CLINICAL PHONETICS

DISORDERS Articulation Disorders vs. Phonological Disorders

METHODS OF EVALUATION Standardized tests

ConsonantsConsonant clustersSometimes vowels

Spontaneous connected speech

ANALYZING RESULTS Misarticulations/articulation errors Phoneme to phoneme analysis Types of errors/categories

SubstitutionAdditionOmissionDistortion

Manner, place and voicing categories

PHONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT Disparity of Findings

SocioeconomicNumber of subjectsMethod of speech samplingDetermining mastery – the age at which a

particular phoneme is produced with some degree of accuracy (75-100% or 90-100%)

Customary Production – the age at which a particular phoneme is produced with greater than 50% accuracy in at least two word positions.

Gender of subjectsDialects

DEVELOPMENTAL FINDINGS 90% mastery of several phonemes

occurs by 3 Master of English phonemes may not be

complete until 7-9 years Manner – nasal, stops acquired first,

then glides, fricatives, liquids and affricates

Place – front (labial/alverolar) produced first, then velar and palatal.

PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS Based on Natural Phonology theory –

young children are born with innate processes necessary for the production of speech.

They often simplify the adult form. As they mature, they learn to suppress

the processes, and produce the appropriate form

PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES Simplification of adult speech

patterns As children mature they learn to

suppress these processes Child is not viewed as not having a

sound in his phonetic inventory, but as using a process that results in the deletion of that sound

Are found in typically developing children

PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES Categories

Syllable structure processesSubstitution processesAssimilatory processes

PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES Table 7.2

SYLLABLE STRUCTURE PROCESSES Syllables are simplified, usually into a

consonant-vowel (CV) pattern CV patterns among the first to be used

by infants

SYLLABLE STRUCTURE PROCESSES

Weak syllable deletion Weak syllable is omitted when it precedes or

follows a stressed syllableFinal consonant deletion

Final consonant is deleted Patten becomes open syllable (CV) Children start to use final consonants by 3:0 Process suppressed by 3:6

SYLLABLE STRUCTURE PROCESSES

Reduplication Repetition of a syllable of a word Total reduplication – entire syllable Partial reduplication – repetition of just a

consonant or vowel Suppressed before 3:0

Cluster reduction Deletion of a consonant from a consonant cluster If three sounds in consonant cluster then one or

two may be deleted Suppressed at 4:0

SUBSTITUTION PROCESSES The replacement of one class of

phonemes for another

SUBSTITUTION PROCESSES Stopping

Substitution of a stop for a fricative or affricate

Common because stops are acquired before fricatives

Usually for a stop produced with the same or similar place of articulation

May have a change in voicingSuppressed by 2:6 to 5:0

SUBSTITUTION PROCESSES Stopping

Fricative/affricate Substitute stop /s,,, /t/ ,,, /d/ /p/ /b/

SUBSTITUTION PROCESSES Fronting

Substitution of velar and palatal consonants with alveolar place of articulation

Suppressed by 2:6 to 3:0

SUBSTITUTION PROCESSES Fronting

Velar Alveolar /k/ /t/ /g/ /d/ // /n/

Palatal Alveolar // /s/ // /ts/ // /z/ // /dz/

SUBSTITUTION PROCESSES Deaffrication

Substitution of fricative for an affricate Gliding

Substitution of glides /w/ or /j/ for liquid /l/ and /r/

Suppressed by 5:0 +

SUBSTITUTION PROCESSES Vocalization

Substitution of a vowel for postvocalic /l/ or /r/

Common in words with /l/, syllabic /l/ stressed and unstressed shwars

Vowels substituted // // //, //

ASSIMILATORY PROCESSES Alteration in

phoneme production due to phonetic environment – Assimilation

Assimilatory processes Labial Velar Nasal Voicing

Types Progressive Regressive

Not present in all typically developing children

Suppressed by 3:0

ASSIMILATORY PROCESSES Labial assimilation

Nonlabial phoneme is produced with a labial place due to presence of labial phoneme in word

Alveolar assimilationNonalveolar is produced with an alveolar

place of articulation due to presence of alveolar phoneme in the word

ASSIMILATORY PROCESSES

Velar assimilation Nonvelar phoneme is produced with a velar place of

articulation due to presence of velar phoneme in the word

Voicing assimilation Prevocalic

Voicing of a normally unvoiced consonant When consonant precedes the nucleus of a syllable

Devoicing Syllable final voiced phonemes that either

Precede a pause or silence between words, or Occur at the end of an utterance

Final phoneme assimilates to the silence following the word

PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES May occur individually or in combination More than one process may affect the

pronunciation of any phoneme June to /dun/ (deaffrication, stopping and

fronting) Not all processes occur in typically

developing children

COMMON PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES Most common in typically developing

childrenWeak syllable deletionFinal consonant deletionGlidingCluster reduction

SUPPRESSION Suppression does not happen all at

once Most processes disappear by the age

of 4 Suppressed by the age of three

Weak syllable deletionFinal consonant deletionReduplicationFrontingConsonant assimilationPrevocalic voicing

SUPPRESSION Suppressed after the age of three

Cluster reductionGlidingVocalizationStoppingFinal devoicing

PHONOLOGICAL DISORDERS Children may display same types of

processes Processes may be suppressed later

PROCESSES COMMON TO CHILDREN WITH PHONOLOGICAL DISORDERS

Cluster reductionWeak syllable deletionFinal consonant deletionStoppingVelar and palatal frontingVoicing processesLabial, nasal and velar assimilationLiquid simplification (combination of

gliding and vocalization)

IDIOSYNCRATIC PROCESSES Processes not usually found in the

speech of typically developing childrenGlottal replacement –glottal stop for

consonantBacking –velar stop consonant for more

anterior consonants Usually involves alveolar and palatals, but may

include labials Initial consonant deletion Stops replacing glide Fricatives replacing a stop

INDEPENDENT ANALYSIS Inventory of phonemes produced by

client Syllable shapes (open/closed syllables,

consonant clusters in initial/final position)

Combination of consonants and vowels (CV, CVC)

Word shapes (# of syllables) Stress patterns