въведение-в-bash-scripting

8/8/2019 --bash-scripting

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copy&paste brigante , :) :) :) , ! :).. , :) :)..

. :) .pdf .odt ( .odt.pdf .. .pdf .txt , ' file extensions)brigante.sytes.net/upload/

: , (phrozencrew),Inventive, cleaverhttp://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashhttp://www.linux-bg.org/cgi-bin/y/index.pl?page=article&id=advices&key=344082225
http://brigante.sytes.net/linux.aspxhttp://brigante.sytes.net/linux.aspxmailto:[email protected]://brigante.sytes.net/upload/http://www.nediko.info/http://mytech.bg/uroci/22/?????/319/Bash+Scripting+Tutorialhttp://www.kaminata.net/bash-howto-t19345.htmlhttp://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashhttp://www.linux-bg.org/cgi-bin/y/index.pl?page=article&id=advices&key=344082225http://brigante.sytes.net/linux.aspxmailto:[email protected]://brigante.sytes.net/upload/http://www.nediko.info/http://mytech.bg/uroci/22/?????/319/Bash+Scripting+Tutorialhttp://www.kaminata.net/bash-howto-t19345.htmlhttp://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashhttp://www.linux-bg.org/cgi-bin/y/index.pl?page=article&id=advices&key=344082225


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Bash Bourne Again Shell , . , UNIX Linux-, , . Bourne shell (sh), ( -). C shell (csh) ..

, - shell ( -) . ,

shell- root shell(root - ). , ventsi@debian:~$ ( $), root root@debian:~# ( # ).

. /, PID ( ). , , . , .

, *nix (, Linux, Unix , *nix) , ..

( , DOS).

, , ..

-, .

. , :

ls ( list ).

. -, , ( ,

OpenSource ). ls, / ( lsa ). man pages(- ), , , . ls -lsa ls , , , , .. man ls ( manual pages man Q).


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, ( , / ), , , .

(drwxr-xr-x, d , , ). . . .. / .

, cd ( ).

, .. cd .. ( )

, /home/ventsi/Desktop/nixCommands /- , /home/ventsi/Desktop .

, , -,:

cd ~/Desktop/ && ls -lsah |grep nix*

grep , / ( man grep).

, ?

:

touch filename ( filename), , touchfilename.txt cat filename.txt( )


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cat filename.txt , , ,

:echo . > filename.txt

:

. :(: grep )

grep , ,

, , ., Shell-a.

- , , .

vi/Vim

Vim vi , ,

.

( vim -)


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MidnightCommander (mc)

, , , - .

( mc )


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Lynx web .

, , . , , , , , . , , hardcore, .

( Lynx google.bg)

http://news.laptop.bg//linux-bourne-again-shellbash-------/
http://news.laptop.bg/??????/linux-bourne-again-shellbash-???????-???-???-??-???????-?-???/http://news.laptop.bg/??????/linux-bourne-again-shellbash-???????-???-???-??-???????-?-???/


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Bash (Bourne Again SHell) - ( ) v.01 (phrozencrew)

, . bash , - . , , pipe-, . , , , . linux, , ,

pipe-, . , , , . linux, , bash. , , . . :) :

1. ( !)2. 3. , bash ()

Linux/UNIX/Mac . . - , ! , !!!)9. test10. (I/O) 11. - IFS, [ ], [[ ]], $#, ( ), (( )) ... , 12. 13.

. " Bash "

bash, , . , "=" . ( ), (!). . 6. , bash , .

:prom=MoetoMyIP=127.127.127.127quest=". Kefi6 li, a??"

:Bash echo bash, , . ,

- :Moeto IP e 127.127.127.127. Kefi6 li, a?? , :

echo "$prom IP e $MyIP$quest"


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, :

echo '$prom IP e $MyIP$quest'

, , :$prom IP e $MyIP$quest , , bash. , "\":

echo "\$MyIP = $MyIP"

: $MyIP = 127.127.127.127 , , , echo $MyIPto? bash, ? . Bash , , :

echo ${MyIP}to

:127.127.127.127to (wildcards), , bash, . .. . , ...

Bash , $(programa), `programa`. $(programa). ? , - date. date , ,.. , , . :bash. , or: #000066;">echo $datata

:Mon Nov 16 21:09:44 FLEST 2009 , :):

datata=$(date +"%d.%m.%y")datata=`date +"%d.%m.%y"`

.

, . . . , :

echo $den

:( - !)11 ? :) "|". , . UNIX. :), :). Bash


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, $(programa), `programa`. $(programa). ? , - date. date , , .. , , . : , . , man echo, . , echo . , ,

-e echo. :\a - ()\c - \n - \r - ( MAC )\t -

:$ echo "\n"n#

$ echo -n "\n"\n

:$ echo -e '\\n'"\c"\n

$ echo -e "\n"# #[0-9a-zA-Z .]*' |cut -d'>' -f2#: Addax P2P 3.6.1.0

#Internet Cyclone 1.99#twhirl 0.9.4#The Form Letter Machine 1.11.01#DOFUS 1.29#PowerDVD 9.0.2201.0

, :1. wget HTML- wget -q -O - http://download.bg2. "|" grep , "-o" , . Perl- "-P".

, index http://download.bg/. , :Addax P2P 3.6.1.0

:). , "height=12" . a, "Addax P2P 3.6.1.0" - "". , , , . - [0-9a-zA-Z .]. "*" "0" .3. cut ">" - .. :cut -d'>' -f2 - 2-3 , - :wget-qO - http://download.bg | grep -oP '2\>[\d\w .]*' | cut -d'>' -f2

grep . "grepexamples", "grep tutorials" .

:

sudo apt-get install fortune-modecho;fortune;echo

...

sed

sed . , ! " "! - , sed -. .

(Regular Expressions RegEx). sed, , - . -.- sed (), "s":echo den | sed s/den/nosht/

(den) (nosht). () , ?! -


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, , "" ( - stdout). UNIX new . , , :sed s/Deniat/Noshtta/ new# old :#Deniat nastypva s purpurna voiska.# , new :#No

, sed, :sed []/// "/". ! " " :) ( !) @ ( ?), , "|". , , ! "/", sed . "\":echo delimo/delitel | sed 's/delimo/delitel/del/delit/'

sed . , .

2 - sed.

- & . , . , , , :sed 's/nosht/(nosht)/' - , "&". , :sed 's/[a-z]*/(&)/'

, "&". -. :echo 'nosht 1253' | sed 's/[a-z]*/& &/'# :#nos

[a-z] - "a" "z". "*" .

sed- (* , ):Sed a\ .c\ .d .i\ .p .r .s . .

w .Sed -e SCRIPT - , .-f - , .-n .-V .


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, ls:ls -l | sed s/^-[-rwx]*/:/ | sed s/^d[-rwx]*

[AWK - ]

, -. awk .. , - . ...

if ... else ... fi elif

. , 1, 1.:if [then] else [else] fifi

. gedit :#!/bin/sh## , if [ $# -eq 0 ]thenecho http://tldp.org/LDP/Bash-Beginners-Guide/html/sect_07_01.html - - exit 1. linux "0". "0", . Linux . piping .--, ... isnump_n, :chmod 755 isnump_nchmod +x isn

, (cd ...) . :isnump_n 23

if-else-fi . .- . elif. - ... ---! , ! :if [ 1 ]then

...

elif [ 2 ]then

... elif [ 3 ]then

...

else


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...

fi

"0". , elif .#!/bin/sh## , a e e, "0"if [ $# -eq 0 ]

thenecho "$0 : "exit 1fi

if test $1 -gt 0then

echo "$1 "elif [ $1 -eq 0 ]

, test ! if . , , :#!/bin/bashecho -n " : "read myfileecho -n " ( yes no ) ? "read confirmationconfirmation="$(echo ${confirmation} | tr A-Z a-z)"if [ "$confirmation" == "yes" ]; then"--yle="color: #66cc66;">[ -f $myfile ] && /bin/rm $myfile || echo

, , chmod +x 755. . , :)... , !

... awk, for, pipeline,

. , . PID-a bash :psaux | grep bashhttp://tldp.org/LDP/Bash-Beginners-Guide/html/sect_07_01.html#!/bin/bash.. phrozencrew 16.11.09 22:11

http://new.download.bg/index.php?cls=forum&mtd=thread&t=224992&q=bash
http://new.download.bg/index.php?cls=forum&mtd=thread&t=224992&q=bashhttp://new.download.bg/index.php?cls=forum&mtd=thread&t=224992&q=bash


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Inventive / 05.02.2005 12:58 http://mytech.bg/uroci/22//319/Bash+Scripting+TutorialBash Scripting Tutorial

1. 2. Hello, World script3. 4. (user input),


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Hello, World$

- tutorial-a . hello . ,

, Hello, World. "#".

#!/bin/bash

# echo "Hello, World" #

###########################################################

[--- ---]

( (=)). , .:

num=10

, . (num= 10), bash "num=" 10.

($). Hello, World :

#!/bin/bash

var="Hello, World"echo $var

, , , . : , (.), ($), - (>) - (


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echo ""$msg1" is not needed to print '$num1 < $num2 & $num2 > $num1'"

:

$ ./primer110 < 20 & 20 > 10$100 > $10Here we can use all of these symbols: ".", ">", "


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$# -

$* $@ for-in. - .

#!/bin/bash

echo "The first argument is $1, the second $2"echo "All arguments you entered: $*"

echo "There are $# arguments"

:

$ ./primer5 arg1 arg2 arg3 arg4The first argument is arg1, the second arg2All arguments you entered: arg1 arg2 arg3 arg4There are 4 arguments$

, . .

, . . export.

#!/bin/bash

# .

var=100export var./primer6-a

# EOF

#!/bin/bash

# .

echo "The value of var is $var"

# EOF ( primer6-a,

, ).

$ ./primer6The value of var is 100$


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declare. :

declare - --

:

-r - readonly-i - integer ( )- - array ()

-x - export

:

#!/bin/bash

declare -i var # integervar=100echo $vardeclare -r var2=123.456 # readonly echo $var2

var2=121.343 # var2echo $var2 # var2 123.456 :

$ ./primer7100123.456bash: var2: readonly variable123.456$

bash manual pages (man bash).

###########################################################

[--- User input,


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:

#!/bin/bash

cat


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:$ ./primer10

Enter the first number: 10Enter the second: 310 + 3 = 1310 * 3 = 30110$

- let.

+ - - - * - / - % - > - -< - ->= - -


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:

#!/bin/bash

var1=10var2="m000"[ $var1 -eq 10 ]echo $?[ $var2 = "me0w" ]

echo $?

:

$ ./primer1101$

- test:

-gt (greater than) - -lt (less than) - -ge (greater or equal) - -le (less or equal) - -eq (equal) -ne (not equal) -z = != -f -s -r -w -x

, . test manual pages (mantest).

if . . . if fi case esac. :

if then 0.

fi

if then 0 if,

else.else

fi

if then elif if .


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elif then

else

fi

case in case , ) ( .;;

*) ;;esac

&& (AND)

|| (OR)

! (NOT)

- :

#!/bin/bash

echo -n "Enter a string: "read str1echo -n "Enter a string: "read str2echo -n "Enter a number: "read num1

if [ $str1 == "m000" ]; then # ';' then echo "str1 = m000"

elif [ $str1 == "m000" ] && [ $str2 == "m000" ]; then # , .. echo "str1 and str2 = m000" # true

echo "str1 and str2 = m000"else

echo "str1 and str2 != m000"fi

if [ -f "/etc/passwd" ]; then # cat /etc/passwd

fiif [ $num1 -eq 10 ]; then

echo "num1 = 10"elif [ $num1 -gt 100 ]; then

echo "num1 > 100"else

echo "?!?"fi

:

$ ./primer12Enter a string: m000Enter a string: m000Enter a number: 10str1 = m000root:x:0:0::/root:/bin/bash


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bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/log:nobody:x:99:99:nobody:/:sftp:x:1000:100:,,,:/home/sftp:/bin/bashnum1 = 10$

. case:

#!/bin/bash

echo -n "Enter an option (l, s or al): "read opt

case $opt inl)

ls -l;;s)

ls -s;;al)

ls -al;;*) # $opt

ls;;esac

:$ ./primer13

Enter an option (l, s or al): ltotal 964drwxr-xr-x 33 sftp users 4096 24 19:58 booksdrwxr-xr-x 5 sftp users 4096 12 19:35 docsdrwxr-xr-x 7 sftp users 4096 6 12:34 ircddrwxr-xr-x 2 sftp users 4096 25 23:22 moviesdrwxr-xr-x 7 sftp users 4096 17 11:56 phundrwxr-xr-x 10 sftp users 4096 8 15:54 sourcedrwxr-xr-x 2 sftp users 4096 1 15:27 stuffdrwxr-xr-x 2 sftp users 4096 15 08:40 work$

. test .###########################################################

[--- ---]

. while, until, for for-in.while until for for-in . -:

while do while 0 (true).

doneuntil do until

1 (false).done

for in


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do .

done

for for . do .

done

while 0. done.

#!/bin/bash

m00=yes

while [ $m00 == "yes" ]; doecho -n "Enter a string: "

read str1echo "You entered: $str1"echo -n "Do you want to continue? "read m00

done

yes, [ $m00 == "yes" ] 1 (false). :

$ ./primer14Enter a string: asdYou entered: asdDo you want to continue? yesEnter a string: asd1234123You entered: asd1234123Do you want to continue? no$ until:

#!/bin/bash

m00=yes

until [ $m00 == "no" ]; doecho -n "Enter a string: "read str1echo "You entered: $str1"echo -n "Do you want to continue? "read m00

done

, [ $m00 == "no" ] e false.

$ ./primer15Enter a string: me0wYou entered: me0wDo you want to continue? yesEnter a string: zmpf


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You entered: zmpfDo you want to continue? no$

for-in .

#!/bin/bash

for cfile in ~/source/c/*.c # for cfile in $( ls ~/source/c/*.c )do

echo $cfiledone

:

$ ./primer16/home/sftp/source/c/a.c/home/sftp/source/c/tmp.c

/home/sftp/source/c/zmpf.c$

for e for-in, .

#!/bin/bash

for m00do

echo $m00done

$@, for-in.

#!/bin/bash

for m00 in $@do

echo $m00

done :

$ ./primer17 m00 me0w m33p zmpf lkmnpm00me0wm33pzmpflkmnp$

, . true, false brea.true - 0. false , 1. break .


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#!/bin/bash

declare -i var=0

while true; do # false echo -n $varvar=$var+1if [ $var -eq 10 ]; then # $var 10

break

fidone

echoecho bye

until false :

while true; do

until false; do

###########################################################

[--- ---]

, (). stderr. , . > .:

$ echo m000 > file$ cat filem000$

>>, > .

#!/bin/bash

nums="1 2 3"

for num in $numsdo

echo $numdone > nums

nums.

$ ./nums$ cat nums123$


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, . - tar gzip.

$ tar cvf - files/ | gzip -9 > files.tar.gz

$ gzip -cd files.tar.gz | tar xvf -

bash .

#!/bin/bash

names="Ivan Koljo Asen Sasho Misho"

for name in $namesdo

echo $namedone | sort > names

echo $name sort names.

$ ./names$ cat namesAsenIvanKoljoMishoSasho$

sort.

###########################################################

[--- trap ---]

trap. trap . . trap.

$ trap '' --

( CTRL+C).

#!/bin/bash

trap 'echo "Bye"; exit 1' 2

echo "Enter a string: "read m00echo "nah"

:


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$ ./trap-exEnter a string:^CBye$

CTRL+C echo "Bye" exit 1, . :

0

2 CTRL+C9 kill kill- , trap24 CTRL+Z,

kill kill manual pages.

###########################################################

[--- ---]

var[xx]="aa", xx e declare -a

. ('{' '}').:

#!/bin/bash

array[1]=m00array[34]=me0warray[40]=123

echo "array[1] = ${array[1]}"echo "array[34] = ${array[34]}"echo "array[40] = ${array[40]}"

array=( x y z ... )

array[0] ( 0 1), y - array[1], z - array[2] ..

, :#!/bin/bash

declare -a array # declare

echo -n "Enter some numbers separated by space: "read -a array # ( read '-a')

elements=${#array[@]} # elements

# ${array[@]} . for-in# :# for i in ${array[@]; do# echo $i# done

# while


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i=0

while [ $i -lt $elements ]; doecho ${array[$i]}let "i = $i + 1"

done

echo "bye"

:

$ ./primer18Enter some numbers separated by space: 1 13 14 88 19113148819bye

$

( .) Advanced BashScripting(http://www.tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/arrays.html)

###########################################################

[--- ---]

bash . :

__ { }

__() { }

.

#!/bin/bashfunc() {

echo "Hello"echo "This is function"

}

info() {echo "host uptime: $( uptime )"echo "date: $( date )"

}

funcinfo

echo "That's all folks :)"

:


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$ ./primer19HelloThis is functionhost uptime: 1:46pm up 5 days, 14:39, 1 user, load average: 0.08, 0.05, 0.04date: 15 13:46:23 UTC 2002That's all folks :)

$

###########################################################

[--- ---]

tutorial-a bash. printf. e[X;XXm, - . -:

0;30 1;30 0;34 1;34 0;32 1;32Cyan 0;36 Light Cyan 1;36

0;31 1;31 0;35 1;35 0;33 1;33 0;37 1;37 2J (thanks zEAL)

:

#!/bin/bash

printf "e[2J"printf "e[0;34mbluen" # n printf "e[0;32mgreenn"printf "e[0;37mand back to default color ...n"


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BASH - ,

cleaver 12, 2008 20:48

Unix-. - " ". , , . , ( ), . -. . - - BASH ( ) ,

. BASH , . , BASH , , , , . - , Enter . , BASH . - ;, . , . Enter, . - \, . Enter, , ,

. , , Enter \ . 3 . '~' (tilde) . '/home/myname' '~', . '.' () . , . '..' ( ) , . , '.', .

?

, BASH (builtins), - , BASH , . BASH , . , . , . ? " " " ". . , . - -

. ( ) . ( ) , . , , ( ), . . , . , ( ) . , . 'cp'.

cp -ri --verbose dir1 /destination/directory/

dir1 , . dir1 /destination/directory/ , ( ) . 3 - 2 . , , . '-ri' '-r -i', . --verbose .


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. -r 'recursive'. 'cp' dir1, , . -i 'interactive'. , , ( ) ( 'y' 'n' '' ''). --verbose 'cp' ( ) . , . '--verbose' '-v'.

BASH. . 'cp' - /destination/directory/. . - /. , , . , , , , . , , . - dir1. ' '. ,

. , ( /), , , . 'dir1' /usr/source/dir1', '/usr/source', , -. '/usr/proba/' , , 'dir1' 'proba', - 'source'. , , , . , . ( ) .

/. .

. input output . . , . 'ls' . , , . '>'. :

ls > list.file

'ls' '-l' . 'grep' ( ls) , '.jpg'( ). BASH, aa - - . , , , - . - ( ), , . , , .jpg , .

:ls | grep .jpg | sort -r | gzip > /home/myname/Desktop/lsss.gz

? 'ls' , 'grep', , '.jpg' 'sort' . sort' ( '.jpg') 'gzip', lsss.gz .


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- : BASH, - .

1. .

pwd (=Print Working Directory) - .hostname - (, ).whoami - (, ).

date - / .time - .who - .finger [user_name] - .last - , , .history - BASH .uptime - , .ps - , . -e, .top - ( ),

(, ).uname - . -a, , , .free - .df -h - .du -h /dir - , , .

.

cat - .echo - , .man - , .ls - . -l , -a .cd [directory] (=Change Directory) - . , .cp [file1 file2 ...] [destination] - . -r (=recursive) .mv - .rm - . -r (=recursive) .

less - , . .find / -name "filename" - "filename" ( /) .touch - , .kill PID - . -9 .killall - , . .useradd - , .userdel - , .passwd - / . ( root) . root .

chmod - .


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Bash http://wiki.linuxfan.org/index.php/Bash

$ FULLPATH='/usr/local/etc/rc.d/runme.sh'$ basename ${FULLPATH}

runme.sh

$ FULLPATH='/usr/local/etc/rc.d/runme.sh'$ echo ${FULLPATH%/*}

/usr/local/etc/rc.d

NAT#!/bin/bash# opengate.ssh script

# redirect ports for NAT-ed hosts/bin/ping -i 30 linuxfan.org 1> /dev/null 2> /dev/null &while (true) do/usr/bin/ssh -n -N -R 2222:127.0.0.1:22 -R 2223:127.0.0.1:10001 [email protected] $0 disconneted!sleep 30

done

( Caps Lock)#!/bin/bash

# a script to setup your language in x window# setup the localeunset lc_alllang=bg_bglanguage=bg:en_ukexport lang language# setup the keyboardsetxkbmap -types complete -compat 'complete+leds(scroll)' -geometry 'pc(pc102)' \

-symbols \'en_us(pc101)+bg(phonetic_enhanced)+group(alt_shift_toggle)+group(rwin_switch)+level3(menu_switch)'# nls for old motif applications

if test -d /usr/x11r6/lib/x11/nls; thenxnlspath=/usr/x11r6/lib/x11/nlsexport xnlspath

fi# add custom user fonts pathif [ -f ${home}/.fonts/fonts.dir ]; then

xset fp+ ${home}/.fontsfi# add system-wide fonts path for cyrfonts (this is not for debian)if [ -f /opt/cyrfonts/fonts.dir ]; then

xset fp+ /opt/cyrfonts

fi# read the user resources databaseif test -f ~/.xresources; then

xrdb -merge ~/.xresourcesfi# disable caps-lock. evil key :-)xmodmap -e "remove Lock = Caps_Lock"
http://wiki.linuxfan.org/index.php/Bashhttp://wiki.linuxfan.org/index.php/Bash


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default gateway

#!/bin/sh# stupid script to change default gateway# author t0d0r at linuxfan dot org# vim:ts=4:sw=4:

primary_gateway='217.79.66.2'secondary_gateway='10.210.0.1'

ping_cmd='/sbin/ping'

change_to() {/sbin/route delete default/sbin/route add default $1

}

current_gateway=`/usr/bin/netstat -rn | /usr/bin/grep default | /usr/bin/awk '{print $2}'`

${ping_cmd} -c 3 ${current_gateway} 2>&1 > /dev/null && is_ok=true

if [ "x_${current_gateway}" = "x_${primary_gateway}" ]; thenif [ "x${is_ok}" = "xtrue" ]; then

exit;else

${ping_cmd} -c 3 ${secondary_gateway} 2>&1 > /dev/null \&& change_to ${secondary_gateway}

exit;fielse

${ping_cmd} -c 3 ${primary_gateway} 2>&1 > /dev/null \&& change_to ${primary_gateway}

exit;fi


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#!/usr/local/bin/bash#Script for test connection from gateway to client#Author: Peter Petrov aka peterpetOS_TYPE=ùname`PW=( 64 1024 1400 19000 25100 )ping_l=`which pingìf [ "x$1" = "x" ]; then

echo ": ./vrazka "exit 1fiif [ "$OS_TYPE" = "Linux" ]thenecho " Linux"echoecho "......... ...."echoecho

for i in ${PW[@]}doiz=`${ping_l} -c 10 -s $i $1 | grep loss | awk '{print $6}'ècho ""

if [ "$iz" = "100%" ];thenecho " FIREWALL"echo " "exitfi

echo " "$1" "$i" e: "$iz" "donefi

if [ "$OS_TYPE" = "FreeBSD" ]then

echo " FreeBSD"INTERFACE=`route get $1 | grep interface | awk '{print $2}'ècho "$INTERFACE"sudo /usr/local/sbin/arping -c 3 -i "$INTERFACE" "$1"

echoecho "......... ...."echoecho

for i in ${PW[@]}doiz=`sudo ${ping_l} -c 10 -s $i $1 | grep loss | awk '{print $7}'ècho ""

if [ "$iz" = "100%" ];

thenecho " FIREWALL"echo " "exitfi

echo " "$1" "$i" e: "$iz" "done


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fiecho ""echo ""echo "########################### ########################"exit

differential backup

#!/bin/bash# backup script by todor.dragnev at gmail.com# useful for daily backup of AWS instancesprefix=/vol/backup/instances/`hostname`exclude_file="$prefix/rsync.exclude"compare_dest=${prefix}/`date +"%Y-%m-01"`/source=/target=$prefix/`date +"%Y-%m-%d"`/# do differential backupif [ -d $compare_dest ]; then

rsync -ab --compare-dest=${compare_dest} \--exclude-from=${exclude_file} \${source} ${target}

else# do fullrsync -ab \

--exclude-from=${exclude_file} \${source} ${compare_dest}

fi


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http://rosoft.org/node/57 02/25/2010 19:05 : rrr . .

1.

- . . - ,

. , - , RS-232 ( ). . , , Alt+F1 F6. , . , .

- (- ), . . , . , .

, - telnet ssh.

- () - , . . , , .

. , .

, , , .

( ) . /etc/shells. :

/bin/bash

/bin/tcsh

/bin/csh

/bin/ash

/bin/ksh

/bin/zsh

/bin/rbash

, . chsh.

, -s, . :

#chsh -s login_shell user
http://rosoft.org/node/57http://rosoft.org/node/57


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#chsh

-l chsh, Slackware .

, , . - :

bash bash sh. , , . Bash , , . bash , ksh csh.

csh , Tab, C.

tcsh csh, ., csh. csh,

tsch.

ksh KornShell e , , .

zsh ksh. , , . tcsh csh, zsh ksh.

(bash, ksh, zsh) , r (rbash, rksh, rzsh), . , . restricted /etc/shells , , .

- bash. - Linux.Bash Bourne Again Shell, Free Software Foundation Bourne shell UNIX.

2.

() . . . .

$ PS1.


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:

$export PS1=%

%

.bash_profile .profile, . Slackware bash_profile bash.

. - bash :

-r, --restricted . : cd; SHELL, PATH, ENV BASH_ENV; /; / .; / hash; ; >, >|, , >& >>;

exec; set +r set +orestricted. rbash.

-rcfile file , .bashrc.

. . , , , , , , . Bash ,- :

BASH bash.

BASH_VESRION .

GROUPS .

HOSTNAME .

OSTYPE bash PWD

RANDOM 1 32767 .

UID , bash.

HISTFILE . ~/.bash_history.

HISTSIZE , .

HOME .

LANG . .


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LC_MESSAGES .

PATH .

echo:

$echo $HOME

/home/student

$

export:

$export HOME=/home/ftp

$echo $HOME

/home/ftp

$

, , .

, , .

3. bashBash , , . Bash , , bash , , , bash. bash :

$cat > simple_script

echo "Building file...."

ls -l /dev > dev_list

echo "Number of files:"


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wc -l dev_list

rm dev_list

echo "Exiting"

Ctrl+D

$chmod +x simple_script

$./simple_scipt

Building file....

Number of files:

2633 dev_list

Exiting

$

. , . . installpkg, pkgtool ., , Slackware. kdialog dialog KDE . pkgtool netconfig.

, .

4.

- useradd - ;

- userdel - ;

- usermod - ;

- passwd - . /etc/passwd /etc/shadow.

- groupadd - ;

- groupdel - ;

- groupmod - ;


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- groups - . /etc/group

- su - . su root. exit

5.

- ls (dir) - . : -l, -S . : man ls

- cd -

- mkdir -

- cat -

- head -

- tail -

- vi - . "i". : Esc, :, q, Enter , - Esc, :, wq, Enter

- cp -

6.

- chmod -

- chown -

- chkgrp -

7. :

- echo - . ">" . . : echo > vreme.txt

- man - . : man ls - ls.

- df - (root , , : /mnt/win_c - C: Windows)

- free - RAM - ,

- wall - . CTRL+D

- clear -

- date -

- uptime - , ,


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1, 5 15

- w -

- ps-

- mc- Midnight Commander ( ) - , NortonCommander

- telnet, ssh -

- netstat -


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BASH : 1.2

http://linux-bg.exco.net/

X_console. http://xfactor.itec.yorku.ca/~xconsole/

, Linux BASH (Bourne Again SHell)

. (Shell) . , Linux . BASH . bash , .

? . - - . C, C++, Java.

(source code) - . (). C Linux Windows 98. Windows 98. ( ) , . . , , - . , . bash . . Perl, Lisp, Tcl.

?

- Linux. , . . Linux - vi, emacs, pico, mcedit.

!!! root ! !

. ! root.

BASH "Hello World" . "Hello World" . :

#!/bin/bashecho "Hello World"

bash .

bash /bin . bash . , Linux . hello.sh. . :

xconsole$ chmod 700 ./hello.sh


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chmod . :

xconsole$ ./hello.sh

Hello World

! - , , chmod.

, , ? "Hello World" . ? . echo "Hello World". ? echo. echo , .

. "Hello World". ls /home/root, ls /home/root. ?

, echo. foo. . :

#!/bin/bashfoo "Hello World"

chmod :

xconsole$ ./helloHello World

. echo . printf. printf , C. :

xconsole$ echo "Hello World"Hello World

Linux . bash

, . - , . :

xconsole$ mkdir trashxconsole$ mv * trashxconsole$ rm -rf trashxconsole$ mkdir trash

:

#!/bin/bashmkdir trashmv * trashrm -rf trash


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mkdir trashecho "Deleted all files!"

clean.sh. clean.sh trash, . , . .

- . . . bash : "#", (#!/bin/bash). . "#" . :

#!/bin/bash# tazi programa broi chislata ot 1 do 10:for i in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10; do

echo $idone

bash, , . . , , .

, - , "" . . , . :

#!/bin/bashx=12echo "Stoinosta na promenliwata x e $x"

x 12 echo. echo "Stoinosta na promenliwata x e $x" x. "=". :

__=

"$" . & x echo $x.

- (environment). env . :

xconsole$ echo $SHELL

/bin/bash

. /etc/profile ~/.bash_profile. echo , . :

#!/bin/bashecho "Stojnosta na x e 12."


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echo "Az imam 12 moliwa."echo "Toj mi kaza che stojnosta na x e 12."echo "Az sym na 12 godini."echo "Kak taka stojnosta na x e 12?"

x 12 8. ? 12 8. ... 12 x. ? x. ? :

#!/bin/bashx=12 # stoinosta na promenliwata x e 12 e xecho "Stoinosta na x e $x."echo "Az imam 12 moliwa."echo "Toj mi kaza che stojnosta na x e $x."echo "Az sym na 12 godini."echo "Kak taka stojnosta na x e $x?"

$x x, 12. x 12 8 x=12 x=8.

. .

" " -. - . . :

#!/bin/bashcp /etc/foo .echo "Done."

/etc/foo "Done" . . /etc/foo. :

xconsole$ ./bar.shcp: /etc/foo: No such file or directoryDone.

. /etc/foo .

-, /etc/foo , . "" :

if /etc/code exists, thencopy /etc/code to the current directoryprint "Done." to the screen.

otherwise,print "This file does not exist." to the screenexit

bash? ! bash : if, while, until, for, case.

. if if, fi. . bash.

if ... else ... elif ... fi - . " (if) , (else) ".


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if test. test ,, . bar.sh:

#!/bin/bashif test -f /etc/foothen

# file exists, so copy and print a message.cp /etc/foo .echo "Done."

else# file does NOT exist, so we print a message and exit.echo "This file does not exist."exit

fi

then else -. , - . . /etc/foo, , . -f . test:

-d -e -f -g SGID -r -s 0-u SUID -w -x

else , . elif, if if. elif "else if". .

if test , :

if test -f /etc/foothen

:

if [ -f /etc/foo ]; then

test . C -. , . : ";" . ";" . -. then .

test . :

if [ "$name" -eq 5 ]; then

while ... do ... donewhile . - , "while() , do() done ". :

#!/bin/bash


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while true; doecho "Press CTRL-C to quit."

done

true . . true , , . ":":

#!/bin/bash

while :; doecho "Press CTRL-C to quit."done

, . , - . - , :

#!/bin/bashx=0; # initialize x to 0while [ "$x" -le 10 ]; do

echo "Current value of x: $x"

# increment the value of x:x=$(expr $x + 1)sleep 1

done

test ( ) x. -le x -(less) (equal) 10. "(while) x - 10, x, 1 x.". sleep 1 . . test:

x y, :x -eq y x yx -ne y x yx -gt y x - yx -lt y x - y

x y, :x = y x yx != y x y

-n x x -z x x

, - :

x=$(expr $x + 1)

x 1. $(...)? ? . , expr $x + 1, x. $(...) :

#!/bin/bashme=$(whoami)echo "I am $me."

. - :


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#!/bin/bashecho "I am $(whoami)."

- . . -. $(...).

until ... do ... done

until while. , . until "(until) ,(do) ". :

#!/bin/bashx=0until [ "$x" -ge 10 ]; do

echo "Current value of x: $x"x=$(expr $x + 1)sleep 1

done

. . until x - 10. x 10 . x 9.

for ... in ... do ... donefor . , 10 :

#!/bin/bashecho -n "Checking system for errors"for dots in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10; do

echo -n "."doneecho "System clean."

, -n echo . -n . dots 1 10. :

#!/bin/bash

for x in paper pencil pen; doecho "The value of variable x is: $x"sleep 1

done

x paper, , pencil, pen. .

. .html :

#!/bin/bashfor file in *; doecho "Adding .html extension to $file..."mv $file $file.htmlsleep 1

done


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"*" "wild card character". " ", . file , . mv file .html .

case ... in ... esac case if . . :

#!/bin/bashx=5 # initialize x to 5# now check the value of x:case $x in

0) echo "Value of x is 0.";;



*) echo "Unrecognized value."

esac

case x 3- . x 0, 5 9. "Unrecognized value.". , "*" "", " ". x 0, 5, 9, "*". case ";". case if? if. - :

#!/bin/bashx=5 # initialize x to 5if [ "$x" -eq 0 ]; then

echo "Value of x is 0."elif [ "$x" -eq 5 ]; then

echo "Value of x is 5."elif [ "$x" -eq 9 ]; then

echo "Value of x is 9."else

echo "Unrecognized value."

fi

. . : ", : ', : `. ? .

., " .". . :

xconsole$ mkdir hello world

xconsole$ ls -Fhello/ world/

. mkdir hello world , . :

xconsole$ mkdir "hello world"


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xconsole$ ls -Fhello/ hello world/ world/

. . mkdir hello world .

. , . . - :

#!/bin/bashx=5 # stojnosta na x e 5# izpolzwame dwojni kawichkiecho "Using double quotes, the value of x is: $x"# izpolzwame edinichni kawichkiecho 'Using forward quotes, the value of x is: $x'

? , . :

xconsole$ mkdir 'hello world'xconsole$ ls -Fhello world/

. . - :

x=$(expr $x + 1)

expr $x + 1 x. :

x=`expr $x + 1`

? . , - $(...). $(...) - . :

$!/bin/bashecho "I am `whoami`"

BASHbash . expr. a , true . true expr . true ":". expr $((...)). $(...) . :

#!/bin/bashx=8 # stojnosta na x e 8y=4 # stojnosta na y e 4

# sega shte priswojm sumata na promenliwite x i y na promenliwata z:z=$(($x + $y))echo "Sum na $x + $y e $z"

- expr $((...)), .

bash , , , .


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:

+ - * / %

. . bash :

#!/bin/bashx=5 # initialize x to 5y=3 # initialize y to 3

add=$(($x + $y)) # sumiraj x sys y i priswoj rezultata na promenliwata addsub=$(($x - $y)) # izwadi ot x y i priswoj rezultata na promenliwata submul=$(($x * $y)) # umnozhi x po y i priswoj rezultata na promenliwata muldiv=$(($x / $y)) # razdeli x na y i priswoj rezultata na promenliwata div

mod=$(($x % $y)) # priswoj ostatyka pri delenie na x / y na promenliwata mod

# otpechataj otgoworite:echo "Suma: $add"echo "Razlika: $sub"echo "Projzwedenie: $mul"echo "Quotient: $div"echo "Ostatyk: $mod"

expr. add=$(($x + $y)), add=$(expr $x + $y), add=`expr $x + $y .

. . read. read bash , :

#!/bin/bash# gets the name of the user and prints a greetingecho -n "Enter your name: "

read user_nameecho "Hello $user_name!"

user_name. . read ENTER. , read ENTER . ENTER . :

#!/bin/bash# gets the name of the user and prints a greetingecho -n "Enter your name: "

read user_name

# the user did not enter anything:if [ -z "$user_name" ]; then

echo "You did not tell me your name!"exit

fi


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echo "Hello $user_name!"

ENTER . . , .

- . -

. , . :

#!/bin/bash

# functiqta hello() samo izpechatwa syobshteniehello(){

echo "Wie ste wyw funkciq hello()"}

echo "Izwikwame funkciqta hello()..."# izwikwame hello() funkciqta wytre w shell skripta:helloecho "Weche izleznahte ot funkciqta hello()"

. hello() . - . hello() :

hello

bash hello(). .

. function_name(), , function . functionfunction_name(). - function hello():

function hello(){


"()", : "{...}". . . . , :

#!/bin/bashecho "Izwikwame funkciqta hello()..."

# call the hello() function:helloecho "Weche izleznahte ot funkciqta hello()"

# function hello() just prints a messagehello(){


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:

xconsole$ ./hello.shIzwikwame funkciqta hello().../hello.sh: hello: command not found

Weche izleznahte ot funkciqta hello()

. . :

#!/bin/bash# admin.sh - administrative tool

# function new_user() creates a new user accountnew_user(){

echo "Preparing to add a new user..."

sleep 2adduser # run the adduser program

}

echo "1. Add user"echo "2. Exit"

echo "Enter your choice: "read choice

case $choice in1) new_user # call the new_user() function

;;*) exit

;;esac

root, adduser root . .

trap . . CTRL-C interrupt , "" . trap , . trap :

trap dejstwie signal

dejstwie , signal . trap -l.

, SIG. SIGINT, INT. . SIGINT 2.


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:

#!/bin/bash# using the trap command

# da se zipylni funkciqta sorry() pri natiskane na CTRL-C:trap sorry INT

# function sorry() prints a message

sorry(){echo "I'm sorry Dave. I can't do that."sleep 3

}

# count down from 10 to 1:for i in 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1; do

echo $i seconds until system failure."sleep 1

done

echo "System failure."

CTRL-C. . trap , sorry(). trap "''" . trap "-". :

# izpylni sorry() funkciqta kogato programa poluchi signal SIGINT:trap sorry INT

# nakaraj programata da NE prihwashta SIGINT signala :trap - INT

# ne prawi nishto kogato se prihwane signal SIGINT:trap '' INT

trap , , "". trap , .

AND OR

. . AND ( "&&") OR ( "||"). AND :

_1 && _2

AND - . . . _1 ( false), _2 . :

if() _1 , AND() if() _2 , then()...


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AND :

#!/bin/bashx=5y=10if [ "$x" -eq 5 ] && [ "$y" -eq 10 ]; then

echo "I dwete uslowiq sa wqrni."else

echo "Uslowiqta ne sa wqrni."

fi

, x y . x x=5 x=12, , ( false).

OR . , - (. false). , -:

_1 || _2

:

if() _1 , OR() _2 , ...

:

#!/bin/bashx=3y=2if [ "$x" -eq 5 ] || [ "$y" -eq 2 ]; then

echo "Edno ot uslowiqta e wqrno."else

echo "Nito edno ot uslowiqta ne e wqrno."fi

, . y . , ..

, , if AND OR . if . " if " if if . , if. if, AND :

#!/bin/bashx=5y=10if [ "$x" -eq 5 ]; then

if [ "$y" -eq 10 ]; thenecho "I dwete uslowiq sa wqrni."

elseecho "Uslowiqta ne sa wqrni."

fifi

AND . , . AND OR .

, Linux . ,


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. more. , . . "$#". . :

xconsole$ foo argument

$# 1 , . , $# 2. (

- foo) $0 - foo,$1 -argument .. 9 $0 $9. :

#!/bin/bash# izpechataj pyrwiq argument# proweri dali ima pone edin argument:if [ "$#" -ne 1 ]; then

echo "usage: $0 "fi

echo "Stojnosta na argumenta e $1"

. , , . . , $0 . "usage" .

PIPING, , .:


"" . . ">" . . :

xconsole$ echo "Hello World" > foo.filexconsole$ cat foo.fileHello World

echo "Hello World" foo.file. . ">". , , . ? : ">>". , , .

piping. Piping- . Piping : "|"., "L".

SHIFT \. piping:

xconsole$ cat /etc/passwd | grep xconsolexconsole:x:1002:100:X_console,,,:/home/xconsole:/bin/bash

/etc/passwd grep, , xconsole .


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:

xconsole$ cat /etc/passwd | grep xconsole > foo.filexconsole$ cat foo.filexconsole:x:1002:100:X_console,,,:/home/xconsole:/bin/bash

. /etc/passwd , grep xconsole. foo.file. , piping .

. . . . , . . "$$" , . : hello. , . hello.$$ $$hello, . :

xconsole$ touch helloxconsole$ lshelloxconsole$ touch hello.$$xconsole$ lshello hello.689

.

() ., grep, , grep 0 , 1 . ? . , . grep /etc/passwd. , foobar:

xconsole$ grep "foobar" /etc/passwdxconsole$

. grep . - , . . , . $?. :

#!/bin/bash# grep for user foobar and pipe all output to /dev/null:grep "foobar" /etc/passwd > /dev/null 2>&1# capture the return value and act accordingly:if [ "$?" -eq 0 ]; then

echo "Match found."

exitelseecho "No match found."

fi

"$?" grep. 0, . , ,


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. , . , , -.

2>&1 . Linux, . 0 (: ), 1 (: ) 2 (: ). 1, 2. /dev/null. ,

. :

xconsole$ ls /rootls: /root: Permission deniedxconsole$ ls /root 2> /dev/nullxconsole$

. 1. , /dev/null.

, :

xconsole$ ls /root > /dev/null 2>&1

/dev/null, .

? exit - . 0 , , .. . - - 0 , . . :

#!/bin/bashif [ -f "/etc/passwd" ]; then

echo "Password file exists."exit 0

elseecho "No such file."exit 1

fi bash . bash . , . bash . - C Perl..


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http://bg.wikibooks.org/wiki/____BASH_ BASH

X_console. http://xfactor.itec.yorku.ca/~xconsole/. , Linux BASH (BourneAgain SHell) . (Shell) . , Linux .

BASH . bash , . ? . - - . C, C++, Java. (source code) - . (). C Linux Windows 98. Windows 98. ( ) , .

. , , - . , . bash . . Perl, Lisp, Tcl. ? - Linux. , . . Linux - vi, emacs, pico,mcedit. !!! root ! ! . ! root. BASH "Hello World" . "Hello World" . :!/bin/bash

echo "Hello World" bash . bash /bin . bash . , Linux . hello.sh.

. : xconsole$ chmod 700 ./hello.sh chmod . : xconsole$ ./hello.sh

Hello World ! - , , chmod. , , ? "Hello World" . ? . echo "Hello World". ? echo. echo , .

. "Hello World". ls /home/root, ls /home/root. ? , echo. foo. . :!/bin/bash
http://bg.wikibooks.org/wiki/??????_??_?????????_??_BASH_???http://bg.wikibooks.org/wiki/??????_??_?????????_??_BASH_???


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foo "Hello World" chmod : xconsole$ ./helloHello World . echo . printf. printf , C. : xconsole$ echo "Hello World"Hello World Linux . bash , . - ,

. : xconsole$mkdir trash xconsole$ mv * trash xconsole$ rm -rf trash xconsole$ mkdir trash :!/bin/bash

mkdir trash mv * trash rm -rf trash mkdir trash echo "Deleted all files!" clean.sh. clean.sh trash, . , . . - . .

. bash : "#", (#!/bin/bash). . "#" . :!/bin/bashtazi programa broi chislata ot 1 do 10:

for i in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10; do echo $i done bash, , . . , , . , - , "" . . , . :!/bin/bash

x=12 echo "Stoinosta na promenliwata x e $x" x 12 echo. echo "Stoinosta na promenliwata x e $x" x. "=". : __= "$" . & x echo $x. - (environment).

env . : xconsole$ echo $SHELL /bin/bash . /etc/profile ~/.bash_profile. echo , . :!/bin/bash

echo "Stojnosta na x e 12." echo "Az imam 12 moliwa." echo "Toj mi kaza che stojnosta na x e 12." echo "Az symna 12 godini." echo "Kak taka stojnosta na x e 12?" x 12 8. ? 12 8. ...

12 x. ? x. ? :!/bin/bash

x=12 # stoinosta na promenliwata x e 12 e x echo "Stoinosta na x e $x." echo "Az imam 12 moliwa." echo "Toj mikaza che stojnosta na x e $x." echo "Az sym na 12 godini." echo "Kak taka stojnosta na x e $x?" $x x, 12. x 12


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8 x=12 x=8. . . BASH : 1.2( 2) X_console. http://xfactor.itec.yorku.ca/~xconsole/. e [ 1 ]. " " -. - . . :!/bin/bash

cp /etc/foo . echo "Done." /etc/foo "Done" . . /etc/foo. : xconsole$ ./bar.sh cp: /etc/foo: No such file or directory Done. . /etc/foo . -, /etc/foo , . "" : if /etc/code exists,then copy /etc/code to the current directory print "Done." to the screen. otherwise, print "This file does not exist." tothe screen exit bash? ! bash : if, while,until, for, case. . if if, fi. . bash. if ... else ... elif ... fi - .

" (if) ,(else) ". if test. test , , . bar.sh:!/bin/bash

if test -f /etc/foo thenfile exists, so copy and print a message.

cp /etc/foo . echo "Done." elsefile does NOT exist, so we print a message and exit.

echo "This file does not exist." exit fi then else -. , - . . /etc/foo, , . -f . test: -d -e -f -g SGID -r -s 0 -u SUID -w -x

else , .

elif, if if. elif "else if". . if test , : if test -f /etc/foo then : if [ -f /etc/foo ]; then test . C -. , . : ";" . ";" . -. then . test . : if [ "$name" -eq 5 ]; then while ... do ... donewhile . - , "while() , do() done ". :

!/bin/bash

while true; do echo "Press CTRL-C to quit." done true . . true , , . ":":!/bin/bash


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while :; do echo "Press CTRL-C to quit." done , . , - . - , :!/bin/bash

x=0; # initialize x to 0 while [ "$x" -le 10 ]; do echo "Current value of x: $x"increment the value of x:

x=$(expr $x + 1) sleep 1 done test ( )

x. -le x -(less) (equal) 10. "(while) x - 10, x, 1 x.". sleep 1 . . test: x y, : x-eq y x y x -ne y x y x -gt y x - y x -lt y x - y x y, : x = y x y x != y x y -n x x -z x x

, - : x=$(expr $x

+ 1) x 1. $(...)? ? . , expr $x + 1, x. $(...) :!/bin/bash

me=$(whoami) echo "I am $me." . - :!/bin/bash

echo "I am $(whoami)." - . . -. $(...). until ... do ... done until while. , . until "(until) , (do) ". :!/bin/bash

x=0 until [ "$x" -ge 10 ]; do echo "Current value of x: $x" x=$(expr $x + 1) sleep 1 done . . until x - 10. x 10 . x 9. for ... in ... do ... done for

. , 10 :!/bin/bash

echo -n "Checking system for errors" for dots in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10; do echo -n "." done echo "System clean." , -n echo . -n . dots 1 10. :!/bin/bash

for x in paper pencil pen; do echo "The value of variable x is: $x" sleep 1 done

x paper, , pencil, pen. . . .html :!/bin/bash

for file in *; do echo "Adding .html extension to $file..." mv $file $file.html sleep 1 done "*" "wildcard character". " ",


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. file , . mv file html . case ... in ... esac case if .

. :!/bin/bash

x=5 # initialize x to 5now check the value of x:

case $x in 0) echo "Value of x is 0."

5) echo "Value of x is 5."

9) echo "Value of x is 9.") echo "Unrecognized value."

esac case x 3- . x 0, 5 9. "Unrecognized value.". , "*" "", " ". x 0, 5,

9, "*". case ";". case if? if. - :!/bin/bash

x=5 # initialize x to 5 if [ "$x" -eq 0 ]; then echo "Value of x is 0." elif [ "$x" -eq 5 ]; then echo "Value of x is 5." elif[ "$x" -eq 9 ]; then echo "Value of x is 9." else echo "Unrecognized value." fi BASH : 1.2( 3) X_console. http://xfactor.itec.yorku.ca/~xconsole/. e [ 2 ]. . : : ", : ', : `. ? - . , . , " .". . : xconsole$mkdir hello world xconsole$ ls -F hello/ world/ . mkdir hello world , . : xconsole$mkdir "hello world" xconsole$ ls -F hello/ hello world/ world/ , . . mkdir hello world . , . , . . - :

!/bin/bashx=5 # stojnosta na x e 5izpolzwame dwojni kawichki

echo "Using double quotes, the value of x is: $x"izpolzwame edinichni kawichki

echo 'Using forward quotes, the value of x is: $x' ? , , . , ,

: xconsole$ mkdir 'hello world' xconsole$ ls -F hello world/ . , . - : x=$(expr $x + 1) expr$x + 1 x. , : x=`expr $x + 1` ? , . , - $(...). $(...) - . : $!/bin/bash echo "I am `whoami`"


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BASH bash . , expr. a , , true , . , true expr, . true ":". expr $((...)). $(...) . :!/bin/bash

x=8 # stojnosta na x e 8 y=4 # stojnosta na y e 4sega shte priswojm sumata na promenliwite x i y na promenliwata z:

z=$(($x + $y)) echo "Sum na $x + $y e $z" - expr $((...)), . bash , , , , . : + - * / % . - . bash:!/bin/bash

x=5 # initialize x to 5 y=3 # initialize y to 3 add=$(($x + $y)) # sumiraj x sys y i priswoj rezultata na promenliwataadd sub=$(($x - $y)) # izwadi ot x y i priswoj rezultata na promenliwata sub mul=$(($x * $y)) # umnozhi x po y i

priswoj rezultata na promenliwata mul div=$(($x / $y)) # razdeli x na y i priswoj rezultata na promenliwata divmod=$(($x % $y)) # priswoj ostatyka pri delenie na x / y na promenliwata modotpechataj otgoworite:

echo "Suma: $add" echo "Razlika: $sub" echo "Projzwedenie: $mul" echo "Quotient: $div" echo "Ostatyk: $mod" expr. add=$(($x + $y)), add=$(expr $x + $y), add=`expr $x + $y`. . . , read. read bash , , :!/bin/bashgets the name of the user and prints a greeting

echo -n "Enter your name: " read user_name echo "Hello $user_name!" user_name. , , . read ENTER. , read , ENTER . ENTER , , . :!/bin/bashgets the name of the user and prints a greeting

echo -n "Enter your name: " read user_namethe user did not enter anything:

if [ -z "$user_name" ]; then echo "You did not tell me your name!" exit fi echo "Hello $user_name!" ENTER, . . , , , . - . - , . , . , , :

!/bin/bashfunctiqta hello() samo izpechatwa syobshtenie

hello() { echo "Wie ste wyw funkciq hello()" } echo "Izwikwame funkciqta hello()..."izwikwame hello() funkciqta wytre w shell skripta:

hello echo "Weche izleznahte ot funkciqta hello()" .


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hello() . - . hello() : hello bash , hello(). . . , function_name(), , function . function function_name(). , function hello(): function hello() { echo "Wie ste wyw funkciq hello()" } "()", : "{...}". . ,

. . , :!/bin/bash

echo "Izwikwame funkciqta hello()..."call the hello() function:

hello echo "Weche izleznahte ot funkciqta hello()"function hello() just prints a message

hello() { echo "Wie ste wyw funkciq hello()" } , : xconsole$ ./hello.sh Izwikwame funkciqta hello()... ./hello.sh: hello: command not found Wecheizleznahte ot funkciqta hello() , . . :!/bin/bashadmin.sh - administrative toolfunction new_user() creates a new user account

new_user() { echo "Preparing to add a new user..." sleep 2 adduser # run the adduser program } echo "1. Add user"echo "2. Exit" echo "Enter your choice: " read choice case $choice in 1) new_user # call the new_user() function) exit

esac root, adduser , root . , . trap< . ., CTRL-C interrupt, "" . trap; , , . trap : trap dejstwie signal dejstwie , , signal , .

trap -l. , SIG. , SIGINT, INT. . SIGINT 2. :!/bin/bashusing the trap commandda se zipylni funkciqta sorry() pri natiskane na CTRL-C:

trap sorry INTfunction sorry() prints a message

sorry() { echo "I'm sorry Dave. I can't do that." sleep 3 }count down from 10 to 1:

for i in 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1; do echo $i seconds until system failure." sleep 1 done echo "System failure." , , CTRL-C. . trap , sorry(). trap "" .


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trap "-". :izpylni sorry() funkciqta kogato programa poluchi signal SIGINT:

trap sorry INTnakaraj programata da NE prihwashta SIGINT signala :

trap - INTne prawi nishto kogato se prihwane signal SIGINT:

trap INT trap , , "". trap , , . [ 1| 2 | 3 | 4 ] X_console. http://xfactor.itec.yorku.ca/~xconsole/. e [ 2 ]. . : : ", : ', : `. ? . , . , " .". . : xconsole$ mkdir hello world xconsole$ ls -F hello/ world/ . mkdir hello world , .

: xconsole$ mkdir "hello world" xconsole$ ls -F hello/ hello world/ world/ , . . mkdir hello world . , . , . . - :!/bin/bash

x=5 # stojnosta na x e 5izpolzwame dwojni kawichki

echo "Using double quotes, the value of x is: $x"izpolzwame edinichni kawichki

echo 'Using forward quotes, the value of x is: $x' ? , , . , , : xconsole$ mkdir 'hello world' xconsole$ ls -F hello world/ . , . - : x=$(expr $x + 1) , expr$x + 1 x.

: x=`expr $x + 1` ? , . , - $(...). $(...) - . : $!/bin/bash echo "I am `whoami`" BASH bash . expr. a , , true , . , true expr, . true ":". expr $((...)). $(...) . :!/bin/bash

x=8 # stojnosta na x e 8 y=4 # stojnosta na y e 4

sega shte priswojm sumata na promenliwite x i y na promenliwata z:

z=$(($x + $y)) echo "Sum na $x + $y e $z" - expr $((...)), . bash , , , , . : + - * / % . . bash


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:!/bin/bash

x=5 # initialize x to 5 y=3 # initialize y to 3 add=$(($x + $y)) # sumiraj x sys y i priswoj rezultata na promenliwataadd sub=$(($x - $y)) # izwadi ot x y i priswoj rezultata na promenliwata sub mul=$(($x * $y)) # umnozhi x po y ipriswoj rezultata na promenliwata mul div=$(($x / $y)) # razdeli x na y i priswoj rezultata na promenliwata divmod=$(($x % $y)) # priswoj ostatyka pri delenie na x / y na promenliwata modotpechataj otgoworite:

echo "Suma: $add" echo "Razlika: $sub" echo "Projzwedenie: $mul" echo "Quotient: $div" echo "Ostatyk: $mod" expr. add=$(($x + $y)), add=$(expr $x + $y), add=`expr $x + $y`. . . read. read bash , , :!/bin/bashgets the name of the user and prints a greeting

echo -n "Enter your name: " read user_name echo "Hello $user_name!" user_name.

, , . read ENTER. , read , ENTER . ENTER , , . :!/bin/bashgets the name of the user and prints a greeting

echo -n "Enter your name: " read user_namethe user did not enter anything:

if [ -z "$user_name" ]; then echo "You did not tell me your name!" exit fi echo "Hello $user_name!" ENTER, . . , , , . - . - , . , . , , :!/bin/bashfunctiqta hello() samo izpechatwa syobshtenie

hello() { echo "Wie ste wyw funkciq hello()" } echo "Izwikwame funkciqta hello()..."

izwikwame hello() funkciqta wytre w shell skripta:hello echo "Weche izleznahte ot funkciqta hello()" . hello() . - . hello() : hello bash hello(). . . function_name(), , function . function function_name(). , function hello(): function hello() { echo "Wie ste wyw funkciq hello()" } "()", : "{...}".

. . . , :!/bin/bash

echo "Izwikwame funkciqta hello()..."


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call the hello() function:

hello echo "Weche izleznahte ot funkciqta hello()"function hello() just prints a message

hello() { echo "Wie ste wyw funkciq hello()" } , : xconsole$ ./hello.sh Izwikwame funkciqta hello()... ./hello.sh: hello: command not found Wecheizleznahte ot funkciqta hello() , . . :

!/bin/bashadmin.sh - administrative toolfunction new_user() creates a new user account

new_user() { echo "Preparing to add a new user..." sleep 2 adduser # run the adduser program } echo "1. Add user"echo "2. Exit" echo "Enter your choice: " read choice case $choice in 1) new_user # call the new_user() function) exit

esac , root, adduser , root . , . trap,

. ., CTRL-C interrupt, "" . trap , , . trap : trap dejstwie signal dejstwie , , signal , . trap -l. , SIG. , SIGINT, INT. . SIGINT 2. :!/bin/bashusing the trap commandda se zipylni funkciqta sorry() pri natiskane na CTRL-C:

trap sorry INTfunction sorry() prints a message

sorry() { echo "I'm sorry Dave. I can't do that." sleep 3 }count down from 10 to 1:

for i in 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1; do echo $i seconds until system failure." sleep 1 done echo "System failure." ,

CTRL-C. . trap , sorry(). trap "" . trap "-". :izpylni sorry() funkciqta kogato programa poluchi signal SIGINT:

trap sorry INTnakaraj programata da NE prihwashta SIGINT signala :

trap - INTne prawi nishto kogato se prihwane signal SIGINT:

trap INT trap , , "". trap , , . BASH : 1.2( 4) X_console. http://xfactor.itec.yorku.ca/~xconsole/. e [ 3 ]. AND OR .


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, . AND ( "&&") OR ( "||").AND : _1 && _2 AND - . . . _1 ( false), _2 . : if() _1 , AND() if() _2 , then()... AND :!/bin/bash

x=5 y=10 if [ "$x" -eq 5 ] && [ "$y" -eq 10 ]; then echo "I dwete uslowiq sa wqrni." else echo "Uslowiqta ne sa

wqrni." fi , x y , . x x=5 x=12, , ( false). OR . , - (. false). -: _1 ||_2 : if() _1 , OR() _2 , ... :!/bin/bash

x=3 y=2 if [ "$x" -eq 5 ] || [ "$y" -eq 2 ]; then echo "Edno ot uslowiqta e wqrno." else echo "Nito edno ot uslowiqtane e wqrno." fi , . y . , .

, , if AND OR . if . " if " if if . , if. if, AND :!/bin/bash

x=5 y=10 if [ "$x" -eq 5 ]; then if [ "$y" -eq 10 ]; then echo "I dwete uslowiq sa wqrni." else echo "Uslowiqta ne sawqrni." fi fi , AND . , - , . AND OR . , Linux . ; , . more. , . . "$#". . : xconsole$ foo argument $# 1 , . , $# 2. ( - foo) $0 - foo, $1 -argument .. 9 $0 $9. :!/bin/bash

izpechataj pyrwiq argumentproweri dali ima pone edin argument:

if [ "$#" -ne 1 ]; then echo "usage: $0 " fi echo "Stojnosta na argumenta e $1" , . , , . , , . , $0 . "usage" . PIPING , , .: xconsole$ echo "Hello World" Hello World "" . . ">"

. , . : xconsole$ echo "Hello World" > foo.file xconsole$ cat foo.file Hello World echo "Hello World" foo.file. . , ">". , , . , ? : ">>". ,


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, . piping.Piping- . Piping : "|". , "L". SHIFT \. piping: xconsole$ cat /etc/passwd | grep xconsole xconsole:x:1002:100:X_console,,,:/home/xconsole:/bin/bash /etc/passwd grep, xconsole , . , : xconsole$ cat /etc/passwd | grep xconsole> foo.file xconsole$ cat foo.file xconsole:x:1002:100:X_console,,,:/home/xconsole:/bin/bash .

/etc/passwd grep xconsole. foo.file. , piping , . , . . . . , , , . . "$$" . : hello. , . hello.$$ $$hello,

. : xconsole$ touch hello xconsole$ ls hello xconsole$ touch hello.$$xconsole$ ls hello hello.689 . () , . , grep , , grep 0 , 1 . ? . , . grep /etc/passwd. , , foobar: xconsole$ grep "foobar" /etc/passwdxconsole$ . grep . - , . , , . , . $?. :!/bin/bashgrep for user foobar and pipe all output to /dev/null:

grep "foobar" /etc/passwd > /dev/null 2>&1capture the return value and act accordingly:

if [ "$?" -eq 0 ]; then echo "Match found." exit else echo "No match found." fi , "$?" grep. 0,

. , . , . , , , -. 2>&1, . Linux, . 0 (: ), 1 (: ) 2 (: ). 1, 2. /dev/null. , . , , : xconsole$ ls /root ls: /root: Permission denied xconsole$ ls /root 2>/dev/null xconsole$ , .

, 1. , /dev/null. , , :xconsole$ ls /root > /dev/null 2>&1 , , /dev/null, . ? exit - ,


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. 0 , , , .. . - - 0 , . . :!/bin/bash

if [ -f "/etc/passwd" ]; then echo "Password file exists." exit 0 else echo "No such file." exit 1 fi bash . , bash . ,

. bash . - C Perl. !


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http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/BashBash Bourne Again Shell ( : ) (), UNIX .1 2 3 4 Bash

5 Bash 6 Bash6.1 6.2 7 Bash

UNIX, . - UNIX. - Windows

MacOS, . ( ) (builtins).

UNIX Bourne shell (sh). UNIX 7 1979 . C shell (csh), BSD. C, C shell UNIX . Bourne shell. Bourne shell ksh (Korn Shell). Bourne shell.

, Bash (Bourne-Again Shell) - UNIX. sh (Bourne Shell) ksh (Korn Shell) csh (C Shell). 10 1988 . - . 1995 . Bash 2.0 23 1996 . Bash . , . . Bash , sed,

awk, grep, cut . UNIX.

Bash

, *nix . man less, vi .J -- -- L -- H --

Space -- q --- ( quit ) Ctrl + Z -- , (job) ""fg -- ""clear ; anotherCommand --- ; Ctrl + C ---
http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashhttp://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash


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Bash

, . .. myFirstScript.sh , :chmod u+x myFirstScript.sh

ls -al

, Bash , :#!///bash

C, C++, Java . Bash , . Bash :#!/usr/local/bin/bashecho ", !"

# :echo "hello" # hello

# exit

Bash . , declare. :ime_promenliva="stoinost na promenlivata"

$ . :echo $ime_promenliva

. function:function ime_funciq {# kod na funciq

}

:ime_funciq() {# kod na funciq

}

, , :

ime_funciq " 1" " 2" 5 $1 $n n . shift, :echo $1shift 2# $3 $1 Bash []

e int , . integer --- :

int1 -eq int2 True int1 int2int1 -ge int2 True int1 - int2.int1 -gt int2 True int1 - int2.int1 -le int2 True int1 - int2int1 -lt int2 True int1 - int2int1 -ne int2 True int1 int2


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string, str .str1 = str2 True str1 str2.str1 != str2 True str1 str2.str True str null (.. )-n str True if str - null(null )-z str True str 0 . (0 null) Bash []

ls -a -X -1 # ls -al | less # history | grep cd # history , .... grep , cd !345 # 345 command > command_output.txt # command_output.txt ( command )find / -name "filename" # "filename" /find . -name linux | grep bash | less # "linux" ,

, "bash" less - alias ls='ls -1 -X --color=tty' # Ctrl + A # Ctrl + E # Ctrl + U # Ctrl + K # mkdir /mnt/usbflash # /mnt/usbflash mount /dev/sdb1 -t vfat /mnt/usbflash # vfat umount /mnt/usbflash # cat history.txt | mail -s "test file sending" -c someEmail(a)abv.bg some.otherEmail.com # history.txt , mail "test file sending" head -n 20 tooLongFile # 20 vim /etc/bashrc # PS1="\u@\h \t \w\n\\$ " # $ for file in `ls -R` ; do cp $file $file.bak; done # .bakgunzip *file.ziptar -xvf file.tar #


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bash

bash a , . a PS1. . :

[slaff@atlantis slaff]$ SAVE=$PS1

PS1 SAVE. PS1 . PS1 "command>":

[slaff@atlantis slaff]$ PS1="command>"

:

command>

command> PS1=$SAVE[slaff@atlantis slaff]$

Bash , . :

\a \d " " "" " ( "Tue May 26")\h (. subdomain.domain.org -> =subdomain)\H \n \r \s , \t 24 HH:MM:SS (HH-, MM-, SS-)\T 12 HH:MM:SS\u (username)\v bash ( 2.00)\w

\W \! \nnn o \\ (.. \)\[ " "\] " "

, :

\u ( ) . slaff\h . atlantis

\W . slaff

[slaff@atlantis slaff]$ PS1="\u@\h \W> "slaff@atlantis slaff> lsbin mailslaff@atlantis slaff>


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- Linux . , :

slaff@atlantis slaff> PS1="[\t][\u@\h:\w]\$ "[21:52:01][slaff@atlantis:~]$ lsbin mail

, ,

.bash_profile, . . root /etc/profile /etc/bashrc . , Linux . PS1="[\t][\u@\h:\w]\$ "

(alias)

Alias ( ) . "cd /usr/local/share/" GO

alias GO="cd /usr/local/share/"

- .bash_profile

PROMPT_COMMAND

PROMPT_COMMAND . :

[21:55:01][slaff@atlantis:~] PS1="[\u@\h:\w]\$ "[slaff@atlantis:~] PROMPT_COMMAND="echo 2155"2155[slaff@atlantis:~] dbin mail2156[slaff@atlantis:~]

2155 . ,

2155 . -n echo.

[slaff@atlantis:~] PROMPT_COMMAND="echo -n 2155"2156[slaff@atlantis:~]$2156[slaff@atlantis:~]$ dbin mail

-.

.

Bash /usr/local/bin lsbytesum. , PATH.


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___________________________________________________#!/bin/bash# lsbytesum - sum the number of bytes in a directory listingTotalBytes=0for Bytes in $(ls -l | grep "^-" | cut -c30-41)dolet TotalBytes=$TotalBytes+$BytesdoneTotalMeg=$(echo -e "scale=3 \n$TotalBytes/1048576 \nquit" | bc)

echo -n "$TotalMeg"___________________________________________________

.

:

[2158][slaff@atlantis:~]$ PS1="[\u@\h:\w (\$(lsbytesum) Mb)]\$ "[slaff@atlantis:~ (0 Mb)]$ cd /bin[slaff@atlantis:/bin (4.498 Mb)]$

. , . . .

Bash

RedHat. . . :

echo -e "\033[41;33;1m Welcome to Linux\033[m"

"Welcome to Linux" . , "\033[bg;fg;1m \033[m". 41 , , 33 , .

:

: 30=, 31=, 32=, 33=, 34=, 35=, 36=,37= : 0=, 40=, 41=, 42=, 43=, 44= 45=,46=, 47=

echo -e "\033[44;37;1m Welcome to Linux\033[m"

Slackware Linux___________________________________________________#/bin/bashversion="`cat /etc/slackware-version`"echo -e "\033[41;33;1m Welcome to Slackware $version\033[m"

___________________________________________________

. , \[\033[ m\].


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PS1="\[\033[1;34m\][\$(date +%H%M)][\u@\h:\w]$\[\033[0m\] "

:

0;30 1;30 0;34 1;34 0;32 1;32 0;36 1;36 0;31 1;31

0;35 1;35 0;33 1;33 0;37 1;37

:

\[\033[44;1;31m\]

\[\033[44m\]\[\033[1;31m\]

:4: , 5: , 8:

___________________________________________________

function elite{

local GRAY="\[\033[1;30m\]"local LIGHT_GRAY="\[\033[0;37m\]"local CYAN="\[\033[0;36m\]"local LIGHT_CYAN="\[\033[1;36m\]"

case $TERM inxterm*)local TITLEBAR='\[\033]0;\u@\h:\w\007\]';;*)local TITLEBAR=""

;;esac

local GRAD1=$(tty|cut -d/ -f3)PS1="$TITLEBAR\$GRAY-$CYAN-$LIGHT_CYAN(\$CYAN\u$GRAY@$CYAN\h\$LIGHT_CYAN)$CYAN-$LIGHT_CYAN(\$CYAN\#$GRAY/$CYAN$GRAD1\$LIGHT_CYAN)$CYAN-$LIGHT_CYAN(\$CYAN\$(date +%H%M)$GRAY/$CYAN\$(date +%d-%b-%y)\

$LIGHT_CYAN)$CYAN-$GRAY-\$LIGHT_GRAY\n\$GRAY-$CYAN-$LIGHT_CYAN(\$CYAN\$$GRAY:$CYAN\w\$LIGHT_CYAN)$CYAN-$GRAY-$LIGHT_GRAY "PS2="$LIGHT_CYAN-$CYAN-$GRAY-$LIGHT_GRAY "}


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___________________________________________________

:

___________________________________________________#!/bin/bash## This file echoes a bunch of colour codes to the terminal to demonstrate

# what's available. Each line is one colour on black and gray# backgrounds, with the code in the middle. Verified to work on white,# black, and green BGs (2 Dec 98).#echo " On Light Gray: On Black:"echo -e "\033[47m\033[1;37m White \033[0m\1;37m \\033[40m\033[1;37m White \033[0m"echo -e "\033[47m\033[37m Light Gray \033[0m\37m \\033[40m\033[37m Light Gray \033[0m"

echo -e "\033[47m\033[1;30m Gray \033[0m\1;30m \\033[40m\033[1;30m Gray \033[0m"echo -e "\033[47m\033[30m Black \033[0m\30m \\033[40m\033[30m Black \033[0m"echo -e "\033[47m\033[31m Red \033[0m\31m \\033[40m\033[31m Red \033[0m"echo -e "\033[47m\033[1;31m Light Red \033[0m\1;31m \\033[40m\033[1;31m Light Red \033[0m"echo -e "\033[47m\033[32m Green \033[0m\32m \\033[40m\033[32m Green \033[0m"echo -e "\033[47m\033[1;32m Light Green \033[0m\1;32m \\033[40m\033[1;32m Light Green \033[0m"echo -e "\033[47m\033[33m Brown \033[0m\33m \\033[40m\033[33m Brown \033[0m"

echo -e "\033[47m\033[1;33m Yellow \033[0m\1;33m \\033[40m\033[1;33m Yellow \033[0m"echo -e "\033[47m\033[34m Blue \033[0m\34m \\033[40m\033[34m Blue \033[0m"echo -e "\033[47m\033[1;34m Light Blue \033[0m\1;34m \\033[40m\033[1;34m Light Blue \033[0m"echo -e "\033[47m\033[35m Purple \033[0m\35m \

\033[40m\033[35m Purple \033[0m"echo -e "\033[47m\033[1;35m Pink \033[0m\1;35m \\033[40m\033[1;35m Pink \033[0m"echo -e "\033[47m\033[36m Cyan \033[0m\36m \\033[40m\033[36m Cyan \033[0m"


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echo -e "\033[47m\033[1;36m Light Cyan \033[0m\1;36m \\033[40m\033[1;36m Light Cyan \033[0m"___________________________________________________

.

___________________________________________________#!/bin/bash# "hostloadcolour" - 17 October 98, by Giles## The idea here is to change the colour of the host name in the ,# depending on a threshold load value.

# THRESHOLD_LOAD is the value of the one minute load (multiplied# by one hundred) at which you want

# the to change from COLOUR_LOW to COLOUR_HIGHTHRESHOLD_LOAD=200COLOUR_LOW='1;34'# light blueCOLOUR_HIGH='1;31'# light red

function _command {ONE=$(uptime | sed -e "s/.*load average: $.*\...$, $.*\...$, $.*\...$/\1/" -e "s/ //g")# Apparently, "scale" in bc doesn't apply to multiplication, but does# apply to division.ONEHUNDRED=$(echo -e "scale=0 \n $ONE/0.01 \nquit \n" | bc)if [ $ONEHUNDRED -gt $THRESHOLD_LOAD ]thenHOST_COLOUR=$COLOUR_HIGH# Light RedelseHOST_COLOUR=$COLOUR_LOW# Light Bluefi}

function hostloadcolour {

PROMPT_COMMAND=_commandPS1="[$(date +%H%M)][\u@\[\033[\$(echo -n \$HOST_COLOUR)m\]\h\[\033[0m\]:\w]$ "}


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BASH : 1.2( 1) X_console(14-03-2000)

X_console. http://xfactor.itec.yorku.ca/~xconsole/.

, Linux BASH (Bourne Again SHell) . (Shell) .

, Linux . BASH . bash , .

? . - - . C, C++, Java. (source code) - .

(). C Linux Windows 98. Windows 98. ( ) , . . , , - . , . bash . . Perl, Lisp, Tcl.

?

- Linux. , . . Linux - vi, emacs, pico, mcedit.

!!! root ! ! . ! root.

BASH "Hello World" . "Hello World" . :

#!/bin/bashecho "Hello World"

bash . bash /bin . bash .

, Linux . hello.sh. . :

xconsole$ chmod 700 ./hello.sh

chmod


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. :

xconsole$ ./hello.sh

Hello World

! - , , chmod.

, , ? "Hello World" . ? . echo "Hello World". ? echo. echo , .

. "Hello World". ls /home/root, ls /home/root. ? ,

echo. foo. . :

#!/bin/bashfoo "Hello World"

chmod :

xconsole$ ./helloHello World

. echo . printf. printf , C. :


Linux . bash , .

- , . :

xconsole$ mkdir trashxconsole$ mv * trashxconsole$ rm -rf trashxconsole$ mkdir trash

:

#!/bin/bashmkdir trashmv * trashrm -rf trashmkdir trash


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echo "Deleted all files!"

clean.sh. clean.sh trash, . , . .

- .

. . bash : "#", (#!/bin/bash). . "#" . :

#!/bin/bash# tazi programa broi chislata ot 1 do 10:for i in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10; do

echo $idone

bash, ,

. . , , .

, - , "" . . , . :

#!/bin/bashx=12echo "Stoinosta na promenliwata x e $x"

x 12 echo. echo "Stoinosta na promenliwata x e $x" x. "=". :

__=

"$" . & x echo $x.

- (environment). env . :

xconsole$ echo $SHELL

/bin/bash

.

/etc/profile ~/.bash_profile. echo , . :

#!/bin/bashecho "Stojnosta na x e 12."echo "Az imam 12 moliwa."


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echo "Toj mi kaza che stojnosta na x e 12."echo "Az sym na 12 godini."echo "Kak taka stojnosta na x e 12?"

x 12 8. ? 12 8. ... 12 x. ? x. ? :

#!/bin/bashx=12 # stoinosta na promenliwata x e 12 e xecho "Stoinosta na x e $x."echo "Az imam 12 moliwa."echo "Toj mi kaza che stojnosta na x e $x."echo "Az sym na 12 godini."echo "Kak taka stojnosta na x e $x?"

$x x, 12. x 12 8 x=12 x=8. .

.

[ 1] BASH : 1.2( 2)

X_console(29-03-2000)

(1) [ ] [ ]

X_console. http://xfactor.itec.yorku.ca/~xconsole/.

e [ 1 ].

" " -.

- . . :

#!/bin/bashcp /etc/foo .echo "Done."

/etc/foo "Done" . . /etc/foo. :

xconsole$ ./bar.shcp: /etc/foo: No such file or directoryDone.

. /etc/foo . -, /etc/foo , . "" :


99/117

if /etc/code exists, thencopy /etc/code to the current directoryprint "Done." to the screen.

otherwise,print "This file does not exist." to the screenexit

bash? ! bash : if, while, until, for, case. . if

if, fi. . bash.

if ... else ... elif ... fi - . " (if) , (else) ". if test. test ,, . bar.sh:

#!/bin/bashif test -f /etc/foo

then# file exists, so copy and print a message.cp /etc/foo .echo "Done."

else# file does NOT exist, so we print a message and exit.echo "This file does not exist."exit

fi

then else -. , - . . /etc/foo, , . -f . test:

-d -e -f -g SGID -r -s 0

-u SUID -w -x

else , . elif, if if. elif "else if". .

if test , :

if test -f /etc/foothen

:

if [ -f /etc/foo ]; then


100/117

test . C -. , . : ";" . ";" . -. then .

test . :

if [ "$name" -eq 5 ]; then

while ... do ... donewhile . - , "whi

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