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Circular Flow – economic model showing income and product movements Product markets
Goods and services Total value of output
Factor (input or resource) markets Resources Factor payments = Income
wages rent interest profits
Expenditures: GDP = C + I + G + Xn C = consumer spending = f(income, interest rates)
Taxes (T) Consumer confidence
I = Business spending on plant and equipment (Investment) = f(interest rates, expected profits): Saving is necessary
Expectations of sales and profits Technology Business taxes
Government sector (G): Government spending on public goods = f(votes)
Foreign sector: Net Exports (Xn) = Exports (X) – Imports (Im)= f(exchange rates)
Exchange rates: rate at which two currencies trade Exports: goods purchased buy foreigners Imports: goods we purchase from foreigners
Income: GDP = C + S + T
Aggregate Demand – total dollar value of all planned expenditures AD Curve – inverse relationship between
the price level (GDP Price Deflator) and total quantity demanded
Shifts Components
Money Supply
Aggregate Supply – Real domestic output offered for sale by producers AS Curve - positive relationship between the price level (GDP Price
Deflator) and total quantity Shifts
Resource prices Productivity
Technology Education
Legislation Regulations
External shocks – come from outside the borders War – security costs OPEC Oil price increases 911
Internal shocks Weather and natural disasters Labor unions go on strike
Population Immigration Age
Equilibrium: Total quantity demanded = Total quantity supplied
Intersection of AD and AS
Natural (Potential) Real GDP: Economy is healthy Full employment Anticipated inflation 80 % Capacity
Gaps Contractionary Gap: Actual GDP < Natural
(Potential) GDP Sluggish economy Unemployment Could lead to a recession or depression
Expansionary Gap: Actual GDP > Natural (Potential) GDP
Overheating economy Overemployment Could lead to inflation