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© Boardworks Ltd 20041 of 20 © Boardworks Ltd 20051 of 31
Microbesand Disease
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Contents
What are microbes?
Uses of microbes
Summary activities
How microbes cause disease
Fighting disease
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Microbes are very small living things and are sometimes called micro-organisms.
Microbes are so tiny that they cannot be seen with the naked eye. They can only be seen using a microscope.
What are microbes?
How many different microbes can you name?
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Walk in
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There are three types of microbes:
Different types of microbes
bacteria viruses fungi
microbes
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Bacteria fact file
size: 1/1000 mm
shape: Bacteria can be spherical, rod-shaped or comma-shaped.
structure: Bacteria are single-celled organisms.Some cause disease, but many are useful.
reproduction: Bacteria reproduce very quickly. Two can very quickly become four, then eight and so on.
Bacteria e.g. Salmonella and Streptococcus
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Viruses fact file
size: 1/1,000,000 mm
shape: Viruses have regular and geometric shapes.
structure: A virus does not display ALL the characteristics of living things.
reproduction: Viruses can only grow and reproduce within other living things.
Viruses e.g. flu virus and HIV (the AIDS virus)
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Fungi fact file
size: Some fungi can actually be seen with the naked eye, others are slightly bigger than bacterial cells.
shape: Fungi come in many different shapes.
structure: Fungi have the most complex structures of all the microbes. They feed off other living things.
Fungi e.g. Penicillium and yeast
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Microbes and Disease
Contents
What are microbes?
Uses of microbes
Summary activities
Fighting disease
How microbes cause disease
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Microbes have many uses that are based on the fact that microbes can be grown.
Fungi can also be used to make food. The meat substitute Quorn is a protein produced using fungi.
Bacteria grow in milk to make it ‘go off’.
This type of bacterial growth is used to make milk into yogurt.
Cheese is another product that is made from milk.
Using microbes – bacteria and fungi
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Microbes and Disease
Contents
What are microbes?
Uses of microbes
Summary activities
Fighting disease
How microbes cause disease
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The diseases caused by microbes and their severity depend on the type of microbe.
viruses bacteria
influenza (flu) food poisoning
mumps sore throats
chickenpox tuberculosis (TB)smallpox tetanus
polio cholera
rabies typhoid
measles whooping cough
fungi
fungal sinusitis
athlete’s footdiscolored toe
nails
viralmeningitis
bacterialmeningitis
Microbes can cause disease
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The spreading of microbes and disease is known as transmission.
How are microbes spread?
A cough or a sneeze can release millions of microbes into the air which can then infect somebody else.
1. Transmission by air
Dirty water can transmit many diseases, e.g. cholera, which can be transmitted by drinking.
2. Transmission by water
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How are microbes spread?
An animal can carry a microbe from one place to another, e.g. a mosquito which spreads the malaria parasite.
3. Transmission by animals
Many microbes can be exchanged from one person to another by direct or indirect contact:
4. Transmission by contact
direct contact by hand; indirect contact, e.g. by walking on a wet floor already contaminated by someone else who has athlete’s foot;
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The spread of disease can be prevented by making sure that good hygiene is used in key places such as bathrooms and kitchens.
Chemicals called antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial infections.
People can be immunized against some diseases by the injection of a vaccine.
How is the spread of disease stopped?
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Microbes and Disease
Contents
What are microbes?
Uses of microbes
Summary activities
Fighting disease
How microbes cause disease
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Fighting microbes
How does the body fight off microbes that cause disease?
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What do white blood cells do?
The human body has a number of natural defences against microbes. Noses are hairy inside to trap microbes!
Some white blood cells can destroy microbes by engulfing them.
white blood cellThe body also produces white blood cells to help defend it from microbes.
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White blood cell engulfs microbe – animation
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White blood cell and antibodies – animation
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8C Microbes and Disease
Contents
What are microbes?
Uses of microbes
Summary activities
Fighting disease
How microbes cause disease
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Glossary
antibiotics – Chemicals prescribed as medicine to kill bacteria inside the body.
antibodies – Chemicals produced by white blood cells to fight microbes that cause disease.
bacteria – The type of microbes that are single-celled organisms.
fungi – The type of microbes that feed off other living things.
immune – Resistance to infection caused by a microbe.microbe – A very small living thing.transmission – The spread of a disease from person to
person.viruses – The type of microbes that can only grow and
reproduce within other living things.
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