make
peace Curtis “I want no Peace till
the Indians have suffered more”