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Aftermath of Fukushimaproviding solutions for the localities by clean

water for the period of large-scale emergencies


Joint Stock Company, Scientific and Technical Enterprise “Radiy” , Moscow, Russia

V. I. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow

Ralph T. Niemeyer, Director Int’l. Dept.

Chasovaya ul.,28, 125057, Moscow, Russia Tel. +7(495)151-15-21,

Fax. +7(495)152-69-14

E-mail: [email protected]


1. The development of artificial geochemical barriers to protect water bodies from

contamination by radio-nuclides


One of the ways for solving the problem of migration of nuclides and toxic elements may be the creation of artificial geochemical barriers (permeable barriers) around the contaminated sites

(barriers - deep ditches filled with granulate filtering material, permable to water and non-toxic

components)

The main condition for ensuring the possibility of creating the barriers is

the presence of widely available and cheap filtering and sorption materials

with two basic properties:

- high selectivity to removable toxic components;

- no contaminating effects in the material itself.

These requirements are largely met by some of the natural sorption materials, in particular,

zeolite-containing rocks and modified zeolites.


Nano - Composites. Chemically Modified Natural Zeolites

Me К pH

Cu 105-106 >5

Cr 105 <7

U 105-106 6-7

Cr Cu U

0 2 4 6 8 100

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

lg K

pH

Concentration coefficients for Cr, Cu and UO2(CO3)4- dependently on рН

Before modification

Cation-exchanging properties. Selectivity to Sr and Cs

After the modification- cation- and anion-exchanging properties. Additional Selectivity to U and other heavy radio-nuclides

Options: magnetic properties (for using powders), bactericidal properties.


Fourth Block of Chernobyl NPP in1986. Industrial Working Place

Protection of the Prypyat River

More than 10 barriers each with 2 000 – 4 000 tons of zeolite have been constructed


Elaboration and computation of the artificial geochemistry barrier Craton-3 in Yakutia (the place has been contaminated after the underground nuclear explosion in 1970ies)


Protection Times of the Barrier at Different Conditions L=200 cm c/c0=0.1

Flow RateV, сm/s

0.002 0.02 0.2 0.002 0.02 0.2

Initial SrC0, mg/l

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

DiffusivityD, 10-9 сm2/s

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Mass-TransferY, 10-8 s-1

50 50 50 50 50 50

Grain Sized, mm

1.2 1.2 1.2 5 5 5

Protection Time, Years

>50 5 0.3-0.35 >50 1.35 1.5-3.5 Days


2.New sorption materials and technologies for water treatment

Natural sorption materials and chemically modified natural materials and nano-materials:

aluminosilicates (zeolites), magnesium and iron silicates (serpentines)


Automated Stand for Testing Sorption Materials in Column Regimes


Natural sorption nano-materials Serpentine minerals

(Mg,Fe)6[Si4O10](OH)6 with the impurities of Fe3O4, Cr2O3, NiO, MnO, CoO, СаО, Al2O3

Elementary fibers of the serpentine are hollow: Internal diameter 13 nm and external 25 nm. (J. Girard, Principles of Environmental Chemistry, Jones & Bartlett Publ., 2005.)


Scanning the serpentine surface (specially prepared ) with Atomic Force Microscope

12

Scan area: horizontal - 160 x 160 nm;

vertical - 10 nm;

black - "depression“;

white - "top“.


Chemically activated serpentinites

New Sorption Materials «SKOV»Patent of Russian Federation: 2316479. European Patent Application (WiPO) : WO/2007/111531

The Enterprise “Radiy” has a license for exploitation of the deposit of 50 million tons

One of the best known in the world of materials for removal of iron. Simultaneous purification from iron, manganese, heavy metals, arsenic, fluorine and boron, removing turbidity and color. Independent tests conducted in different countries. Bactericidal Properties


Turbidity mg/l (by Coaline)

2.0 3.17 0.33 0.53 0.89

Iron mg/l 0.3 0.49 0.12 0.14 0.12

Mangenese mg/l 0.1 0.23 0.03 0.06 0.04

Fluorine mg/l 1.2 1.66 0.45 0.67 0.39

Boron mg/l 0.5 0.68 0.11 0.18 0.14

Zink mg/l 3.0 0.86 0.09 0.23 0.15

Copper mg/l 1.0 0.65 0.06 0.13 0.09

Lead mg/l 0.03 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Factors Units Requi-rements

Initial SKOV-1 SKOV-2 SKOV-3

Results of independent tests


Removal of iron from brackish well water in cyclic processes: sorption-back washing.

Initial Fe -content: 6.1 mg/l, TDS=4.9 g/l (Total mineralization). Sorption material - granulated SKOV, 1-1.5 mm of grain sizesColumn bed: L = 350 mm, S= 2950 mm2 , BV = 1 liter.

Independent tests performed by the "ECOSOFT" JSC, Kiev, Ukraine

Flow rate,bed volumes

per hour (BV/h)

(BV) Bed Volumes of purified

water

Fe-content in a filtrate,

mg/l

рН

10 50 0.026 8.02

10 100 0.092 7.72

10 200 0.053 7.37

20 300 0.416 7.24

20 400 0.405 7.16

20 500 0.410 7.24

10 550 0.057 7.31

10 600 0.082 7.18

The sensitivity of the purification process to flow rate was checked. During the continuous passing initial water trough the sorption bed, the flow rate was kept 10 l/h, then, elevated two times, up to 20 l/h, and then, reduced back.


Decontamination of drinking water from arsenicsMounting spring water fro the North Caucasus regionInitial As -content: 0.064 mg/l (64 g/l), TDS=0.43 g/l .

Flow rate,bed volumes per

hour (BV/h)

(BV) Bed Volumes of

purified water

As-content in a filtrate, g/l

10 500 (5 liters) 27.0

10 5 000 12.0

10 10 000 0.0

10 15 000 0.0

10 20 000 0.0

10 25 000 0.0

10 30 000 2.0

10 35 500 6.0

10 40 000 14.0


ARSENICS PROBLEM IN THE WORLD

WHO's activities on arsenic

In 1963 the standard was estimated to be 0.05 mg/L. In 1984, this was maintained as WHO's "Guideline Value";

and many countries have kept this as the national standard or as an interim target.

According to the last edition of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality (1993):

Inorganic arsenic is a documented human carcinogen.

0.01 mg/L was established as a provisional guideline value for arsenic.

Based on health criteria, the guideline value for arsenic in drinking-water would be less than 0.01mg/L.

Natural arsenic pollution is a global phenomenon for 70 countries on all continents, except Antarctica,. In recent decades about 140 million people worldwide have been exposed to drinking water containing more than 10 μg/L of arsenic.”


Water preparing for cottages (1-2 cub.m/|day)

Typical nit with capacity 240 cub. m/day for Childcare

Water Purifying Units of Different Scales


INDUSTRIAL SCALE UNIT FOR WATER PURIFICATION 2000 м3/day (from underground water enriched with iron, fluoride and boron)


Thank you very much for your kind attention

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