Contents

1 1264 A Priori Knowledge: Linguistic Aspects 1

1 4917 Aalto, Pentti (1917–1998) 3

1 2410 Aasen, Ivar Andreas (1813–1896) 4

1 1390 Abduction 5

1 2411 Abercrombie, David (1909–1992) 6

1 4622 Abkhaz 7

1 2412 Abraham, Roy Clive (1890–1963) 9

1 4763 Abstraction 10

1 0411 Academies: Dictionaries and Standards 12

1 1506 Accent 14

1 4291 Accessibility Theory 15

1 2368 Acquired Impairments of Written Language 18

1 1431 Actantial Theory 26

1 1142 Action Sentences and Adverbs 37

1 4872 Active/Inactive Marking 40

1 0324 Activity Theory 44

1 2306 Adamawa-Ubangi 47

1 2414 Adamczewski, Henri (b. 1929) 48

1 0394 Adaptability in Human-Computer Interaction 49

1 0389 Addressivity 55

1 2416 Adelung, Johann Christoph (1732–1806) 58

1 0282 Adjectives 60

1 0286 Adpositions 63

1 0285 Adverbs 66

1 4551 Aegean Scripts 69

1 2417 Aelfric (fl. 987-1010) 83

1 0107 Affixation 83

1 1680 Afghanistan: Language Situation 89

1 0176 Africa as a Linguistic Area 90

1 4377 African Linguistics: History 94

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1 4336 African Lexicography 95

1 2190 Afrikaans 102

1 2062 Afroasiatic Languages 106

1 1479 Age: Apparent Time and Real Time 110

1 1510 Aging and Language 116

1 2362 Agrammatism I: Process Approaches 119

1 4162 Agrammatism II: Linguistic Approaches 126

1 4536 Agrell, Sigurd (1881–1937) 131

1 4964 Aikhenvald, Alexandra (b. 1957) 132

1 4379 Ainu 133

1 4909 Ajdukiewicz, Kazimierz (1890–1963) 135

1 2307 Akan 137

1 2079 Akkadian 140

1 2422 Alarcos Llorach, Emilio (1922–1998) 142

1 0805 Alarm Calls 143

1 1779 Albania: Language Situation 155

1 2155 Albanian 155

1 5067 Alcover, Antoni Maria (1862–1932) 158

1 1611 Algeria: Language Situation 159

1 2265 Algonquian and Ritwan Languages 161

1 2419 Al-Jurjani, Abd Al-Qahir (10th Century A.D.) 167

1 2420 Al-Khalil (8th Century A.D.) 168

1 2423 Alonso, Amado (1896–1952) 169

1 2093 Altaic Languages 170

1 4916 Alvar, Manuel (b. 1923) 173

1 2421 Al-Zajjaji, Abu Al-Qasim (10th Century A.D.) 175

1 1337 American Linguistics before Whitney 176

1 5148 American Lexicography 184

1 2080 Amharic 193

1 2424 Amman, Johann Conrad (1669–1730) 197

1 0134 A-Morphous Morphology 198

1 1244 Analytic Philosophy 203

1 1146 Analytic/Synthetic, Necessary/Contingent, and a priori/a posteriori 206

1 0950 Anaphora and Coreference Resolution, Statistical 216

1 4366 Anaphora Resolution: Centering Theory Approach 223

1 1084 Anaphora, Cataphora, Exophora, Logophoricity 231

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1 1145 Anaphora: Philosophical Aspects 238

1 4185 Anatomical Asymmetries versus Variability of Language Areas of the Brain 240

1 4268 Anatomical Nomenclature: History 244

1 4808 Anchieta, Jose de (1534–1597) 252

1 2063 Ancient Egyptian and Coptic 253

1 0739 Ancient Near-Eastern Religions 255

1 2291 Andean Languages 257

1 1780 Andorra: Language Situation 259

1 4608 Angola: Language situation 260

1 1747 Anguilla: Language Situation 264

1 0807 Animal Communication Networks 264

1 0811 Animal Communication: Deception and Honest Signaling 267

1 0814 Animal Communication: Dialogues 270

1 0818 Animal Communication: Long-Distance Signaling 272

1 0804 Animal Communication: Overview 276

1 0820 Animal Communication: Parent–Offspring 284

1 0822 Animal Communication: Signal Detection 288

1 0824 Animal Communication: Vocal Learning 291

1 4806 Annadurai Conjeevaram (1909–1969) 295

1 1676 Antarctica: Language Situation 296

1 3014 Anthropological Linguistics: Overview 296

1 4923 Anthropology and Pragmatics 304

1 1392 Anthroposemiotics 312

1 1748 Antigua and Barbuda: Language Situation 313

1 1023 Antonymy and Incompatibility 314

1 0825 Apes: Gesture Communication 317

1 4194 Aphasia Syndromes 321

1 1338 Apollonius Dyscolus and Herodian 327

1 2025 Applicational Grammar 329

1 0690 Applied Forensic Linguistics 333

1 0602 Applied Linguistics in Africa 336

1 4282 Applied Linguistics in Australasia and the Pacific 342

1 0603 Applied Linguistics in China 350

1 0604 Applied Linguistics in Europe 356

1 0605 Applied Linguistics in North America 363

1 0606 Applied Linguistics in South America 370

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1 0607 Applied Linguistics in South Asia 375

1 0608 Applied Linguistics in Southeast Asia 385

1 0599 Applied Linguistics: Overview and History 394

1 0908 Applied Voice Input and Output Society 405

1 4961 Applying Pragmatics 406

1 0462 Approaches to Translation, Linguistic 409

1 0464 Approaches to Translation: Relevance Theory 416

1 4184 Apraxia, Handedness and Language Laterality 420

1 2081 Arabic 423

1 0148 Arabic as an Introflecting Language 431

1 1339 Arabic Linguistic Tradition 434

1 4337 Arabic Lexicography 441

1 0770 Aramaic and Syriac 444

1 2292 Arawak Languages 446

1 1143 Architecture of Grammar 449

1 0177 Areal Linguistics 454

1 1853 Argentina: Language Situation 460

1 1954 Argument Structure 461

1 1024 Aristotle and Linguistics 469

1 1340 Aristotle and the Stoics on Language 471

1 1781 Armenia: Language Situation 474

1 2158 Armenian 474

1 2428 Armstrong, Lilias Eveline (1882–1937) 478

1 2429 Armstrong, Robert Gelston (1917–1987) 479

1 2430 Arnauld, Antoine (1612–1694) 480

1 5023 Arrernte 481

1 0299 Articles, Definite and Indefinite 484

1 5171 Artificial Languages 488

1 1749 Aruba: Language Situation 491

1 2431 Ascham, Roger (1515–1568) 492

1 2432 Ascoli, Graziadio Isaia (1829–1907) 492

1 4510 Asher, Ronald E. (b. 1926) 494

1 4552 Asia, Ancient Southwest: Scripts, Earliest 495

1 4553 Asia, Ancient Southwest: Scripts, Epigraphic West Semitic 500

1 4555 Asia, Ancient Southwest: Scripts, Middle Aramaic 505

1 4556 Asia, Ancient Southwest: Scripts, Modern Semitic 510

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1 4554 Asia, Ancient Southwest: Scripts, South Semitic 512

1 4557 Asia, Inner: Scripts 519

1 0261 Aspect and Aktionsart 535

1 1147 Assertion 538

1 0688 Assessment of First Language Proficiency 541

1 0627 Assessment of Second Language Proficiency 546

1 0062 Assimilation 553

1 5234 Association for Computational Linguistics 559

1 1585 Associationism and Connectionism 559

1 0803 Audio-visual Speech Processing 562

1 0969 Augmentative and Alternative Communication 569

1 1394 Augustine, Saint: Theory of the Sign 574

1 2433 Austerlitz, Robert Paul (1923–1994) 577

1 2434 Austin, John Langshaw (1911–1960) 579

1 1711 Australia: Language Situation 580

1 2108 Australian Languages 585

1 5149 Australian Lexicography 593

1 1782 Austria: Language Situation 595

1 5142 Austric Hypothesis 596

1 2110 Austroasiatic Languages 598

1 2123 Austronesian Languages: Overview 600

1 2109 Austro-Tai Hypotheses 609

1 0968 Authorship Attribution: Statistical and Computational Methods 611

1 4182 Autism and Asperger Syndrome: A Spectrum of Disability 617

1 2026 Autolexical Syntax 622

1 4764 Autonomy 624

1 4223 Autosegmental Phonology 626

1 2213 Avestan 631

1 4588 Aymara 632

1 1833 Azerbaijan: Language Situation 634

1 4623 Azerbaijanian 635

1 1341 Babylonian Grammatical Texts 639

1 0108 Back-Formation 642

1 4524 Bacon, Francis, Lord Verulam (1561–1626) 645

1 2435 Bacon, Roger (c. 1214-1292/4) 646

1 5095 Bactrian 647

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1 5188 Badawi, El-Said Muhamed (b. 1929) 649

1 0740 Baha’i Faith 650

1 1750 Bahamas: Language Situation 651

1 4831 Bahrain: Language Situation 651

1 4965 Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhailovich (1895–1975) 652

1 2436 Balbın, Bohuslav (1621–1688) 653

1 4456 Balinese 654

1 0178 Balkans as a Linguistic Area 657

1 5130 Balochi 672

1 2159 Balto-Slavic Languages 673

1 5084 Bamgbose, Ayo (b. 1932) 674

1 1681 Bangladesh: Language Situation 676

1 2308 Bantu Languages 679

1 1751 Barbados: Language Situation 685

1 4528 Bar-Hillel, Yehoshua (1915–1975) 686

1 4966 Barthelemy, Jean-Jacques (1716–1795) 688

1 2437 Barthes, Roland (1915–1980) 689

1 1395 Barthes, Roland: Theory of the Sign 690

1 2438 Bartoli, Matteo Giulio (1873–1946) 692

1 2098 Bashkir 693

1 4381 Basque 695

1 2439 Batchelor, John (1853–1944) 697

1 2440 Bateson, Gregory (1904–1980) 698

1 0827 Bats: Communication by Ultrasound 699

1 5297 Baudouin de Courtenay, Jan Ignacy Niecislaw (1845–1929) 704

1 2442 Bayle, Pierre (1647–1706) 705

1 2443 Beattie, James (1735–1803) 706

1 2444 Beauzee, Nicolas (1717–1789) 707

1 2445 Becker, Karl Ferdinand (1775–1849) 708

1 0826 Bee Dance 710

1 1245 Behaviorism: Varieties 714

1 1783 Belarus: Language Situation 719

1 1784 Belgium: Language Situation 721

1 1772 Belize: Language Situation 722

1 2447 Bell, Alexander Graham (1847–1922) 724

1 2446 Bell, Alexander Melville (1819–1905) 725

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1 2448 Bello, Andres (1781–1865) 726

1 4457 Belorussian 727

1 2449 Ben Yehuda, Eliezer (1858–1922) 728

1 2450 Benfey, Theodor (1809–1881) 729

1 2215 Bengali 730

1 1614 Benin: Language Situation 730

1 2309 Benue-Congo Languages 734

1 2451 Benveniste, Emile (1902–1976) 735

1 2064 Berber 738

1 2452 Bergin, Osborn Joseph (1873–1950) 744

1 4437 Bergsland, Knut (b. 1914) 745

1 1752 Bermuda: Language Situation 746

1 2454 Bertoni, Giulio (1878–1942) 746

1 4731 Beschi, Constanzo Guiseppe (1680–1747) 747

1 2455 Bhandarkar, Amkrishna Gopal, Sir (1837–1925) 748

1 2456 Bhartrhari 749

1 1682 Bhutan: Language Situation 751

1 0779 Bible 753

1 0781 Bible Translation into Lesser-Known Languages 756

1 0782 Bible Translations: Ancient Versions 763

1 0780 Bible, English 765

1 2458 Bickerton, Derek (b. 1926) 768

1 2133 Bikol 769

1 0651 Bilingual Education 772

1 0842 Bilingual Language Development: Early Years 780

1 0413 Bilingual Lexicography 787

2 1274 Bilingualism 1

2 2377 Bilingualism and Aphasia 12

2 0620 Bilingualism and Second Language Learning 16

2 1955 Binding Theory 23

2 1396 Biosemiotics 31

2 0830 Birdsong 40

2 4493 Bislama 53

2 4262 Black Islam 55

2 4307 Blaming and Denying: Pragmatics 59

2 2459 Bleek, Wilhelm Heinrich Immanuel (1827–1875), and Family 64

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2 0109 Blend 66

2 0731 Blessings 71

2 2461 Bloch, Bernard (1907–1965) 72

2 2460 Bloch, Jules (1880–1953) 73

2 2462 Bloomfield, Leonard (1887–1949) 74

2 2463 Blumer, Herbert (1900–1987) 76

2 2464 Boas, Franz (1858–1942) 77

2 1397 Body Language 78

2 2465 Boeckh, August (1785–1867) 85

2 2466 Boethius of Dacia (fl. 1275) 87

2 4541 Bohtlingk, Otto Nikolaus (1815–1904) 88

2 4609 Bolivia: Language Situation 89

2 1086 Boole and Algebraic Semantics 92

2 2468 Boole, George (1815–1864) 95

2 2469 Bopp, Franz (1791–1867) 96

2 2470 Borgstrøm, Carl Hjalmar (1909–1986) 98

2 1785 Bosnia and Herzegovina: Language Situation

2 1615 Botswana: Language Situation 99

2 1679 Bouvet Island: Language Situation 101

2 2471 Bovelles, Charles de (1479–1567) 102

2 2472 Boxhorn, Marcus Zuerius (1602/12-1653) 103

2 4458 Brahui 104

2 2474 Braille, Louis (1809–1852) 108

2 4259 Brands and Logos 109

2 2475 Braune, Wilhelm (1850–1926) 116

2 1855 Brazil: Language Situation 117

2 2476 Breal, Michel Jules Alfred (1832–1915) 128

2 2477 Bredsdorff, Jakob Hornemann (1790–1841) 129

2 2180 Breton 129

2 1616 British Indian Ocean Territory: Language Situation 131

2 2478 Brockelmann, Carl (1868–1956) 132

2 2479 Brøndal, Rasmus Viggo (1887–1942) 133

2 2480 Brosses, Charles de (1709–1777) 134

2 5205 Brown, Gillian 135

2 2481 Brown, Roger William (1925–1997) 136

2 2482 Brucke, Ernst (1819–1891) 137

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2 2483 Brugmann, Karl (1849–1919) 137

2 2484 Bruneau, Charles (1883–1969) 139

2 1713 Brunei Darussalam: Language Situation 140

2 4914 Bruner, Jerome (b. 1916) 141

2 2485 Brunot, Ferdinand (1860–1938) 142

2 5296 Buck, Carl Darling (1866–1955) 143

2 0762 Buddhism, Japanese 143

2 0741 Buddhism, Tibetan 144

2 4512 Buhler, Karl (1879–1963) 145

2 1786 Bulgaria: Language Situation 147

2 2161 Bulgarian 149

2 4888 Bulgarian Lexicography 151

2 2488 Bullokar, William (c. 1531–1609) 154

2 1617 Burkina Faso: Language Situation 155

2 1683 Burma: Language Situation 157

2 2337 Burmese 160

2 2489 Burnett, James, Monboddo, Lord (1714–1799) 165

2 2490 Burrow, Thomas (1909–1986) 166

2 1618 Burundi: Language Situation 167

2 4382 Burushaski 168

2 4911 Cabej, Eqrem (1908–1980) 173

2 2266 Caddoan Languages 174

2 2491 Caldwell, Robert (1814–1891) 176

2 4576 Calligraphy, East Asian 177

2 4577 Calligraphy, Islamic 178

2 4578 Calligraphy, South Asian and Tibetan 179

2 4579 Calligraphy, Western, Modern 181

2 4518 Camara Junior, Joaquim Mattoso (1904–1970) 187

2 1684 Cambodia: Language Situation 188

2 4967 Cameron, Deborah (b. 1958) 190

2 1619 Cameroon: Language Situation 191

2 2492 Campanella, Thomas (1568–1639) 192

2 2493 Campe, Joachim Heinrich (1746–1818) 193

2 1848 Canada: Language Situation 194

2 5150 Canadian Lexicography 196

2 1620 Canary Islands: Language Situation 196

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2 1621 Cape Verde Islands: Language Situation

2 4654 Cape Verdean Creole 198

2 2294 Cariban Languages 199

2 5151 Caribbean Lexicography 204

2 2494 Carnap, Rudolf (1891–1970) 205

2 1398 Cartography: Semiotics 206

2 0179 Case 212

2 2027 Case Grammar 220

2 4904 Castren, Matthias Alexander (1813–1852) 234

2 1148 Causal Theories of Reference and Meaning 235

2 2246 Catalan 238

2 0891 Categorial Grammars: Deductive Approaches 242

2 0806 Categorical Perception in Animals 248

2 4320 Categorizing Percepts: Vantage Theory 252

2 2371 Category-Specific Knowledge 253

2 5204 Catford, John C. (b. 1917) 259

2 2144 Caucasian Languages 260

2 1027 Causatives: Semantics 265

2 2496 Caxton, William (ca. 1415–1491) 268

2 1753 Cayman Islands: Language Situation 269

2 4663 Cebuano 270

2 5218 Celtic 272

2 0742 Celtic Religion 274

2 1622 Central African Republic: Language Situation 275

2 4882 Central Solomon Languages 279

2 5256 Ceremisina, Maja Ivanovna (b. 1924) 281

2 5082 Cerron-Palomino, Rodolfo (b. 1940) 282

2 2498 Cerulli, Enrico (1898–1988) 283

2 1623 Chad: Language Situation 284

2 2070 Chadic Languages 287

2 2499 Chamberlain, Basil Hall (1850–1935) 290

2 2500 Champollion, Jean-Francois (1790–1832) 291

2 1787 Channel Islands: Language Situation 293

2 2501 Chao Yuen Ren (1892–1982) 295

2 0983 Character Sets 296

2 1149 Character versus Content 299

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2 0902 Chart Parsing and Well-Formed Substring Tables 302

2 2502 Chatterji, Suniti Kumar (1890–1977) 306

2 2503 Chavee, Honore (1815–1877) 307

2 2282 Chibchan 308

2 0846 CHILDES Database 310

2 0482 Children’s Literature: Translation of 314

2 1856 Chile: Language Situation 317

2 1685 China: Language Situation 319

2 0743 China: Religions 324

2 4565 China: Scripts, Non-Chinese 329

2 4564 China: Writing System 331

2 0103 Chinantec: Phonology 341

2 2336 Chinese 343

2 0096 Chinese (Mandarin): Phonology 351

2 0149 Chinese as an Isolating Language 355

2 1342 Chinese Linguistic Tradition 358

2 4692 Chinese Lexicography 362

2 2504 Chino, Eiichi (1932–2002) 365

2 2505 Chiri, Mashiho (1909–61) 366

2 4899 Choco Languages 367

2 1246 Chomsky, Noam (b. 1928) 382

2 5096 Chorasmian 385

2 1360 Christianity and Language in the Middle Ages 386

2 0754 Christianity in Africa 389

2 0748 Christianity in Central Asia and the Near East 392

2 5196 Christianity in Latin America 394

2 5088 Christianity in South Asia 398

2 5061 Christianity in Southeast Asia 401

2 0756 Christianity in the Far East 404

2 0744 Christianity, Catholic 407

2 0746 Christianity, Protestant 410

2 1714 Christmas Island: Language Situation 414

2 2507 Chrysippos (ca. 282–208 B.C.) 414

2 4384 Chukotko-Kamchatkan Languages 415

2 2162 Church Slavonic 417

2 2099 Chuvash 419

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2 0180 Circum–Baltic Area 422

2 1607 Cladistics 426

2 5199 Clark, Herbert H. 427

2 0374 Class Language 428

2 1316 Classical Antiquity: Language Study 431

2 4191 Classical Tests for Speech and Language Disorders 439

2 5162 Classification of Languages 446

2 0964 Classification of Text, Automatic 457

2 1111 Classifiers and Noun Classes: Semantics 463

2 0408 Classroom Talk 471

2 0496 Clause Relations 474

2 0563 Clause Structure in Spoken Discourse 481

2 0564 Clefting in Spoken Discourse 483

2 0110 Clitics 491

2 1399 Clothing: Semiotics 495

2 0565 Coarticulation 501

2 2508 Cobbett, William (1763–1835) 505

2 1624 Cocos (Keeling) Islands: Language Situation 506

2 0370 Codes, Elaborated and Restricted (Bernstein) 507

2 0403 Code Switching 508

2 1507 Code Switching and Mixing 511

2 2509 Cælho, Francisco Adolpho (1847–1919) 527

2 2510 Coeurdoux, Gaston-Laurent (1691–1779) 529

2 3016 Cognitive Anthropology 529

2 0808 Cognitive Basis for Language Evolution in Non-human Primates 533

2 2029 Cognitive Grammar 538

2 0351 Cognitive Linguistics 542

2 5038 Cognitive Pragmatics 546

2 1119 Cognitive Science and Philosophy of Language 552

2 0856 Cognitive Science: Overview 562

2 1087 Cognitive Semantics 569

2 0342 Cognitive Technology 582

2 0802 Coherence: Psycholinguistic Approach 585

2 0497 Cohesion and Coherence: Linguistic Approaches 591

2 2512 Collitz, Hermann (1855–1935) 595

2 0414 Collocations 596

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2 1857 Colombia: Language Situation 600

2 1026 Color Terms 605

2 2028 Combinatory Categorial Grammar 610

2 5294 Comenius, Johann(es) Amos (Jan Amos Komensky) (1562–1670) 622

2 0336 Comics: Pragmatics 623

2 1401 Comics: Semiotic Approaches 627

2 1957 Command Relations 635

2 0829 Communication in Grey Parrots 642

2 0834 Communication in Marine Mammals 646

2 1120 Communication, Understanding, and Interpretation: Philosophical Aspects 654

2 1402 Communication: Semiotic Approaches 658

2 1275 Communicative Competence 666

2 0610 Communicative Language Teaching 673

2 0327 Communicative Principle and Communication 680

2 1276 Communities of Practice 683

2 4879 Comoros: Language Situation 685

2 0181 Comparative Constructions 686

2 1028 Comparatives: Semantics 690

2 0182 Complement Clauses 694

2 1999 Complex Predicates 697

2 0037 Complex Segments 705

2 1029 Componential Analysis 709

2 1121 Compositionality: Philosophical Aspects 712

2 1030 Compositionality: Semantic Aspects 716

2 0111 Compound 719

2 0855 Computational Approaches to Language Acquisition 726

2 4367 Computational Language Systems: Architectures 733

2 0945 Computational Lexicons and Dictionaries 753

2 0928 Computational Linguistics: History 761

2 0966 Computational Stylistics 769

2 0861 Computer-Mediated Communication: Cognitive Science Approach 775

2 0979 Computers in Field Linguistics 780

2 0415 Computers in Lexicography 783

2 0980 Computers in the Linguistic Humanities: Overview 793

2 0971 Computer-Supported Writing 809

2 4522 Comrie, Bernard (b. 1947) 816

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2 1151 Concepts 817

2 0277 Concessive Clauses 820

3 0417 Concordances 1

3 2514 Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de (1714–1780) 4

3 1031 Conditionals 6

3 4285 Conference Interpreting 9

3 1959 Configurationality 23

3 1626 Congo, Democratic Republic of: Language Situation 27

3 1627 Congo, Republic of: Language Situation 27

3 0500 Connectives in Text 33

3 4331 Connotation 41

3 0860 Consciousness, Thought and Language 44

3 4607 Conspicuity 52

3 4717 Constant Rate Hypothesis 54

3 0991 Constants and Variables 57

3 1958 Constituent Structure 58

3 0384 Constraint, Pragmatic 72

3 2031 Construction Grammar 73

3 1593 Constructivism 85

3 0217 Contact-Induced Convergence: Typology and Areality 88

3 0685 Content Teaching and Learning and Language 101

3 1088 Context and Common Ground 105

3 1153 Context Principle 108

3 0310 Context, Communicative 115

3 1265 Contextualism in Epistemology 128

3 2515 Conti Rossini, Carlo (1872–1949) 130

3 2000 Control and Raising 131

3 5081 Controlled Languages 139

3 1154 Conventions in Language 142

3 0183 Converbs 145

3 0314 Conversation Analysis 153

3 0925 Conversational Agents, Synthetic 163

3 3019 Conversational Analytic Approaches to Culture 169

3 0112 Conversion 172

3 1715 Cook Islands: Language Situation 175

3 2516 Cooper, Christopher (?1655–1698) 176

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3 0311 Cooperative Principle 176

3 2001 Coordination 183

3 1343 Copenhagen School 196

3 4500 Copula Variation 197

3 2517 Cordemoy, Geraud de (1626–1684) 202

3 0992 Coreference: Identity and Similarity 203

3 2183 Cornish 205

3 0940 Corpora 206

3 4604 Corpora in Studies of Variation 220

3 0566 Corpora of Spoken Discourse 226

3 5168 Corpus Approaches to Idiom 230

3 0944 Corpus Linguistics 234

3 0637 Corpus Studies: Second Language 248

3 0416 Corpus Lexicography 250

3 4897 Coseriu, Eugenio (1921–2002) 254

3 1773 Costa Rica: Language Situation 256

3 5200 Coulthard, Malcolm (b. 1943) 256

3 1032 Counterfactuals 259

3 0699 Court Interpreting 262

3 2519 Coustenoble, Helene Nathalie (1894–1962) 269

3 4741 Creativity in Language 270

3 4459 Cree 273

3 5021 Creek 278

3 0600 Critical Applied Linguistics 283

3 0501 Critical Discourse Analysis 290

3 1789 Croatia: Language Situation 294

3 4479 Croatian Lexicography 294

3 2520 Croce, Benedetto (1866–1952) 298

3 4199 Cross-Linguistic Comparative Approaches to Language Acquisition 299

3 5026 Crow 302

3 2521 Crowther, Samuel Ajayi (1806/08-1891) 304

3 1754 Cuba: Language Situation 305

3 2522 Culioli, Antoine (b. 1924) 307

3 0567 Cultural and Social Dimension of Spoken Discourse 308

3 0459 Cultural, Colonialism and Gender Oriented Approaches to Translation 311

3 4742 Cultural Evolution of Language 315

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3 0611 Culture in Language Teaching 322

3 4947 Cupeno 329

3 2523 Curtius, Georg (1820–1885) 331

3 2072 Cushitic Languages 332

3 1790 Cyprus: Language Situation 337

3 2164 Czech 339

3 1791 Czech Republic: Language Situation 341

3 4340 Czech Lexicography 343

3 2524 Czermak, Johann Nepomuk (1828–1873) 344

3 2525 Dalgado, Sebastiao Rodolpho (1855–1922) 345

3 2526 Dalgarno, George (ca. 1619–1687) 346

3 1403 Dance 347

3 2527 Danes, Frantisek (b. 1919) 350

3 2193 Danish 351

3 5128 Dardic 354

3 4755 Data and Evidence 356

3 2529 Dauzat, Albert (1877–1955) 363

3 1247 Davidson, Donald (1917–2003) 364

3 4971 Dayal, Veneeta (b. 1956) 365

3 1156 De Dicto versus De Re 366

3 4538 De Mauro, Tullio (b. 1932) 370

3 1575 Decipherment 371

3 0093 Declarative Approaches to Phonology 374

3 1960 Declarative Models of Syntax 377

3 4236 Declarative Morphology 385

3 1033 Default Semantics 388

3 1089 Definite and Indefinite 392

3 0418 Definition 399

3 0692 Definition/Rules in Legal Language 403

3 1158 Definitions: Uses and Varieties of 409

3 1159 Deflationism 412

3 0328 Deixis and Anaphora: Pragmatic Approaches 415

3 2531 Delattre, Pierre (1903–1969) 418

3 2532 Delbruck, Berthold (1842–1922) 419

3 4176 Delirium and Language 420

3 4173 Dementia and Language 423

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3 4299 Demonstratives 430

3 1792 Denmark: Language Situation 435

3 1404 Denotation versus Connotation 436

3 2033 Dependency Grammar 444

3 0091 Dependency Phonology 451

3 2533 Descartes, Rene (1596–1650) 459

3 4768 Description and Prescription 460

3 1160 Descriptions, Definite and Indefinite: Philosophical Aspects 465

3 4743 Design Features of Language 471

3 5182 Desnickaja, Agnia Vasil’evna (1912–1992) 475

3 0569 Detachment Constructions 477

3 4166 Developmental Dyslexia and Dysgraphia 485

3 4198 Developmental Relationship between Language and Cognition 491

3 0812 Development of Communication in Animals 500

3 2534 Devoto, Giacomo (1897–1974) 503

3 4698 Dhivehi 504

3 1875 Diachronic Aspects of Metathesis 506

3 0186 Diachronic Morphological Typology 509

3 1562 Diacritics 515

3 4679 Dialect Atlases 517

3 1491 Dialect Chains 528

3 0504 Dialect Representations in Texts 531

3 0813 Dialects in Birdsongs 538

3 1318 Dialects: Early European Studies 540

3 4308 Dialogism, Bakhtinian 561

3 0792 Dialogue and Interaction 564

3 0475 Dictionaries 571

3 4335 Dictionaries and Encyclopedias: Relationship 573

3 0152 Dictionaries and Inflectional Morphology 577

3 0151 Dictionaries and Word Formation 580

3 2536 Diderot, Denis (1713–1784) 583

3 2537 Diez, Friedrich (1794–1876) 584

3 4186 Diffusion and Perfusion Imaging 585

3 0985 Digital Fonts and Typography 588

3 5109 Dikhsita, Bhattoji (ca. 17th Century A.D.) 592

3 0295 Diminutives and Augmentatives 594

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3 4516 Dinka 596

3 4828 Diogenes the Babylonian (ca. 240–152 B.C.) 597

3 1345 Dionysius Thrax and Hellenistic Language Scholarship 598

3 0039 Diphthongs 601

3 1161 Direct Reference 603

3 0949 Disambiguation, Lexical 607

3 2002 Discontinuous Dependencies 624

3 4290 Discourse Anaphora 631

3 0994 Discourse Domain 638

3 0326 Discourse Markers 639

3 4480 Discourse of National Socialism, Totalitarian 642

3 0898 Discourse Parsing, Automatic 649

3 0791 Discourse Processing 654

3 1090 Discourse Representation Theory 660

3 1112 Discourse Semantics 669

3 0638 Discourse Studies: Second Language 677

3 0309 Discourse, Foucauldian Approach 680

3 0841 Discourse, Narrative and Pragmatic Development 686

3 1300 Discrimination and Language 694

3 3021 Discursive Practice Theory 696

3 4169 Disorders of Fluency and Voice 700

3 4163 Disorders of Morphology 708

3 2372 Disorders of Sign Language 715

3 0063 Dissimilation 719

3 0036 Distinctive Features 723

3 0862 Distributed Cognition and Communication 731

3 0113 Distributed Morphology 734

3 5157 Dixon, Robert M. W. (b. 1939) 737

3 1629 Djibouti: Language Situation 739

3 5298 Dobrovsky, Josef (1753–1829) 740

3 2540 Dobson, Eric John (1913–1984) 741

3 2349 Doctors and Patients in Multilingual Settings 741

3 0958 Document Retrieval, Automatic 748

3 0710 Documentary 755

3 2310 Dogon 758

3 2541 Doke, Clement Martyn (1893–1980) 759

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3 5170 Domari 760

3 1755 Dominica: Language Situation 762

3 1756 Dominican Republic: Language Situation 762

3 1036 Donkey Sentences 763

3 5304 Dorian, Nancy C. (b. 1936) 766

3 4178 Down Syndrome 767

3 0506 Drama: Stylistic Aspects 772

3 2147 Dravidian Languages 785

3 0995 Dthat 796

4 2543 Du Cange, Charles du Fresne, Sieur (1610–1688) 1

4 4252 Dual-Mechanism Morphology 1

4 5069 Duan Yucai (1735–1815) 5

4 0471 Dubbing 6

4 2544 Dubois, Jacques (Sylvius) (1478–1555) 9

4 4519 Ducrot, Oswald (b. 1930) 10

4 2545 Duden, Konrad (1829–1911) 11

4 1248 Dummett, Michael Anthony Eardley (b. 1925) 12

4 2547 Duponceau, Pierre Etienne (1760–1844) 13

4 4540 Durkheim, Emile (1858–1917) 14

4 2194 Dutch 16

4 4476 Dutch and Flemish Lexicography 20

4 0188 Dyadic Constructions 24

4 1113 Dynamic Semantics 28

4 5274 Dynamic Syntax 33

4 1162 E-Language versus I-Language 39

4 1319 Early Historical and Comparative Studies 43

4 1347 Early Irish Linguistics 50

4 1309 Early Socialization and Language 51

4 2083 Eblaite 53

4 2548 Eco, Umberto (b. 1932) 54

4 1405 Eco, Umberto: Theory of the Sign 55

4 1858 Ecuador: Language Situation 58

4 4815 Edgerton, Franklin (1885–1963) 59

4 0649 Education in a Former Colonial Language 60

4 0652 Education in a Multilingual Society 64

4 0675 Educational Failure 67

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4 0647 Educational Linguistics 76

4 2311 Efik 81

4 1630 Egypt: Language Situation 83

4 4548 Egypt: Scripts, Ancient 84

4 5231 Einstein, Albert (1879–1955) 87

4 1387 18th Century Linguistic Thought 88

4 1774 El Salvador: Language Situation 94

4 4385 Elamite 95

4 4172 Electrical Stimulation of Cortex and Language 97

4 0572 Elicitation Techniques for Spoken Discourse 105

4 2003 Ellipsis 109

4 2549 Ellis, Alexander John (ne Sharpe) (1814–1890) 114

4 2550 Ellis, Francis Whyte (ca. 1778–1819) 115

4 2551 Elphinston, James (1721–1809) 115

4 0377 E-mail, Internet, Chatroom Talk: Pragmatics 116

4 1406 Emblems 125

4 2552 Emeneau, Murray Barnson (b. 1904) 126

4 0508 Emotion: Stylistic Approaches 127

4 1163 Empiricism 130

4 1164 Empty Names 132

4 0422 Encyclopedie 136

4 1279 Endangered Languages 137

4 4973 England, Nora C. 147

4 5058 English in the Present Day (since ca. 1900) 149

4 5018 English Spelling: Rationale 156

4 5092 English, African American Vernacular 159

4 4601 English, Early Modern 164

4 4620 English, Later Modern (ca. 1700–1900) 167

4 2201 English, Middle English 176

4 2205 English, Old English 181

4 4341 English Lexicography 184

4 0645 English: World Englishes 195

4 1285 Environment and Language 203

4 1122 Epistemology and Language 207

4 5225 Equatorial Guinea: Language Situation 210

4 1965 Ergativity 210

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4 1632 Eritrea: Language Situation 218

4 2268 Eskimo-Aleut 223

4 4460 Esperanto 223

4 1165 Essential Indexical 225

4 1793 Estonia: Language Situation 227

4 4387 Estonian 228

4 4358 Estonian Lexicography 229

4 0189 Ethiopia as a Linguistic Area 231

4 1633 Ethiopia: Language Situation 235

4 2084 Ethiopian Semitic Languages 237

4 1464 Ethnicity 239

4 1280 Ethnolinguistic Vitality 246

4 4900 Ethnologue 250

4 1281 Ethnomethodology 253

4 3023 Ethnoscience 258

4 0423 Etymology 260

4 4549 Europe Alphabets, Ancient Classical 267

4 0216 Europe as a Linguistic Area 278

4 4570 Europe, Christian: Alphabets 295

4 0509 Evaluation in Text 305

4 4919 Evans, Gareth (1946–1980) 313

4 5173 Evenki 314

4 1037 Event-Based Semantics 316

4 0252 Evidentiality in Grammar 320

4 2397 Evoked Potentials 326

4 4745 Evolution of Phonetics and Phonology 335

4 4747 Evolution of Pragmatics 338

4 4748 Evolution of Semantics 345

4 4749 Evolution of Syntax 353

4 4770 Evolutionary Theories of Language: Current Theories 361

4 4891 Evolutionary Theories of Language: Previous Theories 365

4 2312 Ewe 369

4 1167 Existence 371

4 0003 Experimental and Instrumental Phonetics: History 374

4 1470 Experimental Methods for Study of Variation 390

4 0080 Experimental Phonology 394

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4 0574 Expletives and Dummies 399

4 1168 Expression Meaning versus Utterance/Speaker Meaning 410

4 4744 Expressive Power of Language 412

4 1039 Extensionality and Intensionality 415

4 1170 Externalism about Content 418

4 0337 Face 421

4 0997 Factivity 423

4 2553 Falc’hun, Francois (1909–1991) 424

4 1859 Falkland Islands: Language Situation 425

4 0998 False Friends 426

4 0404 Family Speak 429

4 4473 Fanagolo 430

4 2555 Fant, (Carl) Gunnar (Michael) (b. 1919) 431

4 1794 Faroe Islands: Language Situation 432

4 0055 Feature Organization 433

4 2556 Ferguson, Charles A. (1921–1998) 441

4 2557 Fick, August Konrad Friedrich (1833–1916) 442

4 1171 Fictional Discourse: Philosophical Aspects 443

4 1409 Figurative Language: Semiotics 446

4 0510 Figures of Speech 459

4 1717 Fiji: Language Situation 464

4 2124 Fijian 465

4 2558 Fillmore, Charles J. (b. 1929) 466

4 5073 Finck, Franz Nikolaus (1867–1910) 467

4 0228 Fingerspelling 468

4 1795 Finland: Language Situation 473

4 4391 Finnish 474

4 0147 Finnish as an Agglutinating Language 476

4 4357 Finnish Lexicography 480

4 1348 First Grammatical Treatise 481

4 4497 Firth and the London School 482

4 2562 Firth, John Rupert (1890–1960) 484

4 0089 Firthian Phonology 485

4 2563 Fischer-Jørgensen, Eli (b. 1911) 488

4 0832 Fish Communication 489

4 2564 Fishman, Joshua A. (b. 1926) 493

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4 2554 Fleuriot, Leon (1923–1987) 494

4 4598 Flores Languages 495

4 2399 fMRI Studies of Language 496

4 0575 Focus 511

4 0190 Focus Particles 518

4 1249 Fodor, Jerry (b. 1935) 519

4 4250 Folk Etymology 520

4 1501 Folk Linguistics 521

4 1411 Food: Semiotics 533

4 0042 Foot 539

4 0511 Foregrounding 546

4 0656 Foreign Language Teaching Policy 551

4 0850 Formal Models and Language Acquisition 558

4 1114 Formal Semantics 564

4 5060 Formalism/Formalist Linguistics 580

4 4461 Formosan Languages 587

4 4777 Formulaic Language 590

4 1516 Formulaic Speech 597

4 2566 Foucault, Michel (1926–1984) 602

4 5140 Fowler, Henry Watson (1858–1933) 603

4 4841 Fowler, Roger (b. 1938) 604

4 5110 Frajzyngier, Zygmunt (b. 1938) 606

4 4266 Frame Analysis 607

4 1173 Frame Problem 610

4 0424 Frame Semantics 613

4 1796 France: Language Situation 621

4 4462 Franglais 624

4 1250 Frege, Gottlob (1848–1925) 626

4 4534 Freire, Paulo (1921–1997) 628

4 2249 French 629

4 4833 French Guiana: Language Situation 632

4 1718 French Polynesia: Language Situation 637

4 1677 French Southern Antarctic Lands: Language Situation 637

4 4342 French Lexicography 638

4 2568 Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939) 641

4 2569 Fries, Charles Carpenter (1897–1967) 642

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4 2570 Frings, Theodor (1886–1968) 643

4 5257 Frisian: Etymology 644

4 4631 Frisian Lexicography 646

4 0831 Frog and Toad Communication 648

4 2572 Fry, Dennis Butler (1907–1983) 655

4 2573 Fujioka, Katsuji (1872–1935) 656

4 2574 Fujitani Nariakira (1738–1779) 657

4 2304 Fulfulde 658

4 0461 Functional Approaches to Translation: Skopos Theory 662

4 1966 Functional Categories 666

4 2035 Functional Discourse Grammar 668

4 2036 Functional Grammar: Martinet 677

4 5275 Functional Relations 683

4 4771 Functionalist Theories of Language 696

4 0253 Future Tense and Future Time Reference 704

4 2575 Gabelentz, H. Georg Conon von der (1840–1893) 707

4 1634 Gabon: Language Situation 708

4 4313 Gadamer, Hans-Georg (1900–2002) 715

4 2250 Galician 717

4 1635 Gambia: Language Situation 720

4 1000 Game-Theoretical Semantics 721

4 5040 Gamilaraaya 724

4 2577 Gardiner, Alan, Sir (1879–1963) 727

4 2578 Gauchat, Louis (1866–1942) 728

4 2579 Geach, Peter Thomas (b. 1916) 729

4 4628 Ge’ez 730

4 2580 Gelb, Ignace J. (1907–1985) 731

4 1463 Gender 733

4 0331 Gender and Language 740

4 0723 Gender and Political Discourse 742

4 0191 Gender, Grammatical 749

4 3024 Gender, Sexuality and Language 756

4 1001 General Semantics 758

4 4772 Generalization 759

4 0897 Generating Referring Expressions 761

4 4773 Generative Grammar 767

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5 0087 Generative Phonology 1

5 2037 Generative Semantics 9

5 0274 Generic Reference 14

5 0256 Generics, Habituals and Iteratives 18

5 4774 Genetics and Language 21

5 1349 Geneva School of Linguistics after Saussure 24

5 0514 Genre and Genre Analysis 26

5 0719 Genres in Political Discourse 32

5 1797 Georgia: Language Situation 38

5 2146 Georgian 40

5 5299 Georgiev, Vladimir Ivanov (1908–1986) 42

5 2197 German 42

5 4343 German Lexicography 45

5 2189 Germanic Languages 53

5 1798 Germany: Language Situation 55

5 2582 Geschwind, Norman (1926–1984) 56

5 2583 Gesenius, Wilhelm (1785–1842) 57

5 0798 Gesture and Communication 58

5 3025 Gesture: Sociocultural Analysis 66

5 0330 Gestures: Pragmatic Aspects 71

5 1636 Ghana: Language Situation 76

5 1799 Gibraltar: Language Situation 78

5 2315 Gikuyu 80

5 2584 Gillieron, Jules (1854–1926) 83

5 2585 Gimson, Alfred Charles (1917–1985) 84

5 4905 Givon, Talmy (b. 1936) 86

5 2586 Glinz, Hans (b. 1913) 87

5 5235 Glossematics 88

5 0732 Glossolalia 95

5 2587 Goffman, Erving (1922–1982) 97

5 4849 Gondi 99

5 2589 Goodglass, Harold (1920–2002) 103

5 2198 Gothic 104

5 0092 Government Phonology 106

5 4775 Grammar 113

5 1350 Grammar, Early Medieval 115

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5 0245 Grammatical Meaning 120

5 1967 Grammatical Relations and Arc-Pair Grammar 122

5 0192 Grammaticalization 129

5 0355 Grammatology 136

5 1600 Graph Theory 140

5 2590 Grassmann, Hermann Gunther (1809–1877) 143

5 1800 Greece: Language Situation 143

5 4344 Greek Lexicography, Classical 145

5 4481 Greek Lexicography, Modern 147

5 2209 Greek, Ancient 149

5 2210 Greek, Modern 152

5 2591 Greenberg, Joseph H. (1915–2001) 155

5 1849 Greenland: Language Situation 157

5 1413 Greimas, Algirdas J.: Theory of the Sign 157

5 1757 Grenada: Language Situation 158

5 1251 Grice, Herbert Paul (1913–1988) 159

5 2594 Grierson, George Abraham, Sir (1851–1941) 160

5 2595 Grimm, Jacob Ludwig Carl (1785–1863) 161

5 5135 Gross, Maurice (1934–2001) 163

5 1758 Guadeloupe: Language Situation 164

5 1719 Guam: Language Situation 164

5 4589 Guarani 165

5 1775 Guatemala: Language Situation 166

5 2597 Guillaume, Gustave (1883–1960) 169

5 1637 Guinea: Language Situation 170

5 1638 Guinea-Bissau: Language Situation 171

5 2218 Gujarati 173

5 4701 Gullah 175

5 2598 Gundert, Hermann (1814–1893) 177

5 2313 Gur Languages 178

5 2599 Guthrie, Malcolm (1903–1872) 179

5 5032 Guugu Yimithirr 181

5 1861 Guyana: Language Situation 185

5 2600 Gyarmathi, Samuel (1751–1830) 186

5 2601 Haas, Mary Rosamond (1910–1996) 187

5 1252 Habermas, Jurgen (b. 1929) 189

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5 4975 Hahn, Adelaide E. (1893–1967) 191

5 1759 Haiti: Language Situation 192

5 5176 Hale, Kenneth L. (1934–2001) 192

5 2603 Hall, Robert A., Jr. (1911–1987) 194

5 2604 Halle, Morris (b. 1923) 195

5 4514 Halliday, Michael A. K. (b. 1925) 196

5 4818 Hamann, Johann Georg (1730–1788) 198

5 5306 Hamp, Eric Pratt (b. 1920) 198

5 4683 Handling Variation in Speech and Language Processing 199

5 0982 Handwriting Recognition, Automatic 203

5 2606 Hardenberg, Friedrich von (Novalis) (1772–1801) 212

5 0061 Harmony 212

5 5070 Harrington, John Peabody (1884–1961) 215

5 2607 Harris, James (1709–1780) 217

5 2608 Harris, Zellig S. (1909–1992) 218

5 2609 Hart, John (?1501-1574) 219

5 2610 Hattori, Shiro (1908–1995) 220

5 2611 Haugen, Einar (1906–1994) 221

5 2071 Hausa 222

5 2612 Havranek, Bohuslav (1893–1978) 225

5 2125 Hawaiian 226

5 4626 Hawaiian Creole English 227

5 2613 Hayakawa, Samuel Ichiye (1906–1992) 228

5 2614 Hayyuj, Judah (10th Century) 229

5 1968 Head Feature Principle and Feature Distribution Constraints 230

5 0193 Head/Dependent Marking 234

5 2040 Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar 237

5 4270 Health and the Media 253

5 5259 Heard Island and McDonald Islands: Language Situation 256

5 1351 Hebrew Linguistic Tradition 256

5 2086 Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish 259

5 4870 Hebrew, Biblical and Medieval 262

5 2087 Hebrew, Israeli 265

5 4345 Hebrew Lexicography 268

5 4817 Heidegger, Martin (1889–1976) 272

5 2615 Heine, Bernd (b. 1939) 275

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5 2616 Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von (1821–1894) 276

5 2617 Hemon, Roparz (1900–1978) 278

5 2618 Henderson, Eugenie J. A. (1914–1989) 279

5 2619 Herder, Johann Gottfried (1744–1803) 280

5 4776 Hermeneutics 281

5 2620 Hervas y Panduro, Lorenzo (1735–1809) 283

5 0580 Hesitation Phenomena and Pauses 284

5 2621 Hesseling, Dirk Christiaan (1859–1941) 288

5 1477 Heterosexism and/in Language 289

5 2622 Heyse, Johann Christoph August (1764–1829) 293

5 2073 Highland East Cushitic Languages 294

5 4883 Hiligaynon 298

5 2623 Hill, Archibald A. (1902–1992) 300

5 4977 Hill, Jane H. (b. 1939) 301

5 2219 Hindi 303

5 1353 Hindu Views on Language 306

5 2220 Hindustani 309

5 5136 Hintikka, Jaakko (b. 1929) 312

5 1415 Hippocrates: Theory of the Sign 314

5 2920 Hirayama, Teruo (b. 1909) 315

5 2624 Hirt, Hermann (1865–1936) 316

5 1317 Historical and Comparative Linguistics in the 19th Century 317

5 4218 Historical Change in Sign Language 327

5 0340 Historical Pragmatics 329

5 1321 Historiography of Linguistics 332

5 4446 History of Linguistics: Discipline of Linguistics 341

5 1354 History of Linguistics in Central and South America 355

5 2157 Hittite 359

5 5301 Hjelmslev, Louis Trolle (1899–1965) 360

5 1416 Hjelmslev, Louis Trolle: Theory of the Sign 361

5 2626 Hockett, Charles Francis (1916–2000) 362

5 2628 Hoijer, Harry (1904–1976) 364

5 2283 Hokan Languages 365

5 2630 Holcot, Robert (d. 1349) 365

5 2629 Holder, William (1616–1698) 373

5 1175 Holism, Semantic and Epistemic 374

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5 4978 Holmes, Janet (b. 1947) 377

5 4979 Holtsmark, Anne (1896–1974) 378

5 2588 Homans, George C. (1910–1989) 379

5 1776 Honduras: Language Situation 380

5 0293 Honorifics 381

5 4948 Hopi 391

5 4980 Horacek, Blanka (1913–2001) 394

5 5178 Horecky, Jan (b. 1920) 395

5 2631 Hornby, Albert Sidney (1898–1978) 396

5 4981 Hornung, Maria (b. 1920) 397

5 2632 Householder, Fred W., Jr. (1913–1994) 398

5 2633 Hovland, Carl Iver (1912–1961) 400

5 2634 Hsu-Shen (ca. 58–147) 400

5 0858 Human Language Processing: Connectionist Models 401

5 0857 Human Language Processing: Symbolic Models 410

5 0930 Human Language Technology 419

5 0863 Human Reasoning and Language Interpretation 420

5 2635 Humboldt, Wilhelm von (1767–1835) 422

5 0365 Humor in Language 425

5 0515 Humor: Stylistic Approaches 426

5 4393 Hungarian 429

5 4346 Hungarian Lexicography 431

5 0101 Hungarian: Phonology 433

5 1801 Hungary: Language Situation 440

5 2636 Husserl, Edmund (1859–1938) 440

5 0733 Hymns 444

5 1046 Hyponymy and Hyperonymy 446

5 5197 Iartseva, Victoria Nikolaevna (1906–1999) 449

5 5189 Ibn as-Sarra-j, Muhammad ibn al-Sari- (d. 929) 450

5 2637 Ibn Ezra, Abraham (ca. 1089–1164) 451

5 2638 Ibn Janah (ca. 990–1050) 452

5 2639 Ibn Jinni (d. 1200) 453

5 2640 Ibn Mada’al Qurtubi (1120–1196) 454

5 5265 Ibn Si-na (980-1037) 456

5 1802 Iceland: Language Situation 457

5 0194 Iconicity 457

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5 0516 Iconicity: Literary Texts 462

5 4219 Iconicity: Sign Language 472

5 1417 Iconicity: Theory 475

5 4732 Idealization 482

5 1176 Ideational Theories of Meaning 483

5 1283 Identity and Language 486

5 1177 Identity and Sameness: Philosophical Aspects 492

5 3027 Identity in Sociocultural Anthropology and Language 495

5 0624 Identity: Second Language 502

5 0195 Ideophones 508

5 1481 Idiolect 512

5 0426 Idiom Dictionaries 514

5 1002 Idioms 518

5 2641 Ihre, Johan (1707–1780) 521

5 2134 Ilocano 522

5 0006 Imaging and Measurement of the Vocal Tract 526

5 5276 Imaging Brain Lateralization 539

5 2394 Imaging Brain Lateralization: Words, Sentences, and Influencing Factors in Healthy, Patho-logical, and Special Populations 545

5 0654 Immigrant Language Education 554

5 4867 Immunity to Error through Misidentification 557

5 4925 Impairments of Proper and Common Names 561

5 0264 Imperatives 565

5 0307 Implicature 568

5 4716 IN/ING Variable 581

5 0114 Incorporation 584

5 0275 Indefinite Pronouns 588

5 1179 Indeterminacy, Semantic 591

5 1180 Indexicality: Philosophical Aspects 593

5 1418 Indexicality: Theory 596

5 0963 Indexing, Automatic 603

5 4611 India: Language Situation 610

5 4347 Indian Lexicography 614

5 0817 Individual Recognition in Animal Species 617

5 2221 Indo–Aryan Languages 626

5 2154 Indo–European Languages 633

5 2211 Indo–Iranian 636

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5 1720 Indonesia: Language Situation 639

5 0838 Infancy: Phonological Development 642

5 0837 Infancy: Sensitivity to Linguistic Form 649

5 1048 Inference: Abduction, Induction, Deduction 651

5 0115 Inflection and Derivation 655

5 0853 Influence of Literacy on Language Development 661

5 0960 Information Extraction, Automatic 665

5 0577 Information Structure in Spoken Discourse 677

5 4778 Information Theory 683

5 1003 Informative Analysis 685

5 2642 Ingarden, Roman (1893–1970) 686

5 2643 Inghen, Marsillius von (ca. 1335/40-1396) 688

5 0262 Ingressives 688

5 1181 Innate Ideas 689

5 1182 Innate Knowledge 692

5 2644 Inoue, Kazuko (b. 1919) 695

5 0833 Insect Communication 696

5 0774 Inspiration and Revelation 701

5 0409 Institutional Talk 703

5 2041 Integrational Linguistics (IL) 704

5 4482 Integrational Linguistics and Semiology 714

5 0196 Intensifiers 718

5 1183 Intention and Semantics 721

5 1284 Interactional Sociolinguistics 724

5 4779 Interactionism 730

5 5019 Interactive Fiction 731

5 0320 Intercultural Pragmatics and Communication 735

5 0396 Interjections 743

5 0618 Interlanguage 747

5 0116 Internal Modification 752

5 0007 International Phonetic Association 755

5 0909 International Speech Communication Association 757

5 0674 Internet and Language Education 758

5 1419 Interpretation: Theory 764

5 1185 Interpreted Logical Forms 767

5 0700 Interviewing and Examining Vulnerable Witnesses 772

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5 0045 Intonation 778

5 0578 Intonation and Syntax 788

6 5046 Inupiaq 1

6 0519 Invented Language in Literature 3

6 2645 Iordan, Iorgu (1888–1986) 10

6 4545 Iran: Scripts, Old Persian, Aramaic, Avestan 12

6 1835 Iran: Language Situation 16

6 2222 Iranian Languages 18

6 1836 Iraq: Language Situation 23

6 1803 Ireland, Republic of: Language Situation 24

6 4629 Irish Lexicography 24

6 0400 Irony 26

6 0520 Irony: Stylistic Approaches 28

6 2269 Iroquoian Languages 31

6 0758 Islam and Arabic 34

6 0759 Islam in Africa 37

6 0760 Islam in East Asia 40

6 0768 Islam in Southeast Asia 42

6 4637 Islam in the Former Soviet Union 43

6 0761 Islam in the Near East 45

6 1970 Island Constraints 48

6 1812 Isle of Man: Language Situation 51

6 4715 Isolated Language Varieties 51

6 1837 Israel: Language Situation 59

6 2251 Italian 60

6 4237 Italian as a Fusional Language 64

6 4634 Italian Lexicography 69

6 1804 Italy: Language Situation 71

6 1639 Ivory Coast: Language Situation 72

6 2839 Iyer, L. Vishwanatha Ramaswami (1895–1948) 77

6 2646 Jaberg, Karl (1877–1959) 79

6 4871 Jackendoff, Ray S. (b. 1945) 80

6 2648 Jackson, Kenneth Hurlstone (1909–1991) 81

6 4983 Jacobsen, Lis (1882–1961) 81

6 5229 Jagic, Vatroslav (1838–1923) 82

6 2649 Jakobson, Roman (1896–1982) 83

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6 1420 Jakobson, Roman: Theory of the Sign 86

6 4903 Jakovlev, Nikolaj Feofanovich (1892–1974) 88

6 1760 Jamaica: Language Situation 88

6 1358 Japan: History of Linguistics 90

6 1688 Japan: Language Situation 93

6 4566 Japan: Writing System 95

6 4395 Japanese 102

6 4350 Japanese Lexicography 105

6 5147 Jargon 109

6 4537 Jarring, Gunnar (1907–2002) 112

6 2127 Javanese 113

6 4949 Jerriais 115

6 2651 Jespersen, Otto (1860–1943) 119

6 4397 Jewish Languages 120

6 5042 Jiwarli 125

6 2652 Johnson, Samuel (1709–1784) 129

6 1721 Johnston Atoll: Language Situation 131

6 2653 Jones, Daniel (1881–1967) 131

6 2654 Jones, William, Sir (1746–1794) 134

6 2655 Jonson, Ben (1572–1637) 135

6 2656 Joos, Martin (1907–1978) 136

6 1838 Jordan: Language Situation 137

6 2657 Jud, Jakob (1882–1952) 138

6 0763 Judaism 138

6 2658 Junius (Francisci Filius), Franciscus (1591–1677) 141

6 0698 Jury Instructions 143

6 4593 Kalkutungu 149

6 5158 Kamei, Takashi (b. 1912) 151

6 2148 Kannada 152

6 2659 Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804) 153

6 4517 Kanuri 154

6 2135 Kapampangan 155

6 2223 Kashmiri 158

6 2662 Kate Hermansz, Lambert ten (1674–1731) 161

6 2663 Katre, Sumitra Mangesh (1906–1998) 162

6 4535 Katyayana (3rd Century B.C.) 163

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6 2664 Katz, Jerrold J. (1932–2002) 165

6 2665 Kawamoto, Shigeo (1913–1983) 167

6 4531 Kay, Martin (b. 1935) 167

6 4936 Kayardild 168

6 5104 Kaytetye 170

6 2100 Kazakh 172

6 1689 Kazakhstan: Language Situation 175

6 2666 Kazama, Kiyozo (b. 1928) 177

6 2667 Kempelen, Wolfgang von (1734–1804) 178

6 2668 Kennedy, Benjamin Hall (1804–1889) 179

6 1640 Kenya: Language Situation 180

6 5161 Keres 183

6 4398 Ket 184

6 2116 Khasi 187

6 5056 Khmer 189

6 4591 Khoesaan Languages 192

6 5094 Khotanese 195

6 2669 Kiel/Kiliaan, Cornelis van (1530–1607) 196

6 2670 Kilwardby, Robert (?1215-1279) 197

6 0105 Kimatuumbi: Phonology 198

6 2671 Kindaichi, Kyosuke (1882–1971) 206

6 1421 Kinesics 207

6 1722 Kingman Reef: Language Situation 213

6 3026 Kinship Expressions and Terms 214

6 5119 Kinyarwanda 217

6 2101 Kirghiz 223

6 1723 Kiribati: Language Situation 226

6 2672 Klatt, Dennis H. (1938–1988) 227

6 2673 Knorosow, Yuri (1922–1999) 228

6 2674 Kobayashi, Hideo (1903–1978) 228

6 2676 Kodzu, Harushige (1908–1973) 229

6 2677 Koelle, Sigismund Wilhelm (1823–1902) 230

6 4814 Koerner, E. F. Konrad (b. 1939) 232

6 5159 Kono, Rokuro (1912–1998) 233

6 2303 Kordofanian Languages 233

6 1691 Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of: Language Situation 234

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6 1692 Korea, Republic of (South): Language Situation 235

6 4399 Korean 236

6 4568 Korean Script: History and Description 239

6 4478 Korean Lexicography 244

6 4910 Kotarbinski, Tadeusz (1912–1998) 245

6 2680 Krapf, Johann Ludwig (1810–1881) 246

6 2681 Kratzenstein, Christian Gottlieb (1723–1795) 248

6 4400 Krio 249

6 1253 Kripke, Saul (b. 1940) 256

6 2683 Kroeber, Alfred Louis (1876–1960) 256

6 2316 Kru Languages 257

6 5210 Kruisinga, Etsko (1875–1944) 259

6 2684 Kruszewski, Mikolaj Habdank (1851–1887) 260

6 2685 Kuiper, Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus (1907–2003) 261

6 2686 Kulpe, Oswald (1862–1915) 262

6 2687 Kunihiro, Tetsuya (b. 1929) 263

6 2688 Kurath, Hans (1891–1992) 264

6 2225 Kurdish 265

6 4463 Kurukh 267

6 2689 Kuryowicz, Jerzy (1895–1978) 270

6 1839 Kuwait: Language Situation 272

6 2317 Kwa Languages 272

6 1690 Kyrgyzstan: Language Situation 275

6 0008 Laboratory Phonetics 277

6 2690 Labov, William (b. 1927) 298

6 2691 Lacan, Jacques (1901–1981) 299

6 2692 Ladefoged, Peter (b. 1925) 300

6 4825 Lado, Robert (1915–1995) 301

6 2226 Lahnda 302

6 5255 Lak 303

6 5172 Lakota 305

6 2693 Lancelot, Claude (1615–1695) 307

6 4180 Landau-Klefner Syndrome 307

6 4515 Langacker, Ronald (b. 1942) 311

6 0848 Language Acquisition Research Methods 311

6 1287 Language Adaptation and Modernization 315

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6 4736 Language as an Object of Study 320

6 1286 Language Attitudes 324

6 3030 Language Change and Cultural Change 332

6 1901 Language Change and Language Contact 339

6 1869 Language Change, Intentional 346

6 1868 Language Change: Probabilistic Models 349

6 0849 Language Development in Blind Children 357

6 0847 Language Development in Deaf Children with Hearing Parents 361

6 0852 Language Development in School-Age Children, Adolescents, and Adults 368

6 4204 Language Development: Morphology 373

6 0836 Language Development: Overview 376

6 4201 Language Development: Pre-scientific Studies 391

6 2405 Language Disorders: 19th Century Studies 394

6 4190 Language Disorders: 20th Century Studies, Pre-1980 397

6 0676 Language Education and Gender 400

6 0665 Language Education for Endangered Languages 404

6 0666 Language Education for Language Revival 407

6 0682 Language Education of the Deaf 411

6 0664 Language Education Policies in Africa 414

6 0663 Language Education Policies in North America 423

6 0668 Language Education Policies in South Asia 426

6 0667 Language Education Policies in Southeast Asia 430

6 0669 Language Education Policies in the Pacific 433

6 0660 Language Education Policy in China 442

6 0657 Language Education Policy in Europe 446

6 0659 Language Education Policy in Latin America 453

6 0658 Language Education Policy in Soviet Successor States 457

6 0973 Language Education, Computer-Assisted 460

6 0681 Language Education: Correctness and Purism 470

6 0679 Language Education: Grammar 477

6 0680 Language Education: Language Awareness 480

6 0689 Language Education: Standards Movement 483

6 0677 Language Education: Teacher Preparation 487

6 0678 Language Education: Vocabulary 494

6 1524 Language Families and Linguistic Diversity 499

6 0967 Language Identification, Automatic 508

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6 3029 Language Ideology 510

6 0703 Language in Computer-Mediated Communication 523

6 2395 Language in the Nondominant Hemisphere 529

6 1511 Language in the Workplace: Different Approaches 536

6 1288 Language Loyalty 539

6 1289 Language Maintenance and Shift 542

6 0693 Language of Legal Texts 549

6 0655 Language of Tertiary Education 556

6 4780 Language of Thought 559

6 1290 Language Planning and Policy: Models 561

6 4263 Language Policies: Policies on Language in Europe 561

6 0646 Language Policy in Multilingual Educational Contexts 584

6 0401 Language Politics 596

6 0948 Language Processing: Statistical Methods 597

6 3031 Language Socialization 604

6 1291 Language Spread 613

6 1292 Language Surveys 616

6 0609 Language Teaching Traditions: Second Language 625

6 1325 Language Teaching: History 634

6 1492 Language and Dialect: Linguistic Varieties 647

6 0865 Language, Visual Cognition and Motor Action 648

6 1485 Language/Dialect Contact 651

6 0901 Language: Mathematical Complexity 657

6 1422 Language: Semiotics 665

6 0643 Languages for Specific Purposes 679

6 5295 Languages for Specific Purposes: Pedagogy 684

6 0644 Languages of Wider Communication 690

6 4402 Lao 697

6 1693 Laos: Language Situation 698

6 4526 Lascaris, Jean (Laskaris, Janus) (ca. 1445–1534) 701

6 4985 Lasch, Agathe (1879–1942) 702

6 4918 Lasswell, Harold Dwight (1902–1978) 703

6 2694 Latacz, Joachim (b. 1934) 705

6 0870 Latent Semantic Analysis 706

6 4931 Laterality Across the World’s Languages 709

6 2248 Latin 719

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6 4349 Latin Lexicography 723

6 1806 Latvia: Language Situation 724

6 2166 Latvian 725

6 4885 Latvian Lexicography 727

6 4718 Law and Language: Overview 728

6 4721 Law on Language 731

6 2695 Le Roux, Pierre (1874–1975) 738

6 0427 Learners’ Dictionaries 739

6 5260 Learning Sign Language as a Second Language 743

7 1840 Lebanon: Language Situation 1

7 4505 Legal Genres 1

7 4504 Legal Language: History 8

7 4720 Legal Pragmatics 13

7 4664 Legal Semiotics 20

7 0484 Legal Translation 26

7 4508 Legal-Professional Language in Jury Trial 29

7 2696 Lehiste, Ilse (b. 1922) 36

7 2697 Lehmann, Winfred Philipp (b. 1916) 37

7 2698 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646–1716) 39

7 2699 Lejeune, Michel (1907–2000) 42

7 2700 Lenneberg, Eric H. (1921–1975) 43

7 4804 Leont’iev, Aleksei Alekseevich (1936–2004) 44

7 2701 Lepsius, Carl Richard (1810–1884) 45

7 2702 Leskien, August (1840–1916) 47

7 1641 Lesotho: Language Situation 48

7 4781 Levels of Adequacy, Observational, Descriptive, Explanatory 49

7 2703 Levi-Strauss, Claude (b. 1908) 51

7 2704 Levita, Elijah (1469–1549) 52

7 5079 Levy-Bruhl, Lucien (1857–1939) 54

7 2705 Lewis, Henry (1889–1968) 55

7 0135 Lexeme-Morpheme-Based Morphology 57

7 0954 Lexical Acquisition 61

7 1051 Lexical Conceptual Structure 69

7 1052 Lexical Conditions 77

7 1054 Lexical Fields 69

7 2043 Lexical Functional Grammar 82

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7 0088 Lexical Phonology and Morphology 94

7 1095 Lexical Semantics: Overview 98

7 0117 Lexicalization 106

7 2042 Lexicase 109

7 4873 Lexicography: Overview 113

7 0430 Lexicology 128

7 0429 Lexicon Grammars 134

7 1971 Lexicon, Generative 138

7 1096 Lexicon: Structure 148

7 2706 Lhuyd, Edward (ca. 1660–1709) 151

7 2707 Li Fang-Kuei (1902–1989) 153

7 1642 Liberia: Language Situation 154

7 1643 Libya: Language Situation 155

7 1807 Liechtenstein: Language Situation 155

7 1269 Limits of Language 156

7 0579 Linearity/Syntagmatics 159

7 0641 Lingua Francas as Second Languages 163

7 3032 Linguistic Anthropology 171

7 0379 Linguistic Decolonization 185

7 3034 Linguistic Ethnonationalism 187

7 4782 Linguistic Features 193

7 5270 Linguistic Habitus 194

7 4455 Linguistic Influence 196

7 4795 Linguistic Paradigms 206

7 1126 Linguistic Reality 208

7 0407 Linguistic Rights 212

7 4760 Linguistic Terminology 215

7 1362 Linguistic Theory in the Later Middle Ages 218

7 4751 Linguistic Universals, Chomskyan 222

7 4752 Linguistic Universals, Greenbergian 225

7 4738 Linguistics as a Science 227

7 4374 Linguistics as a University Subject: Early History, in America 234

7 1326 Linguistics as a University Subject: Early History, in Europe 237

7 4761 Linguistics: Approaches 240

7 3035 Literacy Practices in Sociocultural Perspective 246

7 0315 Literary Pragmatics 255

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7 0521 Literary Theory and Stylistics 261

7 0522 Literature and the Language of Literature 267

7 0523 Literature: Empirical Studies 274

7 1808 Lithuania: Language Situation 280

7 2167 Lithuanian 281

7 4360 Lithuanian Lexicography 284

7 4986 Liu Xie (ca. 500) 285

7 0079 Loanword Phonology 286

7 0470 Localization 290

7 2708 Locke, John (1632–1704) 291

7 2709 Lodwick, Francis (1619–1694) 293

7 1128 Logic and Language: Philosophical Aspects 294

7 4613 Logical and Linguistic Notation 303

7 1187 Logical Consequence 305

7 1190 Logical Form in Linguistics 309

7 4207 Logophoric Pronouns 312

7 2710 Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasilyevich (1711–1765) 315

7 2011 Long-Distance Dependencies 316

7 1898 Long-Range Comparison: Methodological Disputes 324

7 2711 Loth, Joseph (1847–1934) 331

7 4661 Louisiana Creole 332

7 2713 Lounsbury, Floyd Glenn (1914–1998) 333

7 2714 Lowth, Robert (1710–1787) 334

7 2715 Lu Fa-yen (fl. 600) 335

7 5206 Luganda 336

7 5138 Luhmann, Niklas (1927–1998) 338

7 2716 Luick, Karl (1865–1935) 339

7 2717 Lukas, Johannes (1901–1990) 340

7 4616 Luo 340

7 4542 Luria, Aleksandr Romanovich (1902–1977) 341

7 2719 Luther, Martin (1483–1546) 342

7 5202 Luxembourg: Language Situation 345

7 5217 Luxembourgish 346

7 2720 Luzzatto, Samuel David (1800–1865) 347

7 4312 Lying, Honesty, and Promising 348

7 4511 Lyons, John, Sir (b. 1932) 351

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7 4987 Ma, Jianzhong (1844–1900) 353

7 1810 Macedonia: Language Situation 354

7 5220 Macedonian 356

7 0476 Machine Readable Corpora 358

7 0937 Machine Translation: History 375

7 0939 Machine Translation: Interlingual Methods 383

7 0938 Machine-Aided Translation: Methods 394

7 0936 Machine Translation: Overview 404

7 4638 Macro-Je 422

7 0524 Macrostructure 426

7 4847 Madang Languages 429

7 2721 Madsen Aarhus, Jacob (1538–1586) 432

7 2128 Madurese 433

7 2722 Madvig, Johann Nicolai (1804–1886) 435

7 4803 Maffei, Angelus Francis Xavier (1844–1899) 436

7 2398 Magnetoencephalography 437

7 2129 Malagasy 445

7 4837 Malawi: Language Situation 447

7 2130 Malay 450

7 2149 Malayalam 453

7 4464 Malayo-Polynesian Languages 457

7 1695 Malaysia: Language Situation 462

7 1696 Maldives: Language Situation 464

7 1647 Mali: Language Situation 465

7 2723 Malinowski, Bronislaw Kaspar (1884–1942) 467

7 2724 Malkiel, Yakov (1914–1998) 468

7 2725 Malmberg, Bertil (1913–1994) 469

7 1811 Malta: Language Situation 470

7 2088 Maltese 471

7 4492 Malukan Languages 471

7 5117 Mambila 473

7 4491 Manambu 475

7 2302 Mande Languages 477

7 2131 Maori 482

7 2400 Mapping Syntax Using Imaging: Problems and Prospects for the Study of NeurolinguisticComputation 484

7 4851 Mapudungan 487

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7 2228 Marathi 488

7 2726 Marbais, Michel de (fl. 1255) 490

7 1973 Markedness 491

7 1424 Marketing and Semiotics: From Transaction to Relation 498

7 0372 Marketing: Semiotics 504

7 0926 Mark-up Languages: Speech 507

7 4963 Mark-up Languages: Speech, X+V 513

7 0941 Mark-up Languages: Text 516

7 5300 Marr, Mikolai Jakovlevich (1864–1934) 520

7 1724 Marshall Islands: Language Situation 520

7 2729 Marstrander, Carl J. S. (1883–1965) 521

7 2730 Martin of Dacia (d. 1304) 522

7 4440 Martin, Samuel (b. 1924) 523

7 2731 Martinet, Andre (1908–1999) 524

7 1761 Martinique: Language Situation 525

7 2732 Marty, Anton (1847–1914) 526

7 0402 Marxist Theories of Language 526

7 1097 Mass Expressions 530

7 1192 Mass Nouns, Count Nouns, Non-count Nouns: Philosophical Aspects 534

7 5282 Masterman, Margaret (1910–1986) 538

7 2733 Mathesius, Vilem (1882–1945) 540

7 2734 Matore, Georges (1908–1998) 541

7 2735 Matsumoto, Katsumi (b. 1929) 542

7 1648 Mauritania: Language Situation 542

7 1649 Mauritius: Language Situation 543

7 0361 Maxims and Flouting 545

7 4988 Mayenowa, Maria Renata (1910–1988) 548

7 2284 Mayan Languages 549

7 1650 Mayotte: Language Situation 553

7 2737 Mayrhofer, Manfred (b. 1926) 554

7 4906 McCawley, James (1938–1999) 556

7 2738 McDavid, Raven I., Jr. (1911–1984) 558

7 5160 McLuhan, Marshall (b. 1911) 559

7 2740 Mead, George Herbert (1863–1931) 560

7 1055 Meaning Postulates 561

7 4303 Meaning, Procedural and Conceptual 562

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7 1425 Meaning, Sense, and Reference 566

7 1056 Meaning: Cognitive Dependency of Lexical Meaning 575

7 0840 Meaning: Development 577

7 1129 Meaning: Overview of Philosophical Theories 584

7 1365 Meaning: Pre-20th Century Theories 590

7 4279 Media and Language: Overview 597

7 0708 Media and Marginalized Groups 602

7 0706 Media Panics 607

7 0726 Media, Politics, and Discourse: Interactions 609

7 0705 Media: Analysis and Methods 616

7 0354 Media: Pragmatics 623

7 1426 Media: Semiotics 631

7 2356 Medical Communication: Linguas Francas 643

7 2359 Medical Communication: Professional–Lay 644

7 2350 Medical Discourse and Academic Genres 649

7 4454 Medical Discourse: Psychiatric Interviews 658

7 4453 Medical Discourse: Communication Skills and Terminally Ill Patients 665

7 2357 Medical Discourse: Developments, 16th and 17th Centuries 674

7 2346 Medical Discourse: Doctor–Patient Communication 681

7 2352 Medical Discourse: Early Genres, 14th and 15th Centuries 688

7 2354 Medical Discourse: Hedges 694

7 4277 Medical Discourse: Illness Narratives 697

7 4275 Medical Discourse: Non-Western Cultures 703

7 2360 Medical Discourse: Sociohistorical Construction 709

7 4272 Medical Discourse: Structured Abstracts 717

7 2344 Medical English: Conferencing 721

7 2355 Medical Journals: Letters to the Editor 725

7 2345 Medical Specialty Encounters 732

7 4269 Medical Writing, Revising and Editing 742

7 4499 Medicine and Health: Inter- and Intra-professional Communication 745

7 2351 Medicine: Use of English 752

7 2741 Meeussen, Achille Emile (1912–1978) 752

7 2742 Meigret, Louis (?1500-1558) 760

7 2743 Meillit, Antoine (Paul Jules) (1866–1936) 761

7 2744 Meinhof, Carl Friedrich Michael (1857–1944) 762

7 2745 Meinong, Alexius (1853–1920) 764

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8 2746 Melanchthon, Philipp (1497–1560) 1

8 0764 Melanesian Religions 1

8 4530 Mel’cuk, Igor Aleksandrovic (b.1932) 5

8 4784 Memes 6

8 2747 Mencken, Henry Louis (1880–1956) 8

8 2748 Menendez Pidal, Ramon (1869–1968) 9

8 1193 Mentalese 9

8 5263 Meringer, Rudolf (1859–1931) 12

8 4838 Meronymy 13

8 4571 Mesoamerica: Scripts 16

8 4550 Mesopotamian Cuneiform Script 27

8 1007 Metalanguage versus Object Language 31

8 1098 Metaphor and Conceptual Blending 32

8 1194 Metaphor: Philosophical Theories 40

8 0321 Metaphor: Psychological Aspects 43

8 0525 Metaphor: Stylistic Approaches 51

8 2358 Metaphors in English, French, and Spanish Medical Written Discourse 58

8 0728 Metaphors in Political Discourse 63

8 4271 Metaphors, Grammatical 66

8 1227 Metaphysics, Substitution Salva Veritate and the Slingshot Argument 73

8 0317 Metapragmatics 82

8 3036 Metasemiosis and Metapragmatics 88

8 0118 Metathesis 92

8 0199 Metatypy 95

8 0526 Meter 99

8 1008 Metonymy 109

8 0057 Metrical Phonology 113

8 1850 Mexico: Language Situation 119

8 2751 Meyer, Kuno Eduard (1858–1919) 121

8 2752 Meyer-Lubke, Wilhelm (1861–1936) 121

8 4932 Michif 122

8 1725 Micronesia, Federated States: Language Situation 124

8 1526 Microparametric Variation 124

8 5193 Middle English Dictionaries 128

8 1726 Midway Islands: Language Situation 129

8 1294 Migration and Language 129

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8 5169 Migration and Language Planning 133

8 2753 Miklosic, Franc (1813–1891) 137

8 2754 Mill, John Stuart (1806–1873) 138

8 2755 Miller, George (b. 1920) 140

8 4990 Milroy, Lesley 141

8 0527 Mind Style 142

8 2045 Minimalism 149

8 1295 Minorities and Language 156

8 0653 Minority Languages: Education 159

8 0376 Minority Languages: Oppression 164

8 1367 Missionary Linguistics 167

8 4843 Misumalpan 170

8 0392 Mitigation 171

8 2009 Mixed Categories 175

8 2285 Mixe-Zoquean Languages 184

8 4694 Mobilian Jargon 188

8 1099 Modal Logic 190

8 0232 Modality Issues in Signed and Spoken Language 197

8 4533 Modern Linguistics: 1800 to the Present Day 203

8 4525 Modes of Participation and Democratization in the Internet 210

8 4787 Modularity 215

8 0859 Modularity of Mind and Language 218

8 1813 Moldova: Language Situation 225

8 5111 Moller, Hermann (1850–1923) 225

8 2117 Mon 226

8 1814 Monaco: Language Situation 230

8 1698 Mongolia: Language Situation 230

8 2095 Mongolic Languages 231

8 2113 Mon-Khmer Languages 234

8 1057 Monotonicity and Generalized Quantifiers 240

8 1101 Montague Semantics 244

8 2760 Montague, Richard (1931–1971) 255

8 2761 Montanus, Petrus (ca. 1594–1638) 257

8 1762 Montserrat: Language Situation 258

8 0251 Mood and Modality in Grammar 259

8 1172 Mood, Clause Types, and Illocutionary Force 267

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8 4730 Morgenstierne, George (1892–1978) 271

8 1651 Morocco: Language Situation 272

8 4245 Morpheme 272

8 1880 Morphological Change, Paradigm Leveling and Analogy 277

8 0155 Morphological Typology 278

8 4240 Morphological Universals 282

8 1879 Morphologization 290

8 4243 Morphology and Language Processing 295

8 4253 Morphology in Parallel Distributed Processing 300

8 0161 Morphology in Pidgins and Creoles 304

8 4247 Morphology: Optimality Theory 308

8 4234 Morphology: Overview 316

8 4246 Morphophonemics 318

8 0133 Morphopragmatics 332

8 4431 Morphotactics 335

8 4991 Morpurgo Davies, Anna (b. 1937) 337

8 2762 Morris, Charles (1901–1979) 338

8 1427 Morris, Charles: Theory of the Sign 339

8 4957 Morrobalama 340

8 0650 Mother Tongue Education: Nonstandard Language 342

8 0648 Mother Tongue Education: Standard Language 345

8 0625 Motivation and Attitude in Second Language Learning 348

8 2765 Motoori Haruniwa (1763–1828) 356

8 2764 Motoori Norinaga (1730–1801) 357

8 2766 Mounin, Georges (1910–1993) 358

8 1652 Mozambique: Language Situation 359

8 2767 Mufwene, Salikoko (b. 1947) 363

8 2768 Mukaıovsky, Jan (1891–1975) 364

8 2769 Mulcaster, Richard (1532–1611) 366

8 2770 Mulder, Johannes W. Franciscus (b. 1919) 367

8 2772 Muller, Friedrich Max (1823–1900) 367

8 1297 Multiculturalism and Language 369

8 0344 Multilingualism: Pragmatic Aspects 371

8 4362 Multimodal Interaction with Computers 376

8 0729 Multimodality and the Language of Politics 386

8 1102 Multivalued Logics 387

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8 2111 Munda Languages 390

8 4995 Munro, Pamela 392

8 2774 Murayama Shichiroo (1908–1993) 393

8 2775 Murray, Alexander (1775–1813) 395

8 2776 Murray, James A. H. (1837–1915) 395

8 2777 Murray, Lindley (1745–1826) 396

8 1428 Musical Semiotics 397

8 2271 Muskogean Languages 405

8 4281 Muslim/Islamic Language Education in Pakistan and India 409

8 1429 Myth 415

8 1430 Mythologies in Pop Culture 418

8 0775 Myths about Language 421

8 5226 Nadeljaev, Vladimir Mikhailovich (1912–1985) 427

8 2272 Na-Dene Languages 428

8 2778 Naert, Pierre (1916–1971) 430

8 2779 Nagojibhatta (d. 1755) 431

8 4722 Nahuatl 433

8 0956 Named Entity Extraction 434

8 0776 Names and Proverbs: Religious Significance 437

8 1653 Namibia: Language Situation 441

8 4830 Nanjio, Bunyiu (1849–1927) 442

8 4996 Napoli, Donna Jo (b. 1948) 443

8 2364 Narrative and Discourse Impairments 445

8 0529 Narrative: Cognitive Approaches 452

8 0528 Narrative: Linguistic and Structural Theories 459

8 4603 Narrative: Sociolinguistic Research 473

8 0346 Narrativity and Voice 477

8 0530 Narratology, Feminist 482

8 1363 Nationalism and Linguistics 485

8 1298 Native Speaker 489

8 1198 Natural Kind Terms 492

8 0975 Natural Language Interfaces 496

8 0927 Natural Language Processing: Overview 503

8 0932 Natural Language Processing: System Evaluation 518

8 0881 Natural Language Understanding, Automatic 524

8 0120 Natural Morphology 539

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8 0090 Natural Phonology 541

8 1060 Natural Semantic Metalanguage 544

8 1199 Natural versus Non-natural Meaning 551

8 1200 Naturalism 553

8 1727 Nauru: Language Situation 556

8 5203 Navaho 556

8 2780 Navarro, Tomas (1884–1979) 557

8 4521 Nebrija, Antonio de (1444?–1522) 558

8 0200 Negation 559

8 1202 Negation: Philosophical Aspects 567

8 1115 Negation: Semantic Aspects 570

8 4466 Nenets 577

8 0121 Neoclassical Compounding 580

8 4375 Neogrammarians 582

8 4529 Neo-Gricean Pragmatics 586

8 4318 Neologisms 590

8 1699 Nepal: Language Situation 594

8 2229 Nepali 595

8 1816 Netherlands Antilles: Language Situation 596

8 1763 Netherlands: Language Situation 597

8 2404 Neurolinguistics from the Middle Ages to the Pre-modern Era 597

8 0064 Neutralization 605

8 1728 New Caledonia: Language Situation 606

8 0765 New Religious Movements 608

8 1729 New Zealand: Language Situation 611

8 5153 New Zealand Lexicography 612

8 5177 Newman, Paul (b. 1937) 614

8 0716 News Language 615

8 0373 Newspeak 618

8 4958 Ngan’gi 619

8 1777 Nicaragua: Language Situation 622

8 0435 Nicknames 624

8 2781 Nida, Eugene Albert (b. 1914) 627

8 1654 Niger: Language Situation 628

8 2301 Niger-Congo Languages 631

8 1655 Nigeria: Language Situation 635

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8 5184 Nikolaeva, T. M. (b. 1933) 637

8 2332 Nilo-Saharan Languages 638

8 2783 Nishida, Tatsuo (b. 1928) 642

8 5273 Niue: Language Situation 643

8 1730 Niuean 644

8 4406 Nivkh 645

8 2784 Noldeke, Theodor (1836–1930) 647

8 1270 Nominalism 648

8 0201 Nominalization 652

8 0835 Non-human Primate Communication 659

8 4216 Nonmanual Structures in Sign Language 668

8 1204 Nonmonotonic Inference 672

8 4244 Nonmorphological Word Formation 675

8 0614 Nonnative Speaker Teachers 679

8 1203 Nonstandard Language Use 686

8 1432 Nonverbal Communication 690

8 0208 Nonverbal Predication 693

8 2785 Noreen, Adolf Gotthard (1854–1925) 696

8 1731 Norfolk Island: Language Situation 697

8 1205 Normativity 698

8 1299 Norms and Correctness 701

8 2203 Norse and Icelandic 703

8 1732 North Mariana Islands: Language Situation 707

8 4848 North Philippine Languages 707

8 1817 Norway: Language Situation 709

8 2204 Norwegian 710

8 2010 Noun Phrases 712

8 0280 Nouns 720

8 0203 Number 724

8 2369 Numbers: Calculation 731

8 0287 Numerals 736

8 4612 Numerical Notation 739

8 4706 Nuuchahnulth 741

8 2318 Nyanja 744

9 1207 Object-Dependent Thoughts 1

9 1266 Objectivity in Moral Discourse 5

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9 4666 Objects, Properties, and Functions 5

9 2253 Occitan 14

9 1560 Ogam 15

9 2788 Ogden, Charles Kay (1889–1957) 18

9 2789 Ohno, Susumu (b. 1919) 19

9 4997 Okamoto, Shigeko 20

9 2169 Old Church Slavonic 21

9 5192 Old English Dictionaries 22

9 5194 Old French Dictionaries 23

9 2790 Oldendorp, Christian Georg Andreas (1721–1787) 24

9 4960 Omaha-Ponca 25

9 1841 Oman: Language Situation 29

9 2076 Omotic Languages 29

9 5020 Oneida 30

9 5186 Onions, Charles Talbut (1873–1965) 33

9 0122 Onomasiological Theory of Word Formation 34

9 4434 Onomasiology and Lexical Variation 37

9 1004 Operators in Semantics and Typed Logics 40

9 2791 Opie, Peter (1918–1982) and Iona (b. 1923) 54

9 2401 Optical Imaging 55

9 2044 Optimality-Theoretic Lexical-Functional Grammar 60

9 0672 Oracy Education 69

9 5071 O’Rahilly, Thomas Francis (1882–1953) 71

9 0586 Oral Traditions and Spoken Discourse 72

9 3038 Orality 80

9 1254 Ordinary Language Philosophy 84

9 0405 Organizational Discourse 87

9 4753 Origin and Evolution of Language 91

9 1329 Origin of Language Debate 98

9 2074 Oromo 103

9 2792 Orr, John (1885–1966) 106

9 2793 Orton, Harold (1898–1975) 107

9 5209 Osada, Natsuki (b. 1920) 108

9 5118 Ossetic 109

9 2794 Osthoff, Hermann (1847–1909) 115

9 4816 Otfried von Weissenburg (fl. 9th Century A.D.) 117

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9 2286 Oto-Manguean Languages 118

9 2795 Paget, Richard Arthur Surtees (Bart.), Sir (1869–1955) 126

9 2232 Pahlavi 126

9 1700 Pakistan: Language Situation 127

9 1733 Palau: Language Situation 129

9 4724 Palenquero 131

9 4876 Paleography, Greek and Latin 134

9 4857 Palestine (West Bank and Gaza): Language Situation 141

9 2233 Pali 142

9 2796 Pallas, Peter Simon (1741–1811) 145

9 2797 Palmer, Harold Edward (1877–1949) 146

9 2799 Palsgrave, John (?1480-1554) 147

9 1778 Panama: Language Situation 148

9 1480 Panel Studies and Language Variation 150

9 2800 Panini 153

9 4881 Panoan Languages 156

9 4723 Papiamentu 157

9 1735 Papua New Guinea: Language Situation 159

9 2334 Papuan Languages 162

9 3061 Paradigm Function Morphology 171

9 1434 Paradigm versus Syntagm 173

9 1209 Paradoxes, Semantic 175

9 1862 Paraguay: Language Situation 178

9 2013 Parentheticals 179

9 1435 Paris School Semiotics 182

9 5272 Parkinson Disease and Language 185

9 0720 Parliamentary Discourses 188

9 4364 Parsing and Grammar Description, Corpus-Based 197

9 0955 Parsing: Statistical Methods 205

9 5074 Partee, Barbara H. (b. 1940) 209

9 1503 Participatory Research and Advocacy 211

9 0571 Particles in Spoken Discourse 214

9 0204 Partitives 218

9 0952 Part-of-Speech Tagging 221

9 2801 Partridge, Eric Honeywood (1894–1979) 230

9 2235 Pashto 231

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9 0292 Passives and Impersonals 236

9 2802 Passy, Paul Edouard (1859–1940) 239

9 2803 Patanjali (2nd Century B.C.) 241

9 2804 Paul, Hermann (1846–1921) 242

9 4999 Paulston, Christina Bratt (b. 1932) 243

9 0796 Pauses and Hesitations: Psycholinguistic Approach 244

9 0617 Pedagogical Grammars: Second Language 248

9 2805 Pedersen, Holger (1867–1953) 255

9 1256 Peirce, Charles Sanders (1839–1914) 256

9 5224 Perceptual Dialectology 258

9 0259 Perfectives, Imperfectives, and Progressives 266

9 0257 Perfects, Resultatives, and Experientials 270

9 0583 Performance Factors in Spoken Discourse 273

9 3039 Performance in Culture 275

9 1012 Performative Clauses 283

9 2015 Periphrasis 287

9 2236 Persian, Modern 295

9 4595 Persian, Old 297

9 0439 Personal Names 299

9 0584 Personality Factors in Spoken Discourse 312

9 1863 Peru: Language Situation 316

9 2807 Peter Helias (12th Century A.D.) 319

9 2810 Petrus de Alliaco (Pierre d’Ailly) (1350–1420) 320

9 2808 Petrus Hispanus (ca. 1210–1276) 321

9 2811 Pfeiffer, Rudolf (1889–1979) 322

9 1736 Philippines: Language Situation 323

9 1371 Philosophy of Language, Medieval 326

9 4792 Philosophy of Linguistics 331

9 1132 Philosophy of Mind 337

9 1136 Philosophy of Science and Linguistics 340

9 4660 Phoenician 343

9 0009 Phoneme 345

9 0010 Phonemic Analysis 351

9 0011 Phonemics, Taxonomic 358

9 0012 Phonetic Classification 364

9 0013 Phonetic Pedagogy 372

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9 0585 Phonetic Processes in Discourse 379

9 0014 Phonetic Transcription: Analysis 386

9 0015 Phonetic Transcription: History 396

9 4667 Phonetically Motivated Word Formation 411

9 0367 Phonetics and Pragmatics 415

9 0033 Phonetics of Harmony Systems 418

9 0002 Phonetics, Articulatory 425

9 0001 Phonetics, Acoustic 442

9 0005 Phonetics, Forensic 460

9 0004 Phonetics: Field Methods 463

9 0016 Phonetics: Overview 468

9 1330 Phonetics: Precursors to Modern Approaches 470

9 4158 Phonological Awareness and Literacy 489

9 1876 Phonological Change in Optimality Theory 497

9 4222 Phonological Change: Lexical Phonology 506

9 2365 Phonological Impairments, Sublexical 509

9 0044 Phonological Phrase 519

9 0046 Phonological Typology 523

9 0049 Phonological Universals 525

9 0043 Phonological Words 531

9 4929 Phonological, Lexical, Syntactic, and Semantic Disorders in Children 535

9 0075 Phonology in the Production of Words 545

9 0094 Phonology: Optimality Theory 553

9 0035 Phonology: Overview 562

9 0067 Phonology–Phonetics Interface 565

9 1437 Photography: Semiotics 569

9 4447 Phrasal Stress 572

9 0440 Phraseology 579

9 1013 Phrastic, Neustic, Tropic: Hare’s Trichotomy 585

9 1438 Phytosemiotics 586

9 2812 Piaget, Jean (1896–1980) 587

9 4408 Pictish 589

9 1462 Pictography: Semiotic Approaches 591

9 4409 Pidgins and Creoles: Overview 600

9 2814 Pike, Kenneth Lee (1912–2000) 607

9 1737 Pitcairn Island: Language Situation 608

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9 4943 Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara 609

9 2815 Pitman, Isaac, Sir (1813–1897) 612

9 0441 Place Names 613

9 0701 Plagiarism 621

9 4294 Planning Strategies and Production of Spoken Discourse 628

9 2816 Planudes, Maximus (1260–1310) 632

9 1373 Plato and His Predecessors 633

9 1344 Plato’s Cratylus and Its Legacy 636

9 4811 Pliny the Elder (23–79 A.D.) 633

9 4206 Pluractionals (Distributives) 640

9 1062 Plurality 642

9 0532 Poetry: Stylistic Aspects 645

9 2818 Pokorny, Julius (1887–1970) 652

9 1355 Poland: History of Linguistics 653

9 1818 Poland: Language Situation 656

9 1063 Polarity Items 658

9 0695 Police Questioning 661

9 2170 Polish 672

9 4351 Polish Lexicography 675

9 0102 Polish: Phonology 676

9 0348 Politeness 679

9 1512 Politeness Strategies as Linguistic Variables 684

9 0724 Political Rhetorics of Discrimination 697

9 0721 Political Speeches and Persuasive Argumentation 700

9 4665 Politics and Language: Overview 707

9 0615 Politics of Teaching 719

9 0722 Politics, Ideology and Discourse 728

9 2819 Polotsky, Hans (Hayyim) Jacob (1905–1991) 741

9 1045 Polysemy and Homonymy 742

9 4669 Polysynthetic Language: Central Siberian Yupik 745

9 4951 Pomoan Languages 748

9 2820 Pop, Sever (1901–1961) 753

9 2821 Poppe, Nikolai Nikolaevich (1897–1991) 754

9 0533 Popularizations 755

9 2822 Porphyrios of Tyros (ca. 232/3-301) 759

9 1374 Port-Royal Tradition of Grammar 760

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9 1819 Portugal: Language Situation 762

9 2254 Portuguese 762

9 0205 Possession, Adnominal 765

9 0206 Possession, Predicative 769

9 0207 Possession, External 773

9 1210 Possible Worlds: Philosophical Theories 774

9 0534 Possible Worlds: Stylistic Applications 777

9 1375 Post-Bloomfieldians 783

9 2823 Postel, Guillaume (1510–1581) 784

9 1440 Postmodernism 785

9 1439 Poststructuralism and Deconstruction 794

9 2824 Potebnja, Alexander (1835–1891) 798

9 2825 Pott, August Friedrich (1802–1887) 800

9 4810 Pound, Louise (1872–1958) 802

10 5211 Poutsma, Hendrik (1856–1937) 1

10 0339 Power and Pragmatics 1

10 0386 Pragmatic Acts 5

10 1211 Pragmatic Determinants of What Is Said 11

10 0381 Pragmatic Indexing 14

10 0319 Pragmatic Presupposition 17

10 0312 Pragmatics and Semantics 25

10 0387 Pragmatics of Reading 32

10 0318 Pragmatics: History 37

10 4309 Pragmatics: Linguistic Imperialism 44

10 4485 Pragmatics: Optimality Theory 47

10 0306 Pragmatics: Overview 51

10 1376 Prague School 62

10 0734 Prayer and Meditation 67

10 0735 Preaching 70

10 1979 Predication 73

10 4606 Prestige, Overt and Covert 77

10 1104 Presupposition 80

10 2826 Priestley, Joseph (1733–1804) 87

10 4174 Primary Progressive Aphasia in Nondementing Adults 88

10 4788 Primitive Languages 91

10 2047 Principles and Parameters Framework of Generative Grammar 94

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10 0358 Principles and Rules 103

10 4580 Printing and Typewriting 104

10 2827 Priscianus Caesariensis (d. ca. 530) 107

10 1214 Private Language Argument 108

10 0536 Problem-Solution Patterns 112

10 0821 Production of Vocalizations in Mammals 115

10 0125 Productivity 121

10 1066 Projection Problem 128

10 0284 Pronouns 131

10 5280 Proper Names: Linguistic Status 134

10 1137 Proper Names: Philosophical Aspects 137

10 1067 Proper Names: Semantic Aspects 141

10 0736 Prophecy 145

10 1065 Propositional and Predicate Logic: Linguistic Aspects 146

10 1217 Propositional Attitude Ascription: Philosophical Aspects 153

10 1069 Propositional Attitudes 158

10 1218 Propositions 162

10 2829 Propp, Vladimir Iakovlevich (1895–1970) 167

10 0019 Prosodic Aspects of Speech and Language 167

10 0588 Prosodic Cues of Discourse Units 178

10 0069 Prosodic Morphology 182

10 1896 Proto-Algonkian Phonology and Morpho-Syntax 190

10 4224 Proto-Bantu 198

10 4225 Proto-Ugric 206

10 1893 Proto-Indo-European Morphology 213

10 1892 Proto-Indo–European Phonology 221

10 1894 Proto-Indo–European Syntax 228

10 4789 Protolanguage 235

10 1070 Prototype Semantics 238

10 1441 Proxemics 241

10 0209 Proximatives 244

10 0345 Psychoanalysis and Language 245

10 4155 Psycholinguistic Research Methods 251

10 4157 Psycholinguistics: History 257

10 0788 Psycholinguistics: Overview 265

10 4175 Psychosis and Language 275

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10 3052 Psychotherapy and Counselling 279

10 1764 Puerto Rico: Language Situation 285

10 1870 Punctuated Equilibrium and Language Change 286

10 4573 Punctuation 290

10 5043 Punjabi 291

10 0364 Punning 295

10 2830 Puscariu, Sextil (1877–1948) 296

10 5141 Putnam, Hilary (b. 1926) 297

10 1842 Qatar: Language Situation 299

10 2832 Qimhi, David (1160–?1235) 300

10 0766 Quakerism 301

10 1116 Quantifiers: Semantics 302

10 0059 Quantity 308

10 2297 Quechua 314

10 0406 Queer Talk 316

10 0961 Question Answering from Text, Automatic 323

10 4908 Quilıs, Antonio (1933–2003) 327

10 1257 Quine, Willard van Orman (1908–2000) 329

10 2834 Quintilian (ca. 30–98 A.D.) 331

10 2835 Quirk, Charles Randolph, Professor Lord (b. 1920) 332

10 0785 Qur’an 334

10 4711 (R) as a Variable 337

10 1221 Radical Interpretation, Translation and Interpretationalism 344

10 0704 Radio: Language 348

10 2836 Radulphus Brito (ca. 1275–1320) 354

10 2837 Rajarajavarma, A. R. (1863–1918) 355

10 2838 Ralph of Beauvais (fl. 1175) 356

10 4820 Ramat, Paolo (b. 1936) 357

10 2840 Ramstedt, Gustaf John (1873–1950) 358

10 2841 Ramus, Petrus (1515–1572) 359

10 2842 Rask, Rasmus Kristian (1787–1832) 360

10 5227 Rassadin, Valentin Ivanovich (b. 1939) 361

10 4261 Rastafari Language 362

10 0866 Rational Analysis and Language Processing 363

10 2843 Ratke, Wolfgang (1571–1635) 366

10 2844 Raumer, Rudolf von (1815–1876) 367

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10 2845 Raymundus Lullus (ca. 1235–1315) 368

10 0671 Reading and Multiliteracy 369

10 0794 Reading Processes in Adults 373

10 4156 Reading Processes in Children 379

10 1271 Realism and Antirealism 386

10 1890 Reconstruction, Cultural 389

10 1888 Reconstruction, Morphological 393

10 1889 Reconstruction, Syntactic 397

10 2374 Recovery of Language after Stroke or Trauma in Adults 401

10 5191 Recursion 414

10 1591 Reductionism 416

10 0126 Reduplication 417

10 1138 Reference: Philosophical Theories 420

10 0801 Reference: Psycholinguistic Approach 427

10 1442 Reference: Semiotic Theory 433

10 0537 Reference: Stylistic Aspects 441

10 0590 Referential Relations in Spoken Discourse 450

10 1222 Referential versus Attributive 458

10 0385 Reflexivity 462

10 4682 Reflexivity in Sociolinguistics 463

10 1369 Reformation, Northern European 464

10 4767 Register Variation: Core Grammar and Periphery 468

10 0445 Register: Dictionaries 475

10 4306 Register: Overview 476

10 5001 Reichard, Gladys A. (1893–1955) 482

10 2846 Reichenbach, Hans (1891–1953) 484

10 2847 Reinecke, John E. (1904–1982) 485

10 4922 Reiner, Erica (b. 1926) 486

10 5002 Reinhart, Tanya 488

10 2848 Reinisch, Simon Leo (1832–1919) 489

10 2849 Reisig, Karl (1792–1829) 490

10 2850 Reiske, Johann Jakob (1716–1774) 491

10 4884 Relational Network Grammar 492

10 4733 Relations and Functions 501

10 2016 Relative Clauses 501

10 0591 Relative Clauses in Spoken Discourse 508

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10 1594 Relativism 511

10 0313 Relevance Theory 512

10 0540 Relevance Theory: Stylistic Applications 519

10 0673 Religion and Literacy 522

10 0787 Religion: Overview 525

10 0737 Religious Language 528

10 2375 Remediation of Language Disorders in Adults 531

10 0683 Remediation of Language Disorders in Children 535

10 1379 Renaissance Linguistics: French Tradition 538

10 1380 Renaissance Linguistics: Spanish Tradition 544

10 2851 Renou, Louis (1896–1966) 549

10 0369 Reported Speech: Pragmatic Aspects 550

10 1139 Representation in Language and Mind 553

10 1471 Researching Naturally Occurring Speech 556

10 1520 Respect Vocabulary in Austronesian 564

10 2852 Reuchlin, Johann (1455–1522) 566

10 1656 Reunion: Language Situation 567

10 1301 Reversing Language Shift 567

10 5154 Rhaeto Romance 570

10 4305 Rhetoric, Classical 573

10 1334 Rhetoric: History 578

10 1444 Rhetoric: Semiotic Approaches 581

10 0541 Rhetorical Structure Theory 588

10 0725 Rhetorical Tropes in Political Discourse 596

10 0542 Rhyme 605

10 0060 Rhythm 616

10 0066 Rhythmic Alternations 619

10 4594 Riau Indonesian 623

10 2853 Richards, Ivor Armstrong (1893–1979) 624

10 4819 Richter, Elise (1865–1942) 626

10 5003 Rickford, John R. (b. 1949) 627

10 2018 Right Node Raising 628

10 1223 Rigid Designation 631

10 3042 Ritual and Religious Language 633

10 2854 Robins, Robert Henry (1921–2000) 640

10 2049 Role and Reference Grammar 641

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10 5004 Romaine, Suzanne 651

10 1382 Roman Ars Grammatica 651

10 2256 Romance Languages 654

10 4471 Romani 656

10 1820 Romania: Language Situation 658

10 2257 Romanian 660

10 5180 Romanian Lexicography 663

10 2856 Ronjat, Jules (1864–1925) 664

10 5139 Rorty, Richard (b. 1931) 665

10 2857 Rosetti, Alexandru (1895–1990) 666

10 2859 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712–1778) 667

10 2860 Rousselot, Pierre Jean, Abbe (1846–1924) 668

10 4912 Rozwadowski, Jan Micha (1867–1935) 670

10 1906 Rule Borrowing 671

10 0052 Rule Ordering and Derivation in Phonology 677

10 4734 Rules and Principles 684

10 1224 Rules and Rule Following 685

10 1559 Runes 688

10 1258 Russell, Bertrand (1872–1970) 691

10 4700 Russenorsk 694

10 2171 Russian 695

10 1821 Russian Federation: Language Situation 698

10 1445 Russian Formalism 701

10 4352 Russian Lexicography 704

10 1657 Rwanda: Language Situation 715

10 4410 Ryukyuan 717

10 2862 Saadya Gaon (882–942) 719

10 5156 Saami 720

10 2863 Sacks, Harvey (1935–1975) 721

10 0786 Sacred Texts: Hermeneutics 723

10 4520 Said Ali, Manuel Ida (1861–1953) 729

10 2864 Sainliens, Claude de (d. 1597) 730

10 2865 Sajnovics, Janos (1735–1785) 731

10 2276 Salishan Languages 732

10 2137 Samar-Leyte 734

10 5261 Samoa, American: Language Situation 736

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10 1739 Samoa: Language Situation 737

10 1822 San Marino: Language Situation 737

10 5068 Sanchis Guarner, Manuel (1911–1981) 738

10 2866 Sanctius, Franciscus (1523–1600) 739

10 0065 Sandhi 740

10 4704 Sango 742

10 2239 Sanskrit 743

10 1384 Sanskrit: Discovery by Europeans 746

10 2112 Santali 749

10 1659 Sao Tome and Principe: Language Situation 751

10 2867 Sapir, Edward (1884–1939) 752

10 1843 Saudi Arabia: Language Situation 753

10 2868 Saussure, Ferdinand (-Mongin) de (1857–1913) 754

10 1446 Saussure: Theory of the Sign 757

10 1385 Saussurean Tradition in 20th-Century Linguistics 769

10 2869 Sayce, Archibald Henry, Reverend (1845–1933) 774

10 0356 Scaffolding in Classroom Discourse 775

10 2871 Scaliger, Joseph Justus (1540–1609) 776

11 2870 Scaliger, Julius Caesar (1484–1558) 1

11 1357 Scandinavia: History of Linguistics 2

11 4355 Scandinavian Lexicography 5

11 4915 Schank, Roger C. (b. 1946) 7

11 0544 Schema Theory: Stylistic Applications 8

11 2872 Scherer, Wilhelm (1841–1886) 13

11 4177 Schizophrenia and Language 14

11 2874 Schlegel, Friedrich von (1772–1829) 18

11 2873 Schlegel, August Wilhelm von (1767–1845) 19

11 2875 Schleicher, August (1821–1868) 20

11 5108 Schlieben-Lange, Brigitte (1943–2000) 22

11 2876 Schmeller, Johann Andreas (1785–1852) 23

11 2877 Schmidt, Johannes (1843–1901) 24

11 5005 Schmidt-Wiegand, Ruth (b. 1926) 25

11 2878 Schottelius, Justus Georg (1612–1676) 26

11 2879 Schuchardt, Hugo (1842–1927) 28

11 5080 Schutz, Alfred (1899–1959) 29

11 1072 Scope and Binding: Semantic Aspects 30

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11 2206 Scots 33

11 2187 Scots Gaelic 36

11 4630 Scots Lexicography 39

11 1579 Scripts, Undeciphered 40

11 2882 Sebeok, Thomas Albert (1920–2001) 43

11 1447 Sebeok, Thomas Albert: Modeling Systems Theory 45

11 0684 Second and Foreign Language Learning and Teaching 51

11 0073 Second Language Acquisition: Phonology 59

11 0634 Second Language Acquisition: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax 67

11 0621 Second Language Attrition 74

11 0629 Second Language Listening 81

11 0628 Second Language Reading 88

11 0630 Second Language Speaking 95

11 0613 Second Language Studies: Curriculum Development 102

11 0631 Second Language Writing 111

11 1016 Selectional Restrictions 118

11 5006 Seliverstova, Olga N. (1934–2001) 119

11 1017 Semantic Change, the Internet and Text Messaging 121

11 1105 Semantic Change: Bleaching, Strengthening, Narrowing, Extension 124

11 0213 Semantic Maps 131

11 1073 Semantic Primitives 134

11 4469 Semantic Value 137

11 1110 Semantics in Categorial Grammar 143

11 1106 Semantics in Psychology 152

11 1118 Semantics in Role and Reference Grammar 158

11 4316 Semantics of Interrogatives 167

11 4319 Semantics of Prosody 170

11 0298 Semantics of Spatial Expressions 173

11 4322 Semantics: Field Work Methods 180

11 1140 Semantics–Pragmatics Boundary 183

11 1448 Semiology and the Focus on Language 191

11 4450 Semiology versus Semiotics 193

11 1449 Semiosis 193

11 1450 Semiosphere versus Biosphere 194

11 3043 Semiotic Anthropology 199

11 1393 Semiotics of Architecture 212

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11 1451 Semiotics: History 216

11 2078 Semitic Languages 229

11 2883 Sen, Sukumar (1900–1992) 235

11 1660 Senegal: Language Situation 236

11 1226 Sense and Reference: Philosophical Aspects 238

11 4877 Sentence Fragmentation: Stylistic Aspects 241

11 0789 Sentence Processing 251

11 1823 Serbia and Montenegro: Language Situation 255

11 4889 Serbian Lexicography 256

11 2173 Serbian–Croatian–Bosnian Linguistic Complex 258

11 0294 Serial Verb Constructions 260

11 4438 Setala, E. N. (1864–1935) 264

11 1476 Sexist Language 265

11 4829 Sextus Empiricus (fl. 200 A.D.) 272

11 1661 Seychelles: Language Situation 273

11 4509 Sgall Petr (b. 1926) 273Shared Knowledge 274

11 2884 Shaw, George Bernard (1856–1950) 275

11 2885 Shcherba, Lev Vladimirovich (1880–1944) 277

11 2886 Sheridan, Thomas (1719–1788) 278

11 2887 Shinmura, Izuru (1876–1967) 279

11 4451 Shinto 280

11 2888 Shklovsky, Viktor Borisovich (1893–1984) 281

11 2322 Shona 282

11 2889 Shuy, Roger 284

11 2890 Sibata, Takesi (b. 1918) 285

11 2891 Sibawayhi (8th Century A.D.) 286

11 1662 Sierra Leone: Language Situation 287

11 2892 Sievers, Eduard (1850–1932) 288

11 2893 Siger de Courtrai (d. 1341) 290

11 0854 Sign Language: Acquisition 291

11 0225 Sign Language: Communities and Cultures 296

11 0227 Sign Language: Discourse and Pragmatics 303

11 0229 Sign Language: History 307

11 1332 Sign Language: History of Research 310

11 0469 Sign Language: Interpreting 318

11 0231 Sign Language: Lexicography 321

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11 0233 Sign Language: Morphology 324

11 0239 Sign Language: Overview 328

11 0235 Sign Language: Phonology 338

11 0236 Sign Language: Psycholinguistics 343

11 1452 Sign Language: Semiotic Approaches 350

11 0241 Sign Language: Syntax 351

11 0242 Sign Language: Transcription, Notation, and Writing 353

11 1505 Sign Language: Variation 354

11 0243 Sign Languages of the World 358

11 1453 Sign Theories 365

11 4430 Sign-Based Morpology 374

11 1454 Significs: Theory 376

11 0391 Silence 377

11 3044 Silence: Cultural Aspects 379

11 2894 Silvestre de Sacy, Baron Antoine-Isaac (1758–1838) 382

11 5264 Sinclair, John M. (b. 1933) 383

11 2241 Sindhi 384

11 1701 Singapore: Language Situation 387

11 2242 Sinhala 389

11 2335 Sino-Tibetan Languages 393

11 2277 Siouan Languages 397

11 1107 Situation Semantics 398

11 4599 Skou Languages 402

11 0447 Slang Dictionaries, English 403

11 1303 Slang: Sociology 407

11 1514 Slang, Argot and Ingroup Codes 412

11 2174 Slavic Languages 415

11 4907 Slobin, Dan Isaac (b. 1939) 418

11 2175 Slovak 419

11 4353 Slovak Lexicography 422

11 1824 Slovakia: Language Situation 423

11 2176 Slovene 424

11 1825 Slovenia: Language Situation 428

11 4635 Slovenian Lexicography 429

11 2896 Smith, Adam (1723–1790) 430

11 2895 Smith, Henry Lee (1913–1972) 432

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11 0316 Social Aspects of Pragmatics 434

11 1308 Social Class and Status 440

11 1267 Social Construction and Language 447

11 1307 Social Psychology and Language 450

11 1455 Social Semiotics 458

11 0839 Social-Cognitive Basis of Language Development 459

11 0353 Socialization 462

11 0623 Socialization: Second Language 466

11 1310 Society and Language: Overview 472

11 1465 Sociolect/Social Class 484

11 1277 Sociolinguistic Crossing 490

11 1497 Sociolinguistics and Political Economy 493

11 1518 Sociophonetics 495

11 4171 Sodium Amytal Testing and Language 500

11 5093 Sogdian 503

11 1740 Solomon Islands: Language Situation 504

11 2075 Somali 505

11 1663 Somalia: Language Situation 509

11 2897 Sommerfelt, Alf (1892–1965) 511

11 4289 Song Translation 511

11 4619 Songhay Languages 514

11 2898 Sonnenschein, Edward Adolf (1851–1929) 515

11 2177 Sorbian 517

11 0022 Sound Change 520

11 1871 Sound Change: Phonetics 525

11 4229 Sound Laws 525

11 0220 Sound Symbolism 531

11 1664 South Africa: Language Situation 539

11 5152 South African Lexicography 543

11 4558 South and Southeast Asia: Scripts 544

11 0214 South Asia as a Linguistic Area 557

11 0767 South Asia: Religions 564

11 1678 South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands: Language Situation 579

11 5101 South Philippine Languages 580

11 0215 Southeast Asia as a Linguistic Area 587

11 2320 Southern Bantu Languages 595

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11 1456 Space: Semiotics 599

11 1826 Spain: Language Situation 601

11 4487 Spain: Lexicography in Iberian Languages 603

11 2259 Spanish 608

11 1665 Spanish North Africa: Language Situation 610

11 5007 Sparck Jones, Karen (b. 1935) 611

11 1484 Spatial Variation (Geolinguistics) 612

11 3028 Spatiality and Language 616

11 0919 Speaker Recognition and Verification, Automatic 619

11 0844 Specific Language Impairment 629

11 4332 Specificity 633

11 0024 Speech 636

11 1311 Speech Accommodation Theory and Audience Design 648

11 1075 Speech Act Verbs 651

11 0308 Speech Acts 656

11 0899 Speech Acts and Artificial Intelligence Planning Theory 666

11 4301 Speech Acts and Grammar 673

11 4302 Speech Acts, Literal and Nonliteral 679

11 0410 Speech Acts: Definition and Classification 681

11 0025 Speech Aerodynamics 684

11 3046 Speech and Language Community 689

11 0546 Speech and Thought: Representation of 698

11 4962 Speech Application Language Tags 711

11 1472 Speech Community 716

11 0028 Speech Development 722

11 0077 Speech Errors as Evidence in Phonology 736

11 0797 Speech Errors: Psycholinguistic Approach 739

11 3045 Speech Genres in Cultural Practice 745

11 4928 Speech Impairments in Neurodegenerative Diseases/Psychiatric Illnesses 758

11 0920 Speech Interface Design 764

11 0029 Speech Perception 770

11 2366 Speech Processes in Dysarthria 782

11 0030 Speech Production 785

11 0912 Speech Recognition, Audio-Visual 800

11 0906 Speech Recognition, Automatic: History 806

11 0790 Speech Recognition: Psychology Approaches 819

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12 0907 Speech Recognition: Statistical Methods 1

12 0913 Speech Synthesis 19

12 0918 Speech Synthesis: Perception and Comprehension 31

12 0914 Speech Synthesis: Prosody 49

12 1515 Speech Technologies: Language Variation 56

12 0027 Speech: Biological Basis 61

12 4574 Spelling Reform 68

12 4878 Spelling Reform Proposals: English 72

12 2899 Spence, Thomas (1750–1814) 76

12 2900 Spitzer, Leo (1887–1960) 76

12 4251 Splinters 77

12 4293 Spoken Discourse: Diachronic Aspects 78

12 0582 Spoken Discourse: Morphophonological Aspects 81

12 0589 Spoken Discourse: Types 84

12 0597 Spoken Discourse: Word Order 88

12 0922 Spoken Document Retrieval, Automatic 95

12 0799 Spoken Language Production: Psycholinguistic Approach 103

12 0717 Sports Broadcasting 112

12 1702 Sri Lanka: Language Situation 115

12 1765 St Christopher (Kitts) and Nevis: Language Situation 116

12 1658 St Helena: Language Situation 117

12 1766 St Lucia: Language Situation 117

12 1851 St Pierre and Miquelon: Language Situation 118

12 1767 St Vincent and the Grenadines: Language Situation 118

12 4684 Standard and Dialect Vocabulary 119

12 3048 Standardization 121

12 4729 Stang, Christian S. (b. 1900) 128

12 5098 States of the Glottis 129

12 1469 Statistical Testing of Variation 132

12 4759 Statistics 138

12 2902 Steele, Joshua (1700–1791) 146

12 2903 Steinthal, Heymann (1823–1899) 147

12 0951 Stemming 149

12 2904 Stephanus, Henricus (1531–1598) 151

12 2905 Stephanus, Robertus (ca. 1503–1559) 152

12 1020 Stereotype Semantics 153

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12 2907 Stokes, Whitley (1830–1909) 156

12 2908 Stokoe, William (1919–2000) 157

12 2909 Storm, Johan (1836–1920) 158

12 2910 Strachan, John (1862–1907) 158

12 2911 Strawson, Peter Frederick (b. 1919) 159

12 0871 Stroop Effect in Language 161

12 1588 Structuralism 165

12 3049 Structuralism in Anthropology 167

12 0085 Structuralist Phonology: Prague School 170

12 1457 Structure and Structuralism: Semiotic Approaches 178

12 4735 Structures and Processes 192

12 4183 Sturge-Weber-Dimitri Syndrome and Language 193

12 2913 Sturtevant, Edgar Howard (1875–1952) 195

12 0547 Style 196

12 1523 Style and Style Shifting 210

12 0548 Stylistics 213

12 0551 Stylistics, Cognitive 218

12 0552 Stylistics, Feminist 221

12 0553 Stylistics: Corpus Approaches 223

12 0549 Stylistics: Pedagogical Applications 226

12 0554 Stylistics: Pragmatic Approaches 232

12 1312 Subcultures and Countercultures 236

12 1891 Subgrouping Methodology 240

12 1500 Subjective and Objective Measures of Variation 241

12 1982 Subjects and the Extended Projection Principle 242

12 1983 Subordination 248

12 0592 Subordination in Spoken Discourse 255

12 0472 Subtitling 258

12 0127 Subtraction 263

12 1666 Sudan: Language Situation 265

12 4414 Sumerian 271

12 0957 Summarization of Text, Automatic 274

12 4413 Summer Institute of Linguistics 291

12 0128 Suppletion 297

12 1864 Suriname: Language Situation 299

12 2914 Suzuki Akira (1764–1837) 302

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12 2915 Swadesh, Morris (1909–1967) 303

12 2326 Swahili 304

12 5075 Swales, John (b. 1938) 309

12 1667 Swaziland: Language Situation 310

12 1827 Sweden: Language Situation 311

12 2207 Swedish 312

12 2916 Sweet, Henry (1845–1912) 315

12 2020 Switch-Reference 316

12 1828 Switzerland: Language Situation 323

12 0040 Syllabic Constituents 326

12 0041 Syllable: Phonology 329

12 0047 Syllable: Typology 333

12 0875 Symbolic Computational Linguistics: Overview 338

12 1229 Syncategoremata 353

12 1521 Synchronic and Diachronic Variation 356

12 0129 Syncretism 363

12 4333 Synesthesia 367

12 4196 Synesthesia and Language 371

12 1079 Synonymy 376

12 1961 Syntactic Constructions 379

12 0851 Syntactic Development 383

12 1984 Syntactic Features and Feature Structures 390

12 1986 Syntactic Variables and Variable-free Syntax 394

12 1483 Syntactic Variation 402

12 0144 Syntax of Words 405

12 4213 Syntax: Optimality Theory 408

12 1988 Syntax-Phonology Interface 419

12 0366 Syntax-Pragmatics Interface: Overview 422

12 1989 Syntax-Semantics Interface 427

12 1844 Syria: Language Situation 438

12 5059 Syriac 439

12 1230 Systematicity 440

12 2051 Systemic Theory 443

12 5302 Szemerenyi, Oswald J. L. (1913–1996). 448

12 0777 Taboo 451

12 0778 Taboo Words 453

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12 1092 Taboo, Euphemism, and Political Correctness 455

12 3050 Taboo: Verbal Practices 462

12 1231 Tacit Knowledge 466

12 4902 Tadadjeu, Maurice (b. 1950) 471

12 2141 Tagalog 472

12 4727 Tagliavini, Carlo (1903–1982) 476

12 2052 Tagmemics 477

12 2142 Tahitian 480

12 4415 Tai Languages 481

12 1703 Taiwan: Language Situation 482

12 5050 Tajik Persian 484

12 1704 Tajikistan: Language Situation 488

12 0357 Talk Shows 489

12 5035 Tamambo 494

12 2150 Tamil 497

12 1386 Tamil Linguistic Tradition 499

12 2918 Tannen, Deborah (b. 1945) 500

12 1668 Tanzania: Language Situation 502

12 4489 Tariana 506

12 1259 Tarski, Alfred (1902–1983) 507

12 2102 Tatar 509

12 0612 Teacher Preparation: Second Language 512

12 0642 Teaching of Minority Languages 521

12 0616 Teaching Technologies: Second Language 529

12 0488 Technical Translation 538

12 4714 Teenagers, Variation, and Young People’s Culture 541

12 0363 Telephone Talk 546

12 0713 Television: Language 548

12 4693 Telugu 555

12 4249 Template Morphology 559

12 1081 Temporal Logic 563

12 0248 Tense 566

12 1232 Tense and Time: Philosophical Aspects 574

12 0247 Tense, Mood, Aspect: Overview 577

12 0453 Terminology and Terminological Databases 578

12 0477 Terminology, Term Banks and Termbases for Translation 588

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12 5083 Terracini, Aron Benvenuto (1886–1968) 592

12 2921 Tesniere, Lucien Valerius (1893–1954) 593

12 1272 Testimony 594

12 0557 Text and Text Analysis 597

12 0965 Text Mining 621

12 0962 Text Retrieval Conference and Message Understanding Conference 624

12 0558 Text World Theory 628

12 1460 Texts: Semiotic Theory 630

12 1705 Thailand: Language Situation 642

12 2922 Thelwall, John (1764–1834) 644.

12 1990 Thematic Structure 645

12 0559 Thematics 653

12 0560 Theme in Text 658

12 0454 Thesauruses 668

12 0390 Thetic-Categorical Distinction 676

12 0479 Think-Aloud Protocols 678

12 0619 Third Language Acquisition 686

12 2924 Thomas of Erfurt (fl. 1300) 692

12 2923 Thomas, John Jacob (ca. 1840–1889) 692

12 2925 Thompson, Laurence Cassius (b. 1926) 694

12 2926 Thomsen, Vilhelm Ludvig Peter (1824–1927) 695

12 1141 Thought and Language: Philosophical Aspects 696

12 1234 Thought Experiments 701

12 2927 Thumb, Albert (1865–1915) 704

12 2928 Thurneysen, Rudolf (1857–1940) 705

12 4562 Tibet: Scripts 707

12 2339 Tibetan 712

12 2091 Tigrinya 715

12 2929 Tilly, William (1860–1935) 717

12 4858 Timor Lorosae: Language Situation 718

12 2930 Tinbergen, Niko (1917–1988) 719

12 4950 Tiwi 720

12 5106 Tobler, Adolf (1835–1910) 724

12 2261 Tocharian 725

12 2152 Toda 727

12 4439 Todo, Akiyaso (b. 1915) 730

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12 1669 Togo: Language Situation 732

12 5047 Tohono O’odham 735

12 4417 Tok Pisin 737

12 1741 Tokelau: Language Situation 739

12 2763 Tokieda, Motoki (1900–1967) 740

12 4523 Toma, Peter (b. 1924) 741

12 4802 Tone in Connected Discourse 742

12 4796 Tone: Neurophonetics 751

12 0054 Tone: Phonology 761

12 1742 Tonga: Language Situation 764

12 2932 Tooke, John Horne (1736–1812) 765

12 0594 Topic and Comment 766

12 2019 Topic Chaining Constructions 773

12 5181 Toporov, Vladimir Nikolaevich (b. 1928) 777

13 4600 Torricelli Languages 1

13 2288 Totonacan Languages 3

13 2933 Tovar, Antonio (1911–1985) 8

13 2053 Traditional Grammar 9

13 0810 Traditions in Animals 12

13 2934 Trager, George L. (1906–1992) 15

13 4845 Trans New Guinea Languages 17

13 1992 Transformational Grammar: Evolution 22

13 0561 Transitivity: Stylistic Approaches 40

13 0486 Translation and Genre: Sacred Texts 47

13 0483 Translation and Genre: Drama 53

13 0485 Translation and Genre: Literary 58

13 0478 Translation Memories 61

13 0487 Translation of Scientific and Medical Texts 65

13 5219 Translation: History 69

13 0494 Translation: Pedagogy 81

13 0333 Translation: Pragmatics 85

13 0474 Translation: Profession 89

13 0491 Translation Units 92

13 0492 Translation Universals 93

13 0489 Translational Equivalence 100

13 0493 Translational Stylistics 104

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13 5008 Traugott, Elizabeth 108

13 0942 Treebanks and Tagsets 109

13 2935 Trier, Jost (1894–1970) 114

13 1768 Trinidad and Tobago: Language Situation 115

13 2936 Trnka, Bohumil (1895–1984) 117

13 4527 Trubetskoy, Nikolai Sergeievich, Prince (1890–1938) 118

13 1235 Truth Conditional Semantics and Meaning 120

13 1236 Truth: Primary Bearers 124

13 1237 Truth: Theories of in Philosophy 127

13 2298 Tucanoan Languages 130

13 2938 Tucker, Archibald Norman (1904–1980) 142

13 2094 Tungusic Languages 143

13 1671 Tunisia: Language Situation 145

13 2299 Tupian Languages 146

13 2939 Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques (1727–1781) 150

13 0933 Turing Test 151

13 2940 Turing, Alan Mathison (1912–1954) 159

13 1845 Turkey: Language Situation 160

13 2096 Turkic Languages 161

13 2103 Turkish 164

13 4477 Turkish Lexicography 169

13 2104 Turkmen 172

13 1707 Turkmenistan: Language Situation 175

13 1769 Turks and Caicos Islands: Language Situation 176

13 2941 Turner, Lorenzo Dow (1895–1972) 176

13 2942 Turner, Ralph Lilley, Sir (1888–1983) 177

13 1743 Tuvalu: Language Situation 179

13 2943 Twaddell, William Freeman (1906–1982) 179

13 2944 Twardowski, Kazimierz (1866–1938) 180

13 1335 20th Century Linguistics: Overview of Trends 181

13 4865 Two-Dimensional Semantics 195

13 2945 Tyndale, William (1494–1536) 198

13 1238 Type versus Token 199

13 4581 Typography 202

13 5228 Ubriatova, Elizaveta Ivanovna (1907–1990) 207

13 2946 Ueda, Kazutoshi (1867–1937) 208

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13 1672 Uganda: Language Situation 209

13 2092 Ugaritic 210

13 1829 Ukraine: Language Situation 211

13 4597 Ukrainian 212

13 2947 Uldall, Hans-Jørgen (1907–1957) 213

13 5305 Ulfilas (Ulfila, Wulfila, Urphilas) (ca. 311–382) 214

13 2949 Ullendorff, Edward (b. 1920) 215

13 2950 Ullmann, Stephen (1914–1976) 216

13 1993 Unaccusativity 217

13 0053 Underspecification 224

13 4296 Understanding Spoken Discourse 227

13 1994 Unification, Classical and Default 231

13 0887 Unification: Computational Issues 238

13 1846 United Arab Emirates: Language Situation 250

13 1830 United Kingdom: Language Situation 251

13 1852 United States of America: Language Situation 253

13 1388 Universal Language Schemes in the 17th Century 259

13 4419 Uralic Languages 265

13 2244 Urdu 269

13 1865 Uruguay: Language Situation 275

13 1240 Use Theories of Meaning 276

13 1241 Use versus Mention 278

13 2951 Uslar, Petr Karlovich (1816–1875) 280

13 2289 Uto-Aztecan Languages 281

13 2105 Uyghur 284

13 2106 Uzbek 287

13 1708 Uzbekistan: Language Situation 290

13 2952 Vachek, Josef (1909–1996) 293

13 1083 Vagueness 294

13 1242 Vagueness: Philosophical Aspects 298

13 2056 Valency Grammar 301

13 2953 Valkhoff, Marius Francois (1905–1980) 315

13 2954 Van Name, Addison (1835–1922) 316

13 1744 Vanuatu: Language Situation 318

13 4615 Variability in Japanese (Discourse) 319

13 4255 Variation and Formal Theories of Language: HPSG 326

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13 4254 Variation and Formal Theories of Syntax, Chomskyan 330

13 4256 Variation and Language: Overview 333

13 1527 Variation in Arabic Languages 341

13 1495 Variation in Child Language 344

13 1496 Variation in First Language Acquisition 350

13 4501 Variation in French 354

13 4687 Variation in German 362

13 4605 Variation in Native Languages of North America 370

13 4257 Variation in Nonnative Varieties of English 377

13 1488 Variation in Pidgins and Creoles 380

13 1489 Variation in Second Language Acquisition 387

13 2955 Varma, Siddeshwar (1887–1985) 395

13 2956 Varro, Marcus Terentius (116–27 B.C.) 396

13 4809 Vasconcellos, Carolina Michaelis de (1851–1925) 396

13 1831 Vatican City: Language Situation 397

13 1866 Venezuela: Language Situation 398

13 5072 Ventris, Michael (1922–1956) 399

13 3051 Verbal Conflict 400

13 5269 Verbal Hygiene 407

13 0281 Verbs 408

13 4864 Verificationism 411

13 4691 Vernacular 414

13 1366 Vernaculars: European Earliest Studies 416

13 1874 Verner’s Law 427

13 1709 Vietnam: Language Situation 430

13 2122 Vietnamese 432

13 2962 Vietor, Wilhelm (1850–1918) 436

13 1770 Virgin Islands, British: Language Situation 437

13 4859 Virgin Islands, U.S.: Language Situation 438

13 4334 Virtual Objects 438

13 1461 Visual Semiotics 441

13 0635 Vocabulary: Second Language 448

13 5086 Vocal Production in Birds 454

13 2963 Voegelin, Charles Frederick (1906–1986) and Voegelin, Florence Marie (1927–1989) 458

13 4435 Vogt, Hans (1903–1986) 459

13 0916 Voice Modification, Synthetic 460

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13 0032 Voice Quality 470

13 0911 Voice Response Unit 474

13 0473 Voice-Over 477

13 2965 Volney, Constantin-Francois Chasseboeuf, Comte de (1757–1820) 480

13 5009 Voloshinov, V. N. (ca. 1884/5–1936) 481

13 2966 Vossler, Karl (1872–1949) 483

13 1519 Vowel Shifts and Mergers 484

13 4494 Vures 494

13 1261 Vygotskii, Lev Semenovich (1896–1934) 495

13 4596 Wa 497

13 2968 Wackernagel, Wilhelm (1806–1869) 499

13 2969 Wagner, Heinrich (1923–1988) 500

13 2970 Wagner, Max Leopold (1880–1962) 502

13 2279 Wakashan 502

13 1745 Wake Island: Language Situation 507

13 4860 Wales: Language Situation 507

13 2971 Walker, John (1732–1807) 508

13 1746 Wallis and Futuna: Language Situation 509

13 2972 Wallis, John (1616–1703) 510

13 4956 Wambaya 511

13 2973 Wang Li (1900–1986) 514

13 2974 Wang Nien-Sun (1744–1832) 515

13 0727 War Rhetoric 516

13 2975 Ward, Ida Caroline (1880–1950) 520

13 5054 Warlpiri 521

13 2976 Wartburg, Walther von (1888–1971) 525

13 4901 Watanabe, Shoichi (b. 1930) 526

13 0959 Web Searching 527

13 2978 Weber, Albrecht Friedrich (1825–1901) 538

13 2977 Weber, Max (1864–1920) 539

13 2979 Webster, Noah (1758–1843) 540

13 2980 Wegener, Philipp (1848–1916) 542

13 2981 Weinreich, Uriel (1926–1967) 543

13 2982 Welmers, William E. (1916–1988) 544

13 2188 Welsh 545

13 4356 Welsh Lexicography 548

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13 2983 Wenker, Georg (1852–1911) 550

13 5100 West Greenlandic 551

13 4602 West Papuan Languages 555

13 2984 Westermann, Diedrich Hermann (1875–1956) 558

13 4532 Western Linguistic Thought Before 1800 559

13 5258 Western Sahara: Language Situation 572

13 2985 Westphal, Ernst Oswald Johannes (1919–1990) 572

13 0034 Whistled Speech and Whistled Languages 573

13 2988 Whitney, William Dwight (1827–1894) 576

13 4248 Whole Word Morphology 578

13 2989 Whorf, Benjamin Lee (1897–1941) 579

13 4813 Wierzbicka, Anna (b. 1938) 580

13 5085 Wiesemann, Ursula (b. 1932) 581

13 2990 Wilkins, John (1614–1672) 582

13 5198 Wilks, Yorick 583

13 2991 William of Conches (ca. 1080–1154) 584

13 4181 Williams Syndrome 585

13 5010 Williamson, Kay (b. 1935) 589

13 2993 Winteler, Jost (1846–1929) 590

13 4507 Witness Examination 592

13 5303 Wittgenstein, Ludwig Josef Johann (1889–1951) 600

13 5012 Wodak, Ruth (b. 1950) 605

13 2077 Wolaitta 607

13 2995 Wolf, Friedrich August (1759–1824) 612

13 5013 Wolfram, Walt (b. 1941) 613

13 2305 Wolof 615

13 0130 Word 617

13 0562 Word and Image 624

13 0279 Word Classes/Parts of Speech: Overview 628

13 4235 Word Formation 632

13 2057 Word Grammar 633

13 1995 Word Order and Linearization 642

13 0795 Word Recognition, Written 649

13 0056 Word Stress 655

13 0946 WordNet(s) 665

13 2996 Wrede, Ferdinand (1863–1934) 670

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13 2997 Wright, Joseph (1855–1930) 671

13 0970 Writers’ Aids 673

13 0867 Writing and Cognition 679

13 4575 Writing Materials 682

13 1525 Writing Variation into Formal Grammars 685

13 2998 Wundt, Wilhelm (1832–1920) 688

13 1996 X-Bar Theory 691

13 2328 Xhosa 705

13 5014 Xu, Shen (d. 120?) 716

13 2107 Yakut 719

13 3001 Yamada, Yoshio (1873–1958) 722

13 3002 Yang Xiong (53 B.C.-18 A.D.) 723

13 5201 Yanito 724

13 5230 Yarshater, Ehsan (b. 1920) 726

13 3003 Yaska 727

13 1847 Yemen: Language Situation 729

13 2208 Yiddish 730

13 4890 Yiddish Lexicography 733

13 2329 Yoruba 735

13 3004 Young, Thomas (1773–1829) 738

13 4420 Yukaghir 739

13 4913 Zabrocki, Ludwik (1907–1977) 743

13 1674 Zambia: Language Situation 744

13 4970 Zampolli, Antonio (1937–2003) 746

13 5116 Zapotecan 747

13 3005 Zarncke, Friedrich (1825–1891) 749

13 5185 Zemskaja, E. A. (b. 1926) 750

13 3006 Zeuss, Johann Caspar (1806–1856) 751

13 3007 Ziegenbalg, Bartholomaus (1682–1719) 752

13 1675 Zimbabwe: Language Situation 753

13 4726 Zipf, George Kingsley (1902–1950) 756

13 0769 Zoroastrianism 757

13 2330 Zulu 759

13 4807 Zvelebil, Kamil V. (b. 1927) 761

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