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Lesson 1 Vocabulary Expedition- a journey made for a
special purpose Colony- a settlement far from the
country that rules it Columbian Exchange- movement of
people, animals, plants, diseases, and ways of life between the Eastern Hemisphere and Western Hemispheres
Meet the People Christopher Columbus- Italian; voyages led
to European settlement of the Americas and an exchange of people, animals, goods, and ways of life between East and West
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella- king and queen of Spain who funded Columbus’s voyage
Amerigo Vespucci- sailed to the eastern coast of South America in 1501; the named America is derived from his name; he was the first to call the Americas a “new world”
Meet the People Vasco Nunez de Balboa- Spanish;
crossed the Isthmus of Panama and reached the Pacific Ocean in 1513
Ferdinand Magellan- Portugal; led the first expedition around the world, which began in 1519 and ended without him in 1522 (he was killed during the voyage)
Christopher Columbus Italian Wanted to find a better way to reach the
Indies, a part of Asia rich with gold, spices, and other goods
At this time, the only way to reach the Indies was by land journey over the Silk Road
Columbus suggested sailing west across the Atlantic
He convinced Spain’s King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella to fund his expedition
The Journey of Christopher Columbus
Left Spain with three ships (Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria) on August 3, 1492
On October 12, land was sighted Historians believe that Columbus had
reached one of the Bahama Islands Because he believed he had reached the
Indies, Columbus called the Taino “Indians”
The Bahama Islands and other islands of the region became known as the West Indies
The Columbian Exchange
On the 2nd expedition Columbus made to the Americas, he took 17 ships loaded with settlers, animals and other supplies
The goal for this trip was to start a colony that would bring profits to Spain
Thousands of European settlers were soon living in colonies throughout the West Indies
Although the Columbian Exchange helped Europe, Africa, Asia and the Americas, it also had several downfalls
The Impact of Columbus
Columbus showed Europeans the way to the Americas
By the early 1600s, explorers and settlers from Spain, Portugal, England, France, Sweden and the Netherlands had come to the Americas
Lesson 2 Vocabulary Conquistador- conquerors Ally- a friend who will help in a fight Conquest- is the capture or taking of something
by force Convert- change Colonist- a person who lives in a colony
Meet the People Moctezuma- leader of the Aztecs during the time
of Cortes’s conquest Hernando Cortes- Spanish conquistador who
conquered the Aztec Empire Dona Marina- Cortes’s ally and interpreter Francisco Pizarro- Spanish leader who conquered
the Inca Atahualpa- Incan ruler in 1532
The Aztecs Are Conquered
1519 Cortes arrived in Mexico with the goal of gaining some of the Aztecs’ wealth
Cortes faced a major challenge- his men were outnumbered
Cortes did have advantages: metal armor, muskets, bullets, and horses
Cortes also had allies At their first meeting, Moctezuma agrees to let Crotes
stay in Tenochtitlan 1520, Aztecs throw Spanish out of their city Moctezuma was killed; Cortes escaped Cortes returns late in 1520 with more allies 1521 Aztec empire falls to the conquistadors
Founding New Spain Spanish destroy Tenochtitlan Smallpox continued to claim lives New Spain is established in 1535; New Spain’s
capital was established as Mexico City Government, schools, and universities are built;
laws are made Priests convert people to Christianity Spanish colonists came with hopes to become
wealthy
The Conquests Continue
Francisco Pizarro is sent to South America to conquer the Incan Empire
In 1532, Atahualpa is captured 1533, Cuzco is captured by Pizarro’s forces By 1545, a new capital called Lima had been
established in Peru
Lesson 3 Vocabulary Society- group of people forming a community Plantation- large farms with many workers who
lived on the land they worked Encomienda- granted a peninsulare control of all
of the native peoples who lived on an area of land Missionary- teaches his/her religion to others who
have different beliefs Mission- a religious settlement where
missionaries live and work
Meet the People Hernando de Soto- the first European explorer to
reach the Mississippi River Esteban- African sailor who had been enslaved
and told of a rich kingdom called Cibola Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca- explored what is
now known as Texas in 1528 Francisco Vasquez de Coronado- explored the
Southwest in 1540 Juan Ponce de Leon- landed on the Florida
peninsula in 1513 Bartolome de La Casas- led the movement to end
the enslavement of native peoples in New Spain
The Search for Gold Spanish told stories of gold and other riches in
the Americas Cibola was told to be a rich kingdom located far
to the north of Mexico Vaca and Esteban are shipwrecked in 1528 (they
had traveled for 8 years in search of Cibola) In 1531, Esteban joins another expedition to find
Cibola Esteban is killed by the Zuni people in modern
day New Mexico The legend of Cibola lived on Governor of New Spain sends Coronado to find
the cities Coronado does not find Cibola either
Society in New Spain By the end of 1500s, most fighting between the
native peoples and conquistadors had stopped By 1600, a new life and society was developing in
New Spain At the top of the society were the peninsulares
(those born in Spain) Next were the creoles (Spanish descent but born
in the Americas) Under the creoles were the mestizos (person with
Indian and Spanish background) Those who had no Spanish ancestors (Indians and
Africans) held the lowest position in society
Society in New Spain Contd.
Peninsulares were wealthy and powerful Many owned plantations Some held grants, encomiends, that gave them
control over all of the native peoples who lived on an area of land
Encomienda owners were to care for and convert the native peoples to Christianity
Native peoples had to give the encomienda owners crops they grew and other goods
Colonists in the city earned money by holding jobs such as shopkeepers, merchants and government positions; others owned clothing and furniture businesses
More Changes for Native Peoples
Native peoples worked without pay as farm workers, miners, and servants
Many times they were beaten and did not have enough to eat
Roman Catholic missionaries run some encomiendas Many missions were built throughout New Spain Missionaries wanted to convert native peoples to
Christianity and some were taught European farming traditions such as raising cattle and sheep; often treated native peoples cruelly
Batolome de Las Casas spoke out against mistreatment of native peoples by missionaries; Spain passed laws requiring native peoples to be paid for their work
Laws were not enforced and later were cancelled
Slavery in Americas In 1512, Spanish brought enslaved Africans to the
Hispaniola to replace native peoples who were dying rapidly from diseases
Africans in slavery became an important part of the colonial economy
By 1574, there were 12,000 slaves in Hispaniola alone
African slaves died from overwork and mistreatment
Profits from colonial plantations and mines brought large profits to Spain
In 1600s, Spain was one of the most powerful countries in the world