• IPP378
The People's Republic of China Ningxia Hui Autononlous Region
Ningxia Highway Improvement Project
Social Assessment Report
(Revised draft)
Shanghai Resettlenlent Investment Management Co. Ltd.
October 2009
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Contents
Illustration map of Project expressway and road network ........................................... 1
Chapter 1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 1
1.1 Basic information of the Project ................................................................ 1
1.2 Project affected areas ................................................................................. 5
1.3 Overall objective and prerequisites of Social Assessment .......................... 7
1.4 Basic steps of Social Assessment .................................................................. 8
1.5 Other considerations during Social Assessment ....................................... 15
1.6 The main basis and survey method of Social Assessment ........................ 16
Chapter 2 Socio-economic information of the Project affected areas ..................... 19
2.1 Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region ............................................................ 19
2.2 Yinchuan City ......................................................................................... 22
2.3 Wuzhong City ......................................................................................... 24
2.4 Lingwu City ............................................................................................ 26
2.5 Qingtongxia City ..................................................................................... 28
2.6 Basic information of affected townships .................................................. 32
Chapter 3 Survey of the affected communities and households .............................. 39
3.1 Brief introduction of survey ..................................................................... 39
3.2 Basic demographic characteristics .......................................................... .41
3.3 Land Resources ....................................................................................... 42
3.4 Employment of household laborers .......................................................... 45
3.5 Housing Resources .................................................................................. 45
3.6 Household income and affecting factors .................................................. 49
3.7 Household consumption expenditure and affecting factors ....................... 51
3.8 The impacts of land acquisition on local farmers ..................................... 53
3.9 Social support network ............................................................................ 59
3.9.1 Rural organization network ..................................................................... 59
3.10 Impacts on Vulnerable Groups and Supporting Arrangement for them. 60
3.11 Support rate to the Project ..................................................................... 66
3.12 Ranking of the concerns ........................................................................ 66
Chapter 4 Laws and regulations relating to minorities and implementation of
minorities policy ...................................................................................................... 68
4.1 Laws and regulations relating to minorities .............................................. 68
4.2 Right of Self-Government of Ethnic Autonomous Areas ......................... 74
4.3 World Bank's Policies on Ethnic Minorities ............................................ 76
Chapter 5 Ethnic minorities ................................................................................... 79
5.1 Ethnic minorities distribution in the Project areas .................................... 79
5.2 Introduction of the Hui Nationality .......................................................... 81
5.3 Relationship among the Nationality composition, land resources, and per
capita net income along the Expressway ........................................................... 85
5.4 Support rate ofHui people for the Project. ............................................... 88
5.5 Comparison of Han and Hui people within one village ............................ 88
5.6 Implementation of minorities laws and regulations, and policy ................ 89
5.7 Summary of the characteristics ofHui people .......................................... 95
5.8 Deference between Hui people and "Indigenous Peoples" defined by World
Bank ................................................................................................................ 98
Chapter 6 Women ................................................................................................. 99
6.1 Age, education and occupation by gender ................................................ 99
6.2 Rights women can be summed up .......................................................... 101
6.3 Women organization ............................................................................. 102
6.4 Women and the economy ...................................................................... 103
6.5 Women and Poverty Elimination ........................................................... 104
6.6 Impacts of the Project on women ........................................................... 104
Chapter 7 Stakeholder Analysis .......................................................................... 108
7.1 Project Owner ....................................................................................... 108
7.2 World Bank ........................................................................................... 108
7.3 Design institutes, constructors and supervision units .............................. 109
7.4 The urban residents along the alignment.. .............................................. 109
7.5 Rural people unaffected by land acquisition and house demolition along the
proposed Expressway alignment .................................................................... 109
7.6 People employed in highway transportation ........................................... 109
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7.7 Local vendors ........................................................................................ 110
7.8 People in peripheral area ....................................................................... 110
7.9 Enterprises in Project areas .................................................................... 110
7.10 Woman and children ............................................................................ 110
7.11 Local government. ............................................................................... 111
7.12 People affected by land acquisition and house demolition along the
Expressway .................................................................................................... 111
7.13 Ethnic minorities ................................................................................. 112
7.14 Vulnerable groups ............................................................................... 112
Chapter 8 Project impact analysis ........................................................................ 114
8.1 Positive Impacts ofthe Project. .............................................................. 114
8.2 Negative Impacts of the Project. ............................................................ 115
8.3 Mitigation measures for negative impacts .............................................. 118
Chapter 9 Identification and control of social risks .............................................. 120
9.1 Opinion summary of the residents along the alignment.. ........................ 120
9.2 Identification of social risks ................................................................... 120
9.3 Measures to control the social risks ....................................................... 122
Chapter 10 Conclusion and recommendation ...................................................... 124
10.1 Main conclusion of the Social Assessment.. ......................................... 124
10.2 Main improvement suggestions ........................................................... 126
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Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Basic information of the Project
The proposed World Bank-financed Ningxia Highway Improvement Project is
composed of 3 components:
1.1.1 Component A
Component A: this is the main road - according to the expressway preliminary design,
National Highway 211 Guyaozi -Qingtongxia Linking Expressway is 79.276 km in
length and designed as expressway standard with full-controlled access, four-lane.
The designed speed is 100 kmlh and subgrade width is 26.0 m. The starting point of
the Expressway is in the northwest of Ningdong Energy Chemical Base, which is the
No. t project in Ningxia. The ending point is in the west of Qingtongxia New
Material Base and will connect with the planned Shizuishan-Zhongning Expressway
(West line of Expressway). The Expressway will connect most key industry
development areas, including Ningdong Energy Chemical Base, Lingwu Sheep Wool
Industrial Park, Jinji Industrial Park in Wuzhong, and Qingtongxia New Material
Base.
1.1.2 Component B
Component B: Road Network Improvements - This component will finance
improvements to national, county and township roads with the aim of improving
connections to key industrial and agricultural areas and improving the feeder network
to the existing expressway network. It will include two sub-components. Component
B 1: Improvement of the rural roads in the poorest counties of Ningxia. Component B2:
Improvement ofNational Highway G211.
Component Bl will include 38 roads in 15 counties/county-level cities of 4
prefectures, with a total length of 523.8 km, and 264 thousand of people will benefit
directly from those roads. 56 villages will have paved roads after the completion of
the Project. Those 38 roads will only be reconstruction of the existing roads and
constructed according to Class IV road standard. The designed speed is 20 kmlh and
the subgrade width is 6.5 m. The brief description of the roads to be upgraded is as
follows:
Table 1.1 Briefdescription of the roads to be upgraded
City I
county Highway name Township
I
Length People
served
Village with paved
road after Project
completion
Yinchuan Sanzha - yongfeng Fengdeng 12 I
Lingwu
Shabatou·
nongchangerzhanjt
Wutongshu,
Lingwunongchang 6 0.2
Majiatan· dayangqijt Majiatan 11.3 0.5 Dayangqi
Litong
Malianqu - tianqiao Malianqu, Xiakou 10 1.2 Malianqu
Yuanyichang . yinxin Jinyintan 9 0.8 Yinxin
Guojiaqiao· mawan Guojiaqiao 16 1.8 Liujiawan, Yangjiacha
Xinjiebao - baisitan Dongtasi 9 1.8 Xinjiebao, Baisitan
Hongsipu Hongxing· yangliujt Hongsibao, Nanchuan 12 0.8 Xintai
Hongyang - wushatang Nanchuan,Dahe 16 0.8 Hongyang
Qingtongxia Lixin • dabadianchang Daba 7 I
Tongxin
Daodunzi . huangcaoling
jt Wangtuan 16 OJ Daodunzi, Quantang
Gaoxing - xinshengjt Xinglong 7 0.1 IFengchuan, Xinsheng
Provincial Highway 203 -
qiaojiawan Magaozhuang 10 0.1
Qiaojiawan,
Tangshangzhuang
Provincial Highway 101 -
yujialiangjt Dingtang 6 0.4
Xiaoshan - wujiahewan Dingtang 8 0.1 Jinjiajing
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City /
county Highway name Township Length
People
served
Village with paved
road after Project
completion
Yaoshan - yuejiachuan Tianlaozhuang 13.5 0.3
Yanchi
Songjishui - tianshuibao Mahuangshan 30 1.2 Songjishui,
Huangyangling
Wanglejing - niumaojing
* Wang1ejing 20 1.5
Nanliang - lizhuangzi* Gaoshawo, Yaergou 11 1 Lizhuangzi,
Changliudun
Liuyangbao - lijiagou* Liuyangbao 10 0.5 Liuyangbao, Lijiagou
Wanglejing - houwa Dashuikeng,
Mahuangshan 27 0.6
Shacaowan, Dongfeng,
Liyuanpan
Yuanzhou Hudabao - dageda Touying 15 1 Nantun, Dageda
Tanshan - gaotai Tanshan 22 1 Guwan
Xiji
Mengj i - hongzhuangzi Subao 17 0.5 Mengji, Hongzhuangzi
Gujiagou - yejiagou Shagou 8 0.2 Yejiagou
Tonghua - zhangwan Majian 13 0.3 Tonghua, Zhangwan
Xinying - zhangbaiwan Xinying, Hongyao 12 0.2 Zhangbaiwan
Longde
Chenjin - zhongyue Chenjin 17 0.4 Hehuai, Xinhe, Nanhe,
Gaoyang
Shimiao - nitao Guanzhuang 18 0.5 Shimiao, Lingou,
Nitao
Pengyang Yaoxian - liuyuan Caomiao 14 0.9 Liuyuan
Honghe - heyuan Honghe 16 0.5 Heyuan
Jingyuan
National Highway 312
xinghe Liupanshan 6 0.6 Xinghe
Shanan Xiangshui 5 0.5 Shanan
Shapotou Sikouzi - beiyankou Yongkang 33 0.9 Xiaoyuchuan,
Dangjiashui
Zhongning Xutao - baitaozi Xutao 20 0.5 Dataizi,
Tianjiatanxiaowan
Haiyuan Tangbao liaopo Heicheng 10 0.9 Liaopo, Daidian
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Village with paved I PeopleCity I
Township Length road after Project Highway name servedcounty
completion
Anbao, Jianguo, Hongyang 24 0.7Qianjin - xietao
Xietao
Haijinglu - fantai Fantai
Total
Xian 7 0.8
56 villages523.8 26.4
Notes, * financed by World Bank loan and in total 9 roads will be constructed.
Component B2 will include the improvement of 3 road sections in National Highway
G211. The brief description of the 3 road sections is as follows:
Table 1.2 Road sections in National Highway G211 to be upgraded
~hainage Location length Class
Unit km
KS3+900--K82+460 Lingwu City, Litong District 28.S6 III
KI06+800--KI19+9S0 Lingwu City, Yanchi County 13.IS III
K 137+ ISO-K160+440 Yanchi County 23.29 III
Total 6S
The basic indicators of the Class III road are: there are 2 lanes for the two directions.
The designed speed is 40 kmfh and the subgrade width is 8.5 m.
1.1.3 Component C
Component C: Institutional strengthening - This component will finance a program of
technical assistance and training covering road safety and transport logistics for
operation of the expressway. No resettlement will be involved.
There are four main tines and one linking road in Ningxia under the National
expressway network, i.e. Jing-Zang Expressway(G6), Qing-Yin Expressway(G20),
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Fu-Yin Expressway(G70), Qing-Lan Expressway(G22) and Ding-Wu Expressway
(G20 12). The proposed project will connect ling-Zang Expressway, Qing-Yin
Expressway, and Fu-Yin Expressway. The proposed project will play an important
role in lowering traffic pressure of expressway, further perfecting highway network,
improving overall service level of highway network and upgrading transportation.
The proposed project is an integral part of Ningxia's Three longitudinal and Six
transverse Highway Network Planning. It will pass through the main corridors of
Ningxia and stimulate Ningxia's economic development, shorten the regional gaps.
"Several Opinions of the State Council on Further Promoting Economic and Social
Development in Ningxia (State Council file No. 29 in 2008)" indicated clearly that to
push forward the construction of local expressway projects, such as National Highway
211 and Guyaozi -Qingtongxia Linking Expressway. Therefore, the construction of
the Project is consistent with the State and local social, economic and transportation
strategy.
1.2 Project affected areas
The Project Expressway (Component A) will go through Lingwu City (under the
jurisdiction of Yinchuan City), Litong District and Qingtongxia City (both are under
the jurisdiction of Wuzhong City). According to the Project's influence to local
economy and transportation, the Project affected areas are divided into direct affected
areas and indirect affected areas. The direct affected areas are Lingwu City and the
capital city of Ningxia, Yinchuan City as a whole, and whole Wuzhong City including
Litong District, Qingtongxia City. The indirect affected areas are Yanchi County,
Zhongning County, Tongxin County, Hongsipu developing area, Huanxian and whole
Qingyang City ofGansu Province,
The proposed Project Expressway will go through 3 cities/districts, 10 townships and
32 administrative villages. For details, please refer to the foHowing table:
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Table 1.3 Cities/districts, townships and administrative villages along the
Expressway
i City I district Township Administrative village
ILingwu Linhe Shangqiao
i
!
Linhe
• Linhe
Erdaogou
Tianshuihe
I Dongta Guoyuan
I Dongta Liming
Chongxing Haizi
I
iChongxing
Chongxing
I Dujiatan
Jiantan
i !
Haojiaqiao Wujiahu
Haojiaqiao Shenjiahu
Litong Guojiaqiao Guojiaqiao
Guojiaqiao Majiawan
linyintan IDonggouwan
Jinyintan Xinqu
Jinyintan Yangmahu
Malianqu Balanghu
Malianqu Hanbeibao
iMalianqu Chaquqiao
Malianqu Malianqu
I Malianqu Chaiqiao
IJinji Lihuaqiao
Jinji Dongmen
Jinji Ximen
iJinji Maii!llliao
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City I district Township Administrative village
linji Lugouzha
linji Lutianwazi
linji Dayuanzi
Qingtongxia Xiakou Renqiao !
Xiakou Haoqu I
Daba Wanglaotan I
Daba Weiqiao
! Daba Xinqiao
1.3 Overall objective and prerequisites of Social Assessment
The overarching objective of Social Assessment is to ensure that development
initiatives contribute to poverty alleviation, and at the same time enhance inclusion,
increase social capital, build ownership, and eliminate or at least reduce adverse social
impacts.
As an input to induced development, Social Assessment provides information about
social organization and cultural systems in order to ensure quality at entry and success
during implementation. It is an iterative and participatory process to prioritize, gather,
analyze, and use operationally relevant information about social development. The
socio-cultural and demographic characteristics of local populations, their social
organization of productive activities and of social services, and the compatibility of
initiatives with their needs are crucial concerns that affect many development
activities. This information also informs the social development strategy for project
implementation, including any necessary mitigation measures. In other words, Social
Assessment delineates the social forms and processes that affect all aspects of
development projects -- their architecture and shape, their size, their direction, and
ultimately, their outcomes.
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Social Assessment also faci Iitates the participation of key stakeholders. Key
stakeholders are the poor, low-income, vulnerable and excluded social groups. The
broader group of stakeholders include the private sector, civil society, government
and non-governmental organizations and their members, and others who facilitate or
hinder the ability of the poor to have equitable access to the goods and services
offered by the development initiative. -- especially, the poor, low-income, vulnerable
and excluded social groups (hereafter called poor and vulnerable groups)-- in the
specific context of Bank financed development initiatives. Social Assessment requires
commitment to sharing knowledge among groups and agencies in order to incorporate
the views of distinct clients and enhance ownership. Further, by articulating and
advancing the interests of the poor and vulnerable groups, Social Assessment
mobilizes broader support for the project from a wider range of stakeholders.
Understanding the social fabric -- the social context -- of a development initiative is
thus a basic element in appropriate project design and implementation. In this view,
Social Assessment is one type of feasibility analysis, and it complements economic,
financial, technical, and environmental analyses. There is no substitute for Social
Assessment based on careful fieldwork.
Social Assessment is the obligation of the borrower. World Bank's Social Assessment
team assists the Borrower as a partner, sharing global knowledge and working with
local social scientists to build capacity and to assure quality. In this way, Social
Assessment is the main mechanism for incorporating social analysis into
Bank-financed development initiatives.
1.4 Basic steps of Social Assessment
Social Assessment involves four main steps or elements. These are:
• Identification of key social development and participation issues;
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• Evaluation of institutional and social organizational issues;
• Definition of the participation framework; and,
• Establishment of mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation.
Each element of the Social Assessment requires a number of subsidiary steps, which
are detailed below along with the usual social science or participatory techniques used.
Nevertheless, where appropriate, each element must also address the need to mitigate
any adverse social impacts. This will mean: identifYing the impacts; assessing the
institutional capacity to mitigate them; ensuring stakeholder participation in the
mitigation plan; and, integrating the monitoring of the mitigation measures into the
overall project monitoring framework.
1.4.1 Identification of Key Social Development and Participation Issues
Defining information needs and designing an information strategy which identifY the
key social development and participation issues is a basic step in launching the Social
Assessment process. This strategy will start with broad sectoral and country-specific
information and then focus on project specific data.
1) Identify Broad Social Development Issues. Preliminary identification of the key
social-development issues may be based on available secondary information. This
may include:
• Social development literature/studies relevant to the sector/area of concern;
• Social impact monitoring studies for similar projects in the same or other
countries;
• Existing social development profiles or other background information prepared
for the Country Assistance Strategy and economic sector work;
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• Country social science studies, area studies, other secondary literature,
demographic data, relevant socio-economic statistics, political and institutional
information,
• Consultations with knowledgeable local and international experts.
2) Identify Stakeholders whose Participation is of Strategic Importance . The
stakeholders will include various social groups, as well as formal and informal
agencies in both the public and private sectors, including non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). Which groups and agencies are most directly concerned by the
initiative will emerge from the review of the secondary literature. This tentative
listing must be complemented by consultations with policy-makers, representatives of
central and local government, knowledgeable local and international social scientists,
and local NGOs. Clearly, this step requires a good understanding of the broader issues
in social development, as well as of Bank procedures and of the technical options that
are possible in the project.
3) Narrow down the Key Social Development Issues to the Project Context. With the
broad social development issues clarified and the key stakeholders identified, the
Social Assessment proceeds to focus on how the participation of the poor and
vulnerable groups may be affected and on how their participation may impact on
project ownership and sustainability. The Social Assessment proposes specific
analyses of potential gains and adverse impacts, with a view toward how specific
stakeholder groups may facilitate or hinder the participation of the poor in the
development initiative. More general issues, such as social cohesion, equity, social
capital, social diversity, social organization, and social exclusion may also be
identified, ifthey pertain to the project or the economic sector work.
4) Design a Project-Specific Information Strategy. This strategy will identify the key
social actors and their interactions and the social provisions needed to achieve the
project's specific economic, technical, and social goals. The information will cover:
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socio-economic characteristics of the key stakeholders and other, more broadly
concerned groups; information about their problems, constraints and needs; and ideas
for alternative solutions. These data will be used to define eligibility and targeting
criteria, to confirm beneficiary identification, and to determine the appropriateness of
proposed, alternative solutions for the targeted social groups.
The rigor of the Social Assessment data-gathering process is important. But the
arsenal of social science research techniques used for doing a rigorous Social
Assessment is broad; often, a mosaic of social science research tools is brought
together. Every specific situation demands sociological imagination -- a different
combination of methods and procedures tailored to the given issues and set of actors.
Nevertheless, the initial data gathering must be systematic, since these data bases will
provide an empirical basis for analysis and the baseline for all future monitoring and
evaluation.
5) Design Mitigation Plans. Mitigation measures must be defined where adverse
impacts are identified for certain social groups. Further, institutional mechanisms to
minimize or cushion adverse impacts must be defined. For adverse impacts that are
governed by Bank operation directives, relevant information gathering, processing,
and mitigation-plan preparation guidelines will be followed. For adverse impacts that
fall outside the operation directives, for example, large-scale unemployment resulting
from sectoral or enterprise restructuring or other structural adjustment efforts, the
Social Assessment will contain measures to minimize and cushion the adverse social
outcomes. Social science expertise is especially required when mitigation plans are a
necessary component of the project design.
1.4.2 Evaluation of Institutional and Social Organizational Issues
Identify Blockages to Equitable Access. The poor and vulnerable groups (e.g., women,
youth, older people) who are intended beneficiaries of project initiatives may
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encounter difficulties in accessing project resources. The reasons are various: fonnal
and infonnal institutions, local customs, patterns of social organization, inter-group
relations, social institutions (e.g., family, kinship groups, tribal or ethnic affiliations),
formal and customary laws and regulations, property rights, subsidy arrangements,
central and local government agencies, and infonnation and communications systems.
The Social Assessment, therefore, detennines whether systematic, structural
blockages exist, and, if so, proposes mechanisms to overcome them (below).
The institutional analysis in the Social Assessment complements those carried out for
the technical, economic and financial assessment of the project. The Social
Assessment institutional analysis focuses on the feasibility of the proposed targeting
measures and on the sustainability of the proposed participation arrangements.
Equally importantly, institutional analyses carried out by social scientists also identify
social capital on which the development initiative can build and point to local
institutions that can help mobilize stakeholders to achieve the development objectives.
2) Recommend Strategies for Strengthening Institutional Capacity. Local-level and
informal rules -- norms, values, and belief systems that shape the attitudes and
behavior of social groups -- may affect project implementation arrangements. The
Social Assessment institutional analysis will, therefore, not only identifY whether
structural blockages exist, but also will propose modifications to existing
arrangements or even entirely new institutional structures to overcome them.
Where relevant, institutional analyses will focus on mitigation issues as governed by
World Bank operation directives.
104.3 Definition of Participation Framework
1) Formulate Participation Strategy. The Social Assessment incorporates two types of
participation. First, there is the participation of the poor and vulnerable groups, which
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is a principle objective of the Social Assessment Second, there is the participation of
the broader group of stakeholders -- governmental and non-governmental
organizations, donors, and other partners -- in project strategy design. The broader
stakeholder participation is critical for attaining the participation of the poor and
vulnerable groups, and both levels of participation are important in developing
support for the specific project proposals and institutional arrangements identified in
the first two steps of the Social Assessment.
The Social Assessment process, therefore, involves the design of an information and
communication strategy to ensure stakeholder ownership of these proposals. This
strategy usually has three elements:
• Mechanisms to share the information from the social surveys and institutional
analyses with the broader group of stakeholders and partners (including national
and international governments and NGOs);
• Mechanisms to ensure the participation of key stakeholders, wherever feasible;
and,
• Feedback mechanisms that facilitate stakeholder response to the information
provided.
When direct participation is not feasible (as might occur when the development
initiative is very broad), the social surveys and institutional analyses (Steps I and II)
can provide important information about the views of the poor and vulnerable
popUlations. It other instances, the specificity of the project or economic and sector
work context may preclude democratic representation in the determination of the
mechanisms for key stakeholder participation. In either instance, the Social
Assessment will still develop specific mechanisms to facilitate the direct involvement
of the poor and vulnerable groups in the design, implementation, and monitoring of
the development initiative.
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2) Define Implementation Arrangements. On the basis of the stakeholder dialogue to
ensure ownership and commitment to an inclusionary policy, the Social Assessment
will define the specific responsibilities and monitorable contributions of each
stakeholder group (e.g., central ministries, local government, NGOs, citizen groups,
the private sector, donors). The dialogue will also help determine implementation
options (Step II), including institutional changes, capacity building, targeting,
sequencing, subsidies and incentives. The implementation plan will also include a
joint evaluation of the social-development benefits and risks, including potential
conflicts and costs. To this end, institutional and implementation arrangements for
any mitigation plan prepared under World Bank operation directives will be reviewed
and jointly endorsed by the relevant stakeholders.
1.4.4 Establishment of Mechanisms for Monitoring and Evaluation
The inclusion of monitoring and evaluation procedures is mandatory for
Bank-financed projects. Social Assessment provides inputs to the M&E component
by focusing on inputs, processes, outputs and outcomes that pertain to the social
development objectives of a project. Specifically, the Social Assessment helps:
• Identify monitoring indicators, such as (a) input indicators (benchmarks) to
measure and monitor inputs that either facilitate participation of poor and
vulnerable groups or meet other social objectives; (b) process indicators for the
same purpose; (c) output indicators; and (d) procedures and impact measures to
determine whether intended social development impacts actually occur;
• Define transparent evaluation procedures, including participatory approaches;
• Ensure that monitoring and evaluation procedures are established for the
mitigation plan; and
• Ensure that all M&E proposed in the Social Assessment is carefully scheduled,
fully budgeted, and properly supervised.
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1.5 Other considerations during Social Assessment
Social Assessment Requirements. Social Assessment is relevant to any Bank initiative
that aims to reduce poverty. However, there are exceptions where a Social
Assessment is unnecessary, for example, a project updating medical equipment for the
Ministry of Health. Although professional assessments will always be necessary to
analyze the particular characteristics of a development initiative, the following criteria
provide common grounds to support the determination of when a Social Assessment
would be particularly relevant.
Projects requiring an Social Assessment include operations where there are:
• Populations who have been historically disadvantaged or excluded from
development initiatives;
• Large social and economic inequalities;
• Post-conflict situations Post-conflict and natural disaster emergency operations
often require accelerated processing but can benefit substantially from Social
Assessment if undertaken expeditiously. In these cases, Social Assessment guides
project identification towards areas with significant numbers of affected people.
In addition, social impact monitoring can build commitment and support for a
process of re-engineering project components as experience warrants, an
approach that is often necessary in the situations of uncertainty intrinsic to
emergency lending.;
• Acute social problems;
• Large-scale enterprise restructuring; and
• Anticipated major adverse impacts, such as involuntary resettlement, indigenous
peoples' contact, and loss of cultural heritage.
Projects where an Social Assessment is advisable include operations where:
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• Changes in existing patterns of behavior, norms or values are required;
• Community participation is essential for sustainability and success;
• Insufficient knowledge on local needs, problems, constraints and solutions exist;
or,
• Beneficiary targeting mechanisms or eligibility criteria are unknown.
Social Assessments are advisable for economic and sector work with a focus on
ensuring quality of development initiatives, for the Social Assessment provides a
better understanding of the social context, and thus, sustainability, of Bank lending
operations.
Where Social Assessment is advisable but not mandatory, the Social Assessment will
include at a minimum:
• Identification of key stakeholders and adequate provision for their participation in
selection, design, implementation, and monitoring ofthe development initiative;
• Analysis of the key social contributions of the development initiative based on
rigorous information;
• Evaluation of the adequacy of mechanisms for involving the poor and vulnerable
groups; and,
• Definition of mitigation plans to address any adverse impacts from the initiative.
Social Assessment Quality. The quality of a social assessment depends on various
factors, such as the adequacy of the terms of reference, and the availability of
resources and time to carry out the necessary work of social survey and analysis.
Nevertheless, the ultimate test of a good Social Assessment is its impact on project
design and implementation, and this depends in large measure on the specificity of
recommendations for achieving social development objectives.
1.6 The main basis and survey method of Social Assessment
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The main basis of Social Assessment is divided into the following 5 items:
1. Laws and regulations of the Chinese government on ethnic minorities;
2. Policies of the World Bank on ethnic minorities;
3. Project Preliminary Design for the Expressway, and Feasibility Study for the Road
Network Improvements provided by the design institutes;
4. Statistical yearbooks at provincial, prefectural and county levels, and other official
statistical data.
5. The RAP for the Project.
The survey and research for the Social Assessment were carried out with the methods
of documentary research and field survey. The method of participative rural appraisal
(PRA) was used for the field survey. Questionnaires, interviews, discussion meetings
were conducted as well as analysis on document and laws, regulations and policies so
as to meet the requirements of the Social Assessment. During the Social Assessment,
17 symposiums were held, including the villages of Jiantan, Wujiahu, Majiawan,
Xinqu, Yangmahu, Chaiqiao, Lihuaqiao, Lutianwazi, Haoqu, Xinqiao, Majiaqiao,
Guojiaqiao, Shenjiahu, Dujiatan, Dayangqi, Daodunzi, Niumaojing. The first 14
villages are the ones seriously affected by the Project Expressway, and the later 3
villages are typical villages along the rural roads. All the meetings were convened by
village leaders and participated by villager representatives including women. The
issues discussed included land acquisition, house relocation, and social impacts. 28
interviews with township and village leaders were had. At the beginning 423 effective
questionnaires were collected. In order to reflect the real changes of the Project, some
questionnaires which were no longer included in the affected areas were taken out and
other 81 questionnaires were added. Finally 248 questionnaires were effective.
Participative Rural Appraisal method depends largely upon the participations of the
residents in the local communities of the affected areas. With this method we may
17
collect various kinds of infonnation on their production, life, environment, etc. It is a
community development method that entirely depends upon local knowledge,
leadership, institution and resources to attribute to the rural development through local
people's participation. With such a participative interaction with local people, the
experts get to know the community development, social relationships, structure of
resources and local knowledge about the historical development and changes as well
as the current social and economic situation.
Questionnaire survey method is the most frequently used method in modem society to
collect information. Its most obvious advantage is to obtain plenty of rich,
comprehensive and objective materials in a very short time that can be handled and
analyzed quantitatively. As an important component of the social appraisal, the
questionnaire survey aims at understanding local people's comments and attitudes on
the influence brought by the implementation of the project, and making a
comparatively in-depth sociological as well as anthropological analysis, ensuring that
the investment of the World Bank will help those poorly-paid people and the fragile
group, guaranteeing that men and women enjoy equal opportunities of participation.
18
Chapter 2 Socio-economic information of the Project affected areas
2.1 Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
Ningxia locates in the east part of the Northwest of China, and it's the only Hui
autonomous region established by the Central Government. Ningxia is a hub ofChina.
The whole land area of Ningxia has 6,640,000km2. The total population is 6.1 million
which includes the 2.18 million Hui people, holding the 36% of population, or one
fifth of all the Hui people in entire China.
There are superiorities on resources fields in Ningxia, such as the energy, agriculture,
tourism. Initially, coal reserves has peaked the 5th position in China, the output of
power and coal for per person is in the primacy in entire China. Ningdong, which is
one of the coal mine area, it holds 27 billion tons of total coal capacity. It is a
tendency to change the resources superiority into economic superiority for the
development of Ningxia. Secondly, we also have ample resources on agriculture.
There are more than 15,000,000 mu plow lands in Ningxia, 2.5 mu per capita; The
lands in Ningxia Plains are fertile, Yellow River passes through Ningxia for 397 km,
which provides convenience for irrigation, we have over 6,000,000 mu irrigable high
yields, it is one of the four irrigated area and 12 significant commodity grain
production bases in China; Besides, there are plenty areas of uncultivated lands
waiting for reclamation, one of 8 provinces in china which holds thousands arable
land; the beef and mutton which are Islamic Muslim, and wolfberry, the grapefruit
which can planted for making red wine, watermelon with Si and sand, potato,
liquorice, and high quality of rice, etc. these are all the agricultural specialities in
Ningxia. Thirdly, the tourism in Ningxia is unique, as you are not able to see the
frontier fortress, but also agreeable scenery of south river, it is named "Miniascape of
Northwest in China". In Chinese 1 0 Categories 95 kinds of Basic Tourist Resources,
there are 8 categories 46kinds occupied by Ningxia. the tourist hotlines for Shapotou,
19
•
Shahu, Qingtongxia, Liu Pan Mountain, Xinghai Lake, etc. The historical humanism
view spots have West Xia Imperial Tombs, Huaxia West Movie Town, and Hui
Nationality Islamic scenes, etc.
In September 2008, the State Council issued "Several Opinions of the State Council
on Further Promoting Economic and Social Development in Ningxia". In the
Opinions, it was proposed to build Ningxia into "6 base", "6 demonstration areas",
and "1 destination", and more than 60 policy measures. Also more than 1 00 key
project concerning great-leap-forward development in Ningxia and immediate
interests of the people. According to the opinions, Ningxia will focus on the
developing of the following items: propelling the construction of "Water-Saving
Society"; overcoming the poverty in central and Ningxia southern mountainous areas;
promoting steady expansion of agriculture; upgrading the industrial structure;
speeding up the overall transportation system and modern service industry; carrying
forward ecological construction and environment protection; accelerating the
development of social programs.
In 2008, the gross domestic product (GOP) of the year was CNY 109.851 billion,
increasing by 12.2 percent over the previous year. Analyzed by different industries,
the value added of the primary industry was CNY 12.011 billion, up by 7.2 percent,
that of the secondary industry was CNY 58.124 billion, up by 14.3 percent and the
tertiary industry was CNY 39.716 billion, up by 11.0 percent. The value added of the
primary industry accounted for 10.9 percent of the GOP, down by 0.1 percentage
point over that in the previous year, that of the secondary industry accounted for 52.9
percent, up by 2.1 percentage point, and that of the tertiary industry accounted for
36.2 percent, down by 2 percentage point.
In 2008,. The total output of grain was 329.24 million tons, up by 1.8 percent over the
previous year; The output of oil-bearing crops was 13.56 million tons, up by 75.0
percent; The output of vegetables was 319.28 million tons, up by 25.3 percent. In
20
•
2008, the gross output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery all
year around totaled CNY 12.011 billion, up by 7.2 percent. In 2008, the sown area of
oil-bearing crops was 80500 hectares, up by 31.7 percent; The sown area of
vegetables was 80160 hectares, up by 16.5 percent.
In 2008, the value added of industrial enterprises above the designated size was CNY
48.508 billion, up by 15.1 percent. Analyzed by light and heavy industries, the growth
of the light industry was CNY 7.076 billion, over the previous year, up by 15 percent,
and that of the heavy industry was CNY 41.432 billion, up by 15.1 percent. The value
added of construction enterprises was CNY 9.11 billion, up by 15 percent over the
previous year.
The completed investment in fixed assets in 2008 was CNY 85.865 billion, over the
previous year, up by 38.1 percent. Of the total investment, that in urban areas was
CNY 76.551 bi Ilion, up by percent; and that in rural areas reached CNY 9.314 billion,
up by 29.2 percent. The total retail sales of consumer goods reached CNY 28.515
billion, up by 22.2 percent over the previous year. An analysis on different areas
showed that the retail sales of consumer goods in cities reached CNY 21.271 billion,
up by 20.8 percent and the retail sales of consumer goods at and below county level
was CNY 7.244 billion, up by 26.6 percent.
In 2008, there were 13 general institutions of higher education, 35 secondary
vocational schools, 377 ordinary middle schools, 2202 primary school, and 286
kindergartens. The students on campus of all levels (including kindergartens) totaled
1385.04 thousand. By the end of 2008, there were 1601 health institutions. There
were 26560 health workers, including 11417 practicing doctors and assistant
practicing doctors and 9041 registered nurses.
In 2008, the annual per capita net income of rural households was CNY 3681.4 , up
by 15.7 percent over the previous year. The annual per capita disposable income of
21
•
urban households was CNY 12931.5 , up by 19.1 percent. At the end of 2008, a total
of 825,500 people participated in basic pension program, up by 7.2 percent. A total of
832,500 people participated in urban basic health insurance program, up by 6.3
percent. A total of 460,600 urban residents received the government minimum living
allowances. About 208,400 rural residents received the government minimum living
allowance.
The main socio-economic data of Ningxia are as follows:
Table 2.1 Main socio-economic indicators of Ningxia
I Item area Population GDP Per capita
GDP Per capita rural income
Unit Km2 million
people
CNY
million CNY/person CNY/person
2007 66400 6.1 97906.42 16050 3181
2008 66400 6.18 109851 17775 3681
~l1ge 1.31% 12.20% 10.75% 15.70%
2.2 Yincbuan City
Yinchuan City is located in the central areas of Ningxia Plain. The City faces Erdos in
its east, and Helan Mountain in its west. Yellow River traverses its territory. It is the
capital city of Ningxia, and political, economic, cultural, scientific and technical, and
information center of Ningxia.
In 2008, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the year was CNY 51.411 billion,
increasing by 13.3 percent over the previous year. Analyzed by different industries,
the value added of the primary industry was CNY 3.023 billion, up by 7.3 percent,
that of the secondary industry was CNY 25.071 billion, up by 15.1 percent and the
tertiary industry was CNY 23.317 billion, up by 12.2 percent. The value added of the
22
primary industry accounted for 5.9 percent of the GDP, that of the secondary industry
accounted for 48.8 percent, , and that of the tertiary industry accounted for 45.3
percent.
In 2008, the gross output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery
all year around totaled CNY 0.407 billion, up by 8.0 percent. In 2008, the sown area
ofcrops was 164,100 hectares, up by 2.5 percent. The sown area of grain was 128,000
hectares, up by 1.2 percent; The sown area of vegetables was 22,700 hectares, up by
1.2 percent. The total output of grain was 0.8862 million tons, up by 7.1 percent over
the previous year; The output of vegetables was 0.9943 million tons, up by 21.8
percent.
In 2008, the total value added of the industrial sector was CNY 21.146 billion, over
the previous year, up by 16.3 percent. The value added of industrial enterprises above
the designated size was CNY 20.095 billion, up by 17.09 percent.
The completed investment in fixed assets in 2008 was CNY 36.569 billion, over the
previous year, up by 24.9 percent. Of the total investment, that in urban areas was
CNY 34.975 billion, up by 25.6 percent; and that in rural areas reached CNY 1.594
billion, up by 11 percent. The total retail sales of consumer goods reached CNY
15.577 billion, up by 21.6 percent over the previous year.
In 2008, there were II general institutions of higher education, 53 junior high schools,
235 primary schools. The students on campus of all levels (including kindergartens)
totaled 308,200 people. By the end of 2008, there were 563 health institutions,
including 101 general hospitals. There were 11,500 health workers, including 4762
practicing doctors and assistant practicing doctors.
23
•
In 2008, the annual per capita net income of rural households was CNY 4917 , up by
14.3 percent over the previous year. The annual per capita disposable income of urban
households was CNY 14458, up by 18.7 percent.
The main socio-economic data ofYinchuan are as follows:
Table 2.2 Main socio-economic indicators ofYinchuan
I Item
Unit
Area
Km2
Population
million
people
GOP
CNY
million
Per capita
GOP
CNY/person
Per capita rural
income
CNY/person
2007
2008
9555.4
9555.4
1.61
1.65
45375
51411
28183
31158
4302
4917 i
Change 2.30% 13.30% . 10.56% 14.30%
2.3 Wuzhong City
Wuzhong City is located in the central areas of Ningxia. The city has Litong District,
Qingtongxia City, Yanchi County, Tongxin County, and Hongsipu Development
Area.
In 2008, the gross domestic product (ODP) of the year was CNY 17.299 billion,
increasing by 12.6 percent over the previous year. Analyzed by different industries,
the value added of the primary industry was CNY 2.806 billion, up by 7 percent, that
of the secondary industry was CNY 9.519 billion, up by 13.8 percent and the tertiary
industry was CNY 4.974 billion, up by 13.4 percent. The value added of the primary
industry accounted for 16.2 percent of the GOP, that of the secondary industry
accounted for 55 percent, , and that of the tertiary industry accounted for 28.8 percent.
24
..
In 2008, the gross output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery
all year around totaled CNY 5.622 billion, up by 9.07 percent. Among the total,
agriculture output value was CNY 2.657 billion, up by 10.2 percent; forestry CNY
0.225 million, up by 11.3 percent; animal husbandry CNY 2.501 billion, up by 6.49
percent; fishery CNY 0.037 billion up by 54.9 percent; and the service industry of
agriculture, forestry and fishery reached CNY 0.202 billion, up by 12.8 percent.
In 2008, the sown area of crops was 258,300 hectares, down by 8.6 percent. The sown
area of grain was 183,700 hectares, down by 15.3 percent; The sown area of
oil-bearing crops was 14800 hectares, up by 252.4 percent; The sown area of
vegetables was 11200 hectares, up by 9.8 percent. The total output of grain was
0.8475 million tons, down by 1.27 percent.
In 2008, the total value added of the industrial sector was CNY 27.45 billion, over the
previous year, up by 17.6 percent. The value added of industrial enterprises above the
designated size was CNY 24.42 billion, up by 18.3 percent.
The completed investment in fixed assets in 2008 was CNY 13.14 billion, over the
previous year, up by 60.7 percent. Of the total investment, that in urban areas was
CNY 10.93 billion, up by 76.7 percent; and that in rural areas reached CNY 1.23
billion, down by 5.9 percent. The total retail sales of consumer goods reached CNY
3.76 billion, up by 21 percent over the previous year. An analysis on different areas
showed that the retail sales ofconsumer goods in cities reached CNY 2.702 bi II ion, up
by 65.8 percent and the retail sales of consumer goods at and below county level was
CNY 1.059 billion, up by 20 percent.
In 2008, there were 1 general institutions of higher education, 3 secondary vocational
schools, 14 ordinary middle high schools, 69 junior high schools, 421 primary schools.
The students on campus of all levels (including kindergartens) totaled 242,554 people.
By the end of 2008, there were 295 health institutions, including 82 general hospitals.
25
There were 4245 health workers, including 1751 practicing doctors and assistant
practicing doctors and 1383 registered nurses.
In 2008, the annual per capita net income of rural households was CNY 4079, up by
13 percent over the previous year. The annual per capita disposable income of urban
households was CNY 11492.6, up by 20.5 percent.
The main socio-economic data of Wuzhong are as follows:
Table 2.3 Main socio-economic indicators of Wuzhong
litem area Population GDP Per capita
GDP
Per capita rural
income
Unit Km2 : million people
CNY
million CNY/person CNY/person
2007 20394.3 1.3 15363 11817 3610
2008 20394.3 1.35 17299 12814 4079
Change 3.80% 12.60% 8.43% 13%
2.4 Lingwu City
Lingwu City is located in the central areas of Ningxia Plain and east coast of Yellow
River. It is a city under the jurisdiction of Yinchuan City.
In 2008, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the year was CNY 8.457 billion,
increasing by 17.1 percent over the previous year. Analyzed by different industries,
the value added of the primary industry was CNY 0.527 billion, up by 7.3 percent,
that of the secondary industry was CNY 6.889 billion, up by 18.3 percent and the
tertiary industry was CNY 1.041 billion, up by 11.3 percent.
26
..
In 2008, the sown area of grain was 26,600 hectares, up by 11.7 percent. The total
output of grain was 0.1838 million tons, up by 22.0 percent over the previous year.
In 2008, the total value added of the industrial sector was CNY 6.18 bill,ion, over the
previous year, up by 22 percent. The value added of industrial enterprises above the
designated size was up by 17.9 percent. Analyzed by light and heavy industries, the
growth of the light industry was up by 16.6 percent, and that of the heavy industry
was up by 18.6 percent. The value added of construction enterprises was CNY 0.0844
billion, up by 12.8 percent over the previous year.
The completed investment in fixed assets in 2008 was CNY 17.068 billion, over the
previous year, up by 38.5 percent. The total retail sales of consumer goods reached
CNY 0.603 billion, up by 18.4 percent over the previous year. An analysis on
different areas showed that the retail sales of consumer goods at city level reached
CNY 0.379 billion, up by 21.5 percent and the retail sales of consumer goods below
city level was CNY 0.224 billion, up by 13.4 percent.
In 2008, there were no general institutions of higher education, 1 secondary
vocational schools, 13 ordinary middle schools, 27 primary schools, and 33
kindergartens. The students on campus of all levels (including kindergartens) totaled
43.8 thousand. By the end of 2008, there were 24 health institutions, including 21
general hospitals. There were 1016 health workers.
In 2008, the annual per capita net income of rural households was CNY 5184 , up by
17.1 percent over the previous year. The annual per capita disposable income of urban
households was CNY 12,419, up by 23.2 percent. At the end of 2008, a total of
10,700 people participated in basic pension program, up by 16.76 percent. A total of
42,353 people participated in urban basic health insurance program, up by 7.66
percent. A total of 133,500 people participated in the new cooperative medical care
system in rural areas, up by 13.8 percent. A total of 7,290 urban residents received the
27
government minimum living allowances. About 4,978 rural residents received the
government minimum living allowance.
The main socio-economic data of Lingwu are as follows:
Table 2.4 Main socio-economic indicators of Lingwu
Item area I GOPPopulation Per capita
GOP
Per capita rural
income
i
• Unit Km2 million
people
CNY
million CNY/person • CNYIperson
2007 4539 0.22 7222 32827 4427 I i 2008 4539 0.23 8457 36769 5184
I i Change 4.55% 17.10% 12% 17.10%
2.5 Qingtongxia City
Qingtongxia City is located in the central areas of Ningxia and south of Yinchuan
Plain. It is a city under the jurisdiction of Wuzhong City.
In 2008, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the year was CNY 7.439 billion,
increasing by 9.1 percent over the previous year. Analyzed by different industries, the
value added of the primary industry was CNY 0.788 billion, up by 7.5 percent, that of
the secondary industry was CNY 5.145 billion, up by 8.2 percent and the tertiary
industry was CNY 1.506 billion, up by 13.4 percent. The value added of the primary
industry accounted for 10.6 percent of the GDP, down by 0.5 percentage point over
that in the previous year, that of the secondary industry accounted for 69.2 percent, up
by 0.2 percentage point, and that of the tertiary industry accounted for 20.2 percent,
up by 0.3 percentage point.
28
"
In 2008, the gross output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery
all year around totaled CNY 1.61 billion, up by 8.4 percent. Among the total,
agriculture output value was CNY 0.87 billion, up by 6.9 percent; forestry CNY 0.03
million, up by 43.7 percent; animal husbandry CNY 0.64 billion, up by 7 percent;
fishery CNY 0.03 billion up by 66.6 percent; and the service industry of agriculture,
forestry and fishery reached CNY 0.04 billion, up by 12.7 percent.
In 2008, the sown area of crops was 50,400 hectares, up by 6.9 percent. The sown
area of grain was 46,200 hectares, up by 6.3 percent . The total output of grain was
0.277 million tons, up by 2.3 percent over the previous year; The output of vegetables
was 0.137 million tons, up by 23.7 percent.
In 2008, the total value added of the industrial sector was CNY 4.76 billion, over the
previous year, up by 6.8 percent. The value added of industrial enterprises above the
designated size was CNY 4.63 billion, up by 6.7 percent.
The completed investment in fixed assets in 2008 was CNY 4.69 billion, over the
previous year, up by 89.8 percent. The total retail sales of consumer goods reached
CNY 0.76 billion, up by 16.7 percent over the previous year. An analysis on different
areas showed that the retail sales of consumer goods at county level reached CNY 0.5
billion, up by 17.9 percent and the retail sales of consumer goods below county level
was CNY 0.26 billion, up by 14.4 percent.
In 2008, there were no general institutions of higher education, 1 secondary
vocational school, 19 ordinary middle schools, 79 primary schools, and 16
kindergartens. The students on campus of all levels (including kindergartens) totaled
50,518 people. By the end of 2008, there were 16 health institutions. There were 917
health workers, including 440 practicing doctors and assistant practicing doctors and
309 registered nurses.
29
In 2008, the annual per capita net income of rural households was CNY 5115 , up by
10.3 percent over the previous year. The annual per capita disposable income of urban
households was CNY 11,740 , up by 16.7 percent. At the end of 2008, a total of
16,544 people participated in basic pension program. A total of 26,064 people
participated in urban basic health insurance program. A total of 180,154 people
participated in the new cooperative medical care system in rural areas, up by percent.
A total of 5,535 urban residents received the government minimum living allowances.
About 4,001 rural residents received the government minimum living allowance.
The main socio-economic data of Qingtongxia are as follows:
Table 2.5 Main socio-economic indicators of Qingtongxia
Item area Population GOP Per capita
GOP
Per capita rural
income
Unit Km2 million
people
CNY
million CNY/person CNY/person
2007 2337.3 0.271 6819 25162 4938
2008 2337.3 0.267 7439 27861 5445
Change -1.50% 9.10% 10.73% 10.30%
The main socio-economic indicators and ranks of the affected cities / counties in
Ningxia in 2007 were presented in the following table. From the table it could be
found that except for per capita farmland holding, other socio-economic indicators of
those cities / counties ranked at the top. It indicated that the contribution of fannland
resources to the socio-economic development of those areas were limited. Therefore,
the impacts of Project land acquisition on those areas are relative small. For details,
please refer to Table 2.6.
30
Table 2.6 Main socio-economic indicators and ranks of the affected cities / counties in Ningxia in 2007
Area GDP (CNY) Per capita GDP (CNY) Per capita farmland Per capita fiscal revenue Per capita fiscal Annual net income per
holding (mu) (CNY) expenditure (CNY) farmer (CNY)
amount rank amount rank amount rank amount rank amount rank amount rank
Ningxia 8892000 14649 3 1318 3984 3181
Yinchuan 3015014 1 32688 1 1 19 2360 1 3554 2
urban area
Lingwu 644842 3 28635 2 2 17 1383 4 3161 4 4426 6
Litong 414607 6 11421 9 1 18 2130 2 4031 1 4985 2
Qingtongxia 630282 4 23566 4 2 15 1152 5 2486 8 4938 3
31
~
2.6 Basic information of affected townships
The Project Expressway will affect 10 townships in Lingwu, Litong and Qingtongxia, those
are:
Linhe Town is located in the north of Lingwu City, The Town is surrounded by Taole County
to Ming Dynasty Great Wall in its north, Yinchuan City to its west across the river, Ciyaopu
Town in its east. Yellow River flows through the whole Town by 21 kilometers. The Town
has 12500 mu of irrigated land, and owns 7 administrative villages.
Dongta Town is located in the suburban area of Lingwu City. The Town has 7305 mu of
irrigated land, and owns 9 administrative villages.
Chongxing Town is located in the 5 kilometers to the south of Lingwu City. The Town has
44000 mu of irrigated land, and owns 12 administrative villages.
Haojiaqiao Town is located in the southwest of Lingwu City. The distance between the Town
and urban area of Lingwu City is 9 kilometers, and Lingwu-Whzhong-Qingtongxia Class I
Highway goes through the Town. The Town has 36789 mu of irrigated land, and owns 19
administrative villages.
Guojiaqiao Township is located in the northeast of Litong District, The Township is
surrounded by Haoj iaqiao Town of Lingwu City in its east, NH 307 in its south, Qingshuigou
to its west, Longer Village in its north. The Township has 17520 mu of irrigated land, and
owns 8 administrative villages.
Jinyintan Town is located in the southeast of Litong District, 11 kilometers north of the urban
areas of Litong District. The Town is surrounded by Daquan Township and Langpiliang
Township of Lingwu City in its east, Malianqu Township to its west, Biandangou Town in its
32
south, Shangqiao Township in its north. Wuhui Highway and NH 211 go through the Town.
The Town has 82000 mu of irrigated land, and owns 13 administrative villages.
Malianqu Township is located in the south of Litong District, 7.5 kilometers north of the
urban areas of Litong District. The Township has 19000 mu of irrigated land, and owns 6
administrative villages.
Jinj i Town is located 8 kilometers southwest of the urban areas of Litong District. The Town
is surrounded by Malianqu Township in its east, Xiakou Town of Qingtongxia City to its
west, Majiahu Township in its south, Qinqu Township in its north. It is one of the 3 biggest
towns in Litong District, the political, economic, and cultural center in south Litong District.
It is also the demonstration area of cooperation between the township and village enterprises
in East China and West China. The Town has 30377 mu of irrigated land, and owns 17
administrative villages.
Xiakou Town is located in the southeast of Qingtongxia City. Qing Canal and Hanbo Canal
flow through the town, and Qingtongxia-Wuzhong Highway and Yuqiao-Houqiao Highway
go through the Town. The Town has 37017 mu ofirrigated land, and owns 12 administrative
villages.
Daba Town is located in the middle of Qingtongxia City. Daqing Canal, Tanglai Canal,
Xigan Canal, and Hanyan Canal flow through the town, and NH 109 goes through the Town.
The Town has 81263 mu of irrigated land, and owns 15 administrative villages.
The basic socio-economic situation of the affected towns and townships is showed in Table
2.7.
2.7 Basic information of affected villages
The Project will affect 32 administrative village in the above-mentioned 10 towns and
townships. The 32 villages have 80461 persons in 19188 households with on average 4.19
33
persons per household. Those 32 villages have 24220 persons of Han people. 56241 persons
of Hui People, and the percentage of Hui people in total is 69.90%, and no other ethnic
people have been found in those areas. The 32 villages have 85663 mu of irrigated land with
on average 1.06 mu per capita. The basic socio-economic situation of the 32 affected villages
is showed in Table 2.8.
34
Table 2.7 Basic socio-economic situation of the affected towns and townships
Town Total
house- hold
Total
person Female
Hui
house
hold
Hui person Agricultural
household
Agricultural
person
Persons
from other
places
self-
employed
rural per
capita net
income in
2008
Poor person
with per capita
annual income
belowCNY
1350
total annual
production
value
Labor Female
labor
Migrant
worker
Female
migrant
worker
%of
income
from
migrant
work in
total
income
Unit HH person person HH person HH person person HH CNY/
person person CNY 10000 person person person person %
Linhe 1857 7712 3908 181 821 1857 5354 2012 414 5123 780 11816 5013 1091 2389 932 48
Dongta 4754 19467 9451 1477 6352 3788 16900 213 1377 5332 923 52460 8946 4440 5556 2780 56
Chongxing 9781 44304 22596 8216 37306 7467 33600 350 1350 5263 1426 72000 25450 12280 6155 1165 80
Haojiaqiao 6799 28560 13598 5620 22562 6799 28560 510 1399 5271 3500 100800 14056 7150 6240 640 67
Guojiaqiao 4583 20176 10009 4503 20031 4361 18931 136 178 4894 633 63000 12002 5981 2368 923 70
linyintan 10720 44384 21846 9826 40834 7320 27725 1450 563 5300 1670 63000 21366 8360 4554 1766 50
MaJianqu 4890 22636 10984 4058 18787 4890 22636 36 584 5780 675 72132 13166 6389 2593 904 60
linji 13714 55334 29946 6135 25564 9504 37426 2752 1656 5372 2013 185000 30319 15782 3370 424 80
Xiakou 6676 28398 14152 3940 17894 6676 28398 991 1841 5102 328 68800 16634 7690 3720 1183 53
Daba 8122 30644 15467 238 1038 8122 30644 839 1038 5071 468 62100 18648 9472 4550 1720 47
Notes I. Total population includes those live in this area from other places.
2. Migrant worker, and % of income from migrant work in total income were estimated by the surveyed township officials. There are no official statistical data.
35
,0
'. ..
Table 2.8 Basic socio-economic situation of the affected village
---- ~~- ~~---~~ ~~~~~ ---- ---~~
%of Net income Poor person
Total Per capita income from with per capitaTotal Total Population per Total Han Total Hui Hui Migrant Self-
District I city Township village household people
irrigated irrigated per migrant annual income person household people people % worker employed
land land farmer in work in belowCNY 2007 total 1350
income --------
I
Unit HH personlHH Person % mu! CNYI
% HHperson person mu person person person person
-------
Lingwu Linghe Shangqiao 1496 314 4,76 1496 0,00% 1051 0.70 4450·
Erdaogou Il23 237 04 1123 0,00% 800 071 4620*
Tianshuihe 416 103 4.04 416 O~OO% 300 0,72 3760* -------
Dongta Guoyuan 3072 685 4.48 3072 O~OO% 3050 0,99 4839 638 45% 120 283
Liming 3056 654 4~67 3056 100~00% 2523 0,83 4220 67 50% 127 177 f-- ----
I Chongxing Haizi 3892 862 4,52 3892 100~00% 6212 1.60 3750 550 50% 50 198
Dujiatan 4156 1065 3.90 4156 10000% 5122 1.23 5378 50% 60 227 ----
Jiantan 3215 729 4.41 3215 100,00% 2250 0,70 4050 900 40% 7 109
Haojiaqiao Wujiahu 2364 521 4,54 2364 100,00% 2735 U6 3860 112 40% 18 60 f--- -----
Shenjiahu 2980 756 3.94 2980 100,00% 3194 1.07 2988 445 67% 8 87
Litong Guojiaqiao i Guojiaqiao 2940 660 4,45 140 2800 95~24% 2310 0,79 4890 234 70"10 23 88
I Majiawan 1975 437 4,52 1975 10000% 1875 0~95 4901 161 75% 16 81
36
%of
Net income Poor person
Total Total Population per Total Han Total Per capita income from with per capita
District / city Township Total Hui Hui Migrant Self-
village household household
irrigated irrigated per migrant annual income person people people people % worker employed
land land farmer in work in below CNY
2007 total 1350
income
Unit HH personJHH Person % mw CNYI
person person mu person % HH person person person
Jinyintan Donggouwan 2498 554 4.51 2498 100.00% 1955 0.78 5950 950 75% 17 165
Xinqu 3098 718 4.31 3098 100.00% 2630 0.85 6080 900 53% 89 403
Yangmahu 4743 1191 3.98 4743 10000% 4660 0.98 6060 800 50% 50 320
Malianqu Balanghu 2583 550 4.70 2583 100.00% 1812 0.70 4436 804 75% 28 324
Hanbeibao 2925 578 5.06 2925 100.00% 2629 0.90 4880 466 35% 13 378
Chaquqiao 2311 505 4.58 185 2126 91.99% 1425 0.62 5250 230 40% 120 620
Ma1ianqu 3207 687 4.67 6 3201 99.81% 2278 0.71 5510 300 40% 70 700
Chaiqiao 2989 692 4.32 2092 897 3001% 2717 0.91 4980 110 60% 30 980
Jinji Lihuaqiao 3120 718 4.35 2570 550 17.63% 2912 0.93 5032 450 70% 126 115
Dongmen 1849 537 3.44 1378 471 25.47% 2030 1.10 5580 230 75% 72 83
Ximen 1687 476 3.54 1395 292 17.31% 1229 0.73 5488 320 70% 78
Majiaqiao 2711 674 402 767 1944 71.71% 2527 0.93 5080 586 50% 43 76
Lugouzha 1326 362 3.66 1312 14 1.06% 1290 0.97 5750 454 70% 48 46
Lutianwazi 1276 375 3.40 810 466 36.52% 1273 1.00 4330 210 45% 89 45
Dayuanzi 2280 800 2.85 800 1480 64.91% 1830 0.80 4520 160 70% 390 300
Qingtongxia Xiakou Renqiao 2446 523 4.68 • 668 1778 72.69% 1889 0.77 5070 400 60% 500
37
," .
--------------
'.. .. ..
District I city Township village Total
person
Total
household
Population per
household
Total Han
people
Total Hui
people
Hui
people %
Total
irrigated
land
Per capita
irrigated
land
Net
income
per
farmer in
2007
Migrant
worker
%of
income
from Self-
migrant employed
work in
total
income
Poor person
with per capita
annual income
bclowCNY
1350
Unit person HH person! HH person Person % mu mul
person
CNYI
person person % HH person
Haoqu 2749 620 4.43 332 2417 87.92% 2453 0.89 5260 1321 70% 60
Daba Wanglaotan 1469 463 3.17 1238 231 15.72% 5016 341 5120 137 35% 19 465
Weiqiao 1622 415 3.91 1572 50 3.08% 5038 3.11 5103 128 38% 73 20
Xinqiao 2887 727 3.97 2848 39 1.35% 6649 2.30 5120 852 37% 30 240
Total .......... ---- -_...
80461 19188 4.19 24220 56241 69.90% 85663 106 75% ----------- -
Notes: L Figures in 2007.
2. Migrant worker, % of income from work in total income, and poor person with per capita armual income below CNY 1350 were estimated by the surveyed
officials. There are no official statistical data.
38
Chapter 3 Survey of the affected communities and households
3.1 Brief introduction of survey
In order to have a better understanding of basic profile of affected households and
facilitate the analysis of their impacts and development of resettlement policies and
rehabilitation measures, a social economic survey was carried out during May 2008,
which was based on sample survey among affected households and affected villages.
At that time both NH 211 Lingwu-Tianshuipu Expressway and Guyaozi-Qingtongxia
Linking Expressway were included in the World Bank-financed Project. The survey
covered 19 villages in 10 townships of 4 district/county/cities. A total of 423 valid
sample households were selected. For details, please refer to the following table.
Table 3.1 Sampling households surveyed in May 2008
District ;/ City Township Village Surveyed household
Lingwu Chongxing Longxutan 13
Dujiatan 18
Haojiaqiao Shenjiahu 19
Wujiahu 22
Baitugang Zaogangzi 28
Litong Dongtasi Shifusicun 10
Haojiaqiao Guojiaqiao 23
Laoheqiao 49
Qingshuigoucun 16
Shanshuigoucun 13
linyintan Goutai 38
Sizhiqu 22
linji Lihuaqiao 12
39
District ;/ City Township Village Surveyed household
Majiaqiao 31
Qingtongxia Xiakou R(;:nqiaocun 14
I Shenzhacun 27
I Daba Wanglaotan 57
Xinqiaocun 6
Yanchi Nuanquan Laoyanchi 5
Total 423
In July 2009, Lingwu-Tianshuipu Expressway was no longer included in the World
Bank-financed Project. There were also big changes for the design of the
Guyaozi-Qingtongxia Linking Expressway. Among the original surveyed households,
only those in Dujiatan, Shenjiahu, Wujiahu, Majiaqiao, Renqiao, Wanglaotan, and
Xinqiao (167 questionnaires) are still in the changed alignment. In order to reflect the
real situation of the affected households after changes, in August 2009, an
supplementary survey was conducted in seriously-affected Majiawan, Lihuaqiao,
Lutianwazi, and Xinqu villages. 81 households were added. At present there are 248
valid questionnaires. For details, please refer to the following table:
Table 3.2 Valid sampling households after supplementary survey in August
2009
lDistrict ;/Cityr---
i Lingwu
Township
Chongxing
Village
Dujiatan
Surveyed household
18
fiaojiaqiao Shenjiahu 19 !
Wujiahu 22
Litong Guojiaqiao Majiawan 21
Jinyintan Xinqu 20 !
Jinji Lihuaqiao I 20
L Majiaqiao i 31
40
District ;1 City Township Village Surveyed household
Lutianwazi 20
Qingtongxia Xiakou Renqiaocun 14
Daba Wanglaotan 57
Xinqiaocun 6
Total 248
3.2 Basic demographic characteristics
The valid questionnaires at present cover 1209 persons in 248 households. Is basic
characteristics are introduced and analyzed as follows:
1. Household size. The lowest is 1 person per household, and the biggest is 12 persons
per household. The mean value of household size is 4.875 persons per household,
which is higher than that calculated from the total population in 32 affected villages,
i.e. 4.19 persons per household. The main reason for that is that some households with
many generations asked to be surveyed as one household to reflect their total income
and expenditure.
2. Registered residence. There are 1178 persons with agricultural registered residence,
accounting for 97.44% of the total; There are 31 persons with non-agricultural
registered residence, accounting for 2.56% of the total. Most of the population in the
surveyed households have agricultural registered residence.
3. Gender. There are 633 male people, accounting for 52.36% of the total; There are
576 male people, accounting for 47.64% of the total. Male population are more than
Female, but are still within the normal range.
4. Nationality. There are 467 Han people, accounting for 38.63% of the total; There
are 742 Hui people, accounting for 61.37% of the total, which is lower than that
41
, >
calculated from the total population in 32 affected villages, i.e. 69.90%. The main
reason for that is relatively higher Han people percentage in the sampling villages.
5. Age. There are 284 people aged below 15, accounting for 23.49% of the total;
There are 803 people aged between 16 and 59, accounting for 66.42% of the total;
There are 122 people aged above 60, accounting for 10.09% of the total.
6. Education. There are 141 people below school age, accounting for 11.66% ofthe
total; There are 76 illiteracy, accounting for 6.29% of the total; There are 265 people
having the education level of primary school, accounting for 21.92% of the total;
There are 608 people having the education level of middle school, accounting for
50.29% of the total; There are 85 people having the education level of high school,
accounting for 7.03% of the total; There are 14 people having the education level of
collage, accounting for 1.16% of the total; There are 20 people having the education
level of undergraduate or above, accounting for 1.65% of the total.
3.3 Land Resources
3.3.1 Land resources
The main farmland is irrigated land in the affected areas. The average irrigated land
per household is 6.47mu, and per capita amongst the households interviewed is 1.33
mu, which is higher than that calculated from the total population in 32 affected
villages, i.e. 1.06 mu per capita. The main reason for that is relatively more irrigated
land in Wanglaotan and Xinqiao Villages among the sampling villages. For the land
resources of the surveyed households in different villages, please refer to the
following table:
Table 3.3 Land resources of the surveyed households in different villages
42
District ;/
City Township Village
Surveyed
households
Minimum of
per
household
farmland
holding
Maximum of
per
household
farmland
holding
Per
household Per capita
Lingwu Chongxing Dujiatan 18 2 7 4.01 0.88
Haojiaqiao Shenjiahu 19 3 10 7.08 0.86
Wujiahu 22 1.7 11 4.58 0.96
Litong Guojiaqiao Majiawan 21 1.6 8.2 4.82 1.07
Jinyintan Xinqu 20 1 7 3.3 0.76
Jinji Lihuaqiao 20 1.4 7 4.46 0.85
Majiaqiao 31 1 8 5.15 1.15
Lutianwazi 20 2 13 4.99 1.17
Qingtongxia Xiakou Renqiaocun 14 2 8 4.39 0.95
Daba Wanglaotan 57 5 30 11.61 2.55
Xinqiaocun 6 7 13 9.58 1.98
Total 248 I 30 6.47 1.33
From the table it could be found that the minimum of per household farmland holding
is 1 mu in Xinqu and Majiaqiao villages, maximum of per household farmland
holding is 30 mu in Wanglaotan village. The lowest per capita farmland holding is
0.76 mu in Xinqu village, and the highest per capita farmland holding is 2.55 mu in
Wanglaotan village.
3.3.2 Production and operation style
Land contract system is applied in the Project areas, and now it is within the second
round land contract period. The farmers' contract rights have been protected
according to the laws and regulations. When farmers' contracted land is acquired,
usually it is compensated through the way of cash paid directly to the affected farmers.
43
This is also the basis that the Project adopts cash compensation to the land
contractors.
There were 3 big changes of Chinese rural land system. The first change happened
just after the funding of the P.R.C--during democratic reform movement (1950).
Feudal ownership of land was perished and small peasant private land ownership
became the most popular land ownership. The second one happened in agricultural
cooperation movement (from the middle 1950's to the end of the 1950's). Small
peasant private land ownership was changed into farmer collective ownership. The
third one happened at the end of the 1970's and at the beginning of the 1980's. This
change does not alter the previous collective ownership. But land ownership and land
operation right are detached, which partly changes the land application system.
Farmers begin to contract for collective land (including cultivated land, forest, pasture
and wasteland) by household. The State stipulates that land in the rural areas and
suburban areas, except otherwise provided for by the State, shall be collectively
owned by farmers including land for building houses, land and hills allowed to be
retained by farmers.
The term for contracting for the cultivated land is 15 years and the term for
contracting other kind of land is decided by owners and contractors in the form of
contract. The state issued a policy for a new round land contract: land contract further
prolongs 30 years in the 1990's after the IS-year contract term expired in the 1990's.
Since the second round land contract will last for 30 years, usually no big farmland
readjustment will be conducted. Only little farmland will be readjusted after it is
agreed by the villager meetings.
The survey findings indicated that production and operation styles of the farmers in
the affected areas are diversified. The production and operation styles include
working in enterprises and institutions (12%), going outside to do manual jobs (36%),
planting (24%), animal husbandry (4%), family-run industry and transportation (9%),
44
'.
family-run trading services (13%). One household usually conducts a lot of
production activities. There is no clear labor division for planting and animal
husbandry, and all the family members can do it if they are free. For non-agricultural
activities there is some labor division so some household members may conduct
family-run industry and some may go outside to do some manual jobs.
3.4 Employment of household laborers
The labor age stipulated in China are between 16 and 60 for male and 16 and 55 for
female. However, people in rural areas may still conduct planting even they are much
elder than 60 for male and 55 for female. In order to analyze systemically, the people
elder than 65 are considered as above labor age although he or she may still do some
agricultural work. Among the 1209 surveyed people, 131 people are below school age,
accounting for 10.84% of the total, 71 people are over labor age, accounting for 5.8%
of the total, 208 people are students, accounting for 17.20% of the total, 407 people
mainly conduct agricultural activities, accounting for 33.66% of the total, 274 people
conduct both agricultural and manual jobs, accounting for 22.66% of the total, 58
people mainly do manual jobs, accounting for 4.80% of the total, 48 people work in
the enterprises, accounting for 3.97% of the total, 12 people work in the institutions,
accounting for 0.99% of the total.
332 people conduct manual jobs, including those who conduct both agricultural and
manual jobs and those who mainly do manual jobs, accounting for 27.46% of the total.
Each year they usually work outside for about 200 days in nearby county towns,
Yinchuan City or coastal cities in China's southeast. They usually conduct jobs in
construction, manufacture, transportation and catering service industries. Their ages
are between 16 and 64, on average 39.
3.5 Housing Resources
45
,.
In the surveyed households, the average floorspace per household is 187.36 square
meters, and per capita, 38.43 square meters. For details, please refer to the following
tables.
Table 3.4 Housing resources of the surveyed households in different villages
• District;/ Surveyed per per Per Per capita
City Township Village
households household household household I •
floorspace floorspace
Lingwu Chongxing Dujiatan 18 60 300 143.89 31.59
Haojiaqiao Shenjiahu 19 68 460 251.26 31.13
Wujiahu 22 60 300 144.64 30.30
Litong Guojiaqiao Majiawan 21 60 340 206.00 45.54
Jinyintan Xinqu 20 60 380 212.1 48.16
Jinji Lihuaqiao 20 150 340 229.15 43.65
Majiaqiao 31 10 300 161.06 35.92
Lutianwazi 20 100 320 223.15 52.65
! Qingtongxia Xiakou Renqiaocun 14 80 250 131.14 29.54
Daba Wanglaotan 57 60 480 183.526 40.23
Xinqiaocun 6 10 210 134.11 21.16
Total 248 60 480 181.36 38.43
Minimum of Maximum of
From the table it could be found that the minimum of per household floorspace is 60
square meters in many villages, maximum of per household floorspace is 480 square
meters in Wanglaotan village. The lowest per capita floors pace is 27.76 square meters
in Xinqiao village, and the highest per capita floors pace is 48.76 square meters in
Xinqu village.
46
During the survey it was also found that only 4 households rented their houses with
total yearly rental ofCNY 6200. Therefore, rent income was not one of farmer's main
income resources.
The house structure distribution of the surveyed households is described in the
following table. It can be found from the table that their main house structures are
brick concrete and brick timber. In general, their housing level is high. For details,
please refer to the following table:
Table 3.5 House structure distribution of the surveyed households
Item Brick concrete
Brick timber
Brick earth wood
Earth wood
Total
Per
household 81.32 63.88 13.65 28.51 187.36
Per capita 16.68 13.10 2.80 5.85 38.43
% 43.40% 34.10% 7.28% 15.22% 100.00%
The survey results of the construction cost for the main house structures (brick
concrete and brick timber) are as follows. It was based on the investigation with most
of the leaders of the affected villages along the proposed Expressway. The cost
doesn't include the expenses for land and application formalities.
47
Table 3.6 Per square meter cost analysis of brick concrete house
Item Unit Consumption
per unit Unit Price Cost Remarks
Unit
A. Main material 217.10
!
Timber cU.m 0.02 900 18
Cement Kg 60 0.45 27
Brick no. 270 0.25 67.5
Steel Kg 12.5 45 56.25
Lime Kg 45 0.15 6.75
Stone cU.m 0.4 30 12
Sand cU.m 0.2 28 5.6
Asphalt Kg 6 4 24
B. Other material
and infrastructure 86.84
40% of main material at
most
C. Manpower Man day 3.5 40 140
Total 443.94
Table 3.7 Per square meter cost analysis of brick timber house
Item Unit Consumption
per unit Unit Price Cost
Remark
Unit CNY/unit CNY
A. main materials 153.75
Timber cU.m 0.05 900 45
Cement Kg 35 0.45 15.75
IBrick no. 260 0.25 65
Steel Kg 1.5 4.5 6.75
Lime Kg 35 0.15 5.25
Stone cU.m 0.3 30 9
ISand cU.m 0.25 28 7
B. Other material and
infrastructure 61.50
40% of main material at
most
48
Item Unit Consumption
per unit Unit Price Cost
Remark
Unit CNY/unit CNY
C. Manpower Man day 3 40 120
Total 335.25
3.6 Household income and affecting factors
In 2007, the per capita net income was CNY 5943, a little higher than the official data
reported by the administrative villages. The following table shows the different net
income sources in the surveyed households. It indicates the variety of economic
activity carried out along the proposed alignment. According to the survey results, the
income of farming accounts for 24.09% of their total income. And their highest
income, i.e. income from outside jobs, accounts for 35.54% of their total income. For
details, please refer to the following table.
Table 3.8 Net income in 2007
Item Total Per household Per person Percentage
Unit CNY CNY CNY %
Wage income 877400 3538 726 12.21%
Outside job income 2553100 10295 2112 35.54%
F 1731056 6980 1432 24.09%
Animal husbandry income 263300 1062 218 3.66%
Income of industry, transportation
and construction 629850 2540 521 8.77%
Income of business and service 948700 3825 785 13.20%
Minimum subsistence allowance 3800 15 3 0.05%
Rental 8600 35 7 0.12%
Gift money 149700 604 124 2.08%
Other income 19000 77 16 0.26%
49
Item Total Per household Per person Percentage
Unit CNY CNY CNY %
Total 7184506 28970 5943 100.00%
For the net income of the surveyed households in different villages, please refer to the
following table:
Table 3.9 Net income of the surveyed households in different villages
I Minimum of Maximumofl
District ;1 Surveyed per per Per
• City Township Village Per capita
I households • household household household
net income. net income !
• Lingwu Chongxing Dujiatan 18 8600 55600 22168.89 4866.34
Haojiaqiao Shenjiahu 19 7600 143000 38523.64 5398.22
Wujiahu 22 8300 109200 24957.37 4516.10
Litong Guojiaqiao Majiawan 21 6120 47080 23597.14 5216.21
Jinyintan Xinqu 20 5320 120400 29455 6771.26
Jinji Lihuaqiao 20 7950 58400 24873.30 4737.77
Majiaqiao 31 9500 61760 23656.52 5275.91
Lutianwazi 20 6284 1
67200 28480040 6701.27
Qingtongxia Xiakou Renqiaocun 14 9900 53200 23328.57 5024.62
Daba Wanglaotan 57 8000 187000 37213.86 8158.42
Xinqiaocun 6 15000 34800 21816.67 4513.79
Total 248 5320 187000 28969.78 5942.52
From the table it could be found that the minimum of per household net income is
CNY 5320 in Xinqu village, maximum of per household net income is CNY 187000
50
in Wanglaotan village. The lowest per capita net income is CNY 4513.79 in Xinqiao
village, and the highest per capita net income is CNY 8158.42 in Wanglaotan village.
Based on the survey results, when making rankings for the reasons of the richness, No.
I was well business operation. The next items in order were high education, outside
jobs, convenient transportation, more irrigated land resources. When making rankings
for the reasons of the poverty, No. I was bad business operation. The next items in
order were low education, sick and elderly, inconvenient transportation, less irrigated
land resources.
3.7 Household consumption expenditure and affecting factors
In 2007, the per capita consumption expenditure was CNY 3451. The on average
surplus per capita was CNY 2491. The reason for that is that some households with
annual net income higher than CNY 100,000 have more surplus. Those funds were
used for the house construction, marriage, tuition for the universities, vehicles and
other high-value goods. So some households would use surplus accumulated from
many years within one year for the purpose marriage, house construction, or
university tuition, and in that year those households may have financial deficit. The
following table shows the expenditure distribution in the surveyed households. It
could be found that more than one third of their total expenditure is for food (37.37%).
And the percentage of clothing, gift money, and medical care are relatively higher.
Table 3.10 Consumption expenditure distribution in 2007
Item Total Per household Per capita Percentage
Unit CNY CNY CNY %
Food 1559450 6288 1290 37.37%
Clothing 548620 2212 454 13.15%
Living 319710 1289 264 7.66%
51
i Item Total Per household Per capita Percentage
Unit CNY CNY CNY % !
Household equipment 124520 502 103 2.98%
Transport 157610 636 130 3.78%
Communication 394770 1592 327 9.46%
Education 24000 97 20 0.58%
Recreation 53760 217 44 1.29%
Medicines and medical care 449490 1812 372 10.77%
Gift money 519302 2094 430 12.45%
Other 21500 87 18 0.52%
Total 4172732 16826 3451 100.00%
It can be concluded from the analysis of the income and expenditure that the farming
income is no longer the main income resources. It only accounts for less than one
quarter of their total income. Therefore, the impacts of land acquisition to the affect
farmers' total income are limited. Besides, due to the high surplus, the farmers have
certain anti~risk ability in short period.
For the consumption expenditure of the surveyed households in different villages,
please refer to the following table:
Table 3.11 Consumption expenditure of the surveyed households in different
villages
District! City
Township Village
I I Minimum of
Maximum of per
PerSurveyed •per household household Per capita
households consumption household expenditure
consumption expenditure
Lingwu Chongxing Dujiatan 18 5120 34900 }4873.33 3264.88
_ .. Haojiaqiao Shenjiahu 19 8050 63000 22096.82 3096.37
52
I
M' , f IMaximum ofIOlmum 0
District / Surveyed • per
Per• Township Village per household. h h ld Per capitaCity households
' • ouse 0 household
I
consumptIOn ,d't consumption
expen lure • d't• expen lure
Wujiahu 22 4520 14321.05 2591.43
Litong Guojiaqiao Majiawan 21 4700 25000 14859.52 3284,74
Jinyintan 20 4300 41300 15382.5 3536.21
Jinji Lihuaqiao 20 7200 28800 16043.50 3055.90
Majiaqiao 31 5250 28200 15173.55 3384.03
I.utianwazi 20 4700 35400 17515.00 4121.18
Qingtongxia Xiakou Renqiaocun 14 9740 35100 18737.86 4035.85
Total
Daba Wanglaotan 57 2600 50500 18040.386 3955.01
6 11700 15816.67 3272.41
248 2600 630001 16825.53 3451.39
From the table it could be found that the minimum of per household consumption
expenditure is CNY 2600 in Wanglaotan village, maximum of per household
consumption expenditure is CNY 63000 in Shenjiahu village, The lowest per capita
consumption expenditure is CNY 2591.43 in Wujiahu village, and the highest per
capita consumption expenditure is CNY 4121,18 in Lutianwazi village,
3.8 The impacts of land acqnisition on local farmers
The expressway is linear shape, so the on average land acquisition impact per
household is relatively small. Among the affected households, on average /.91 mu of
irrigated land per household or 0.44 mu of irrigated land per capita will be acquired.
And on average 193 square meters of houses per household or 42 square meters of
houses per capita will be acquired, But some seriously-affected villages are located in
the areas of the Expressway interchanges, some households may lose 80% or even
100% of their total contracted farmland, Affected to the socio-economic survey
results, if 100% of their total contracted farmland will be acquired, on average each
53
household will lose 24% of their total income. Here are the detailed introduction of
the land acquistion on the 10 seriously-affected villages.
Jiantan Village
There are 729 households, 3215 persons and about 1600 laborers in the village. The
village has 2250 mu of irrigated land and the per capita annual net income in 2008
was CNY 4050. The main income resources for the villagers are grain planting and
outside labor service, and each year about 900 farmers go outside to provide labor
service, among those, 200 people are female. The Project will acquire 192.97 mu of
irrigated land, accounting for 8.58% of the total irrigated land in the village. 130
households and 571 people will be affected by irrigated land acquisition, and among
those, 89 households will lose more than 50% of their irrigated land holding,
accounting for 68.46% of the total affected households. The reason for that is the
village is located in the Lingwu Interchange area, and impact degree is high. The
number of the households whose per capita irrigated land holding will be less than 0.5
mu after land acquisition is 109 households, accounting for 83.85% of the total
households affected by land acquisition.
Wujiahu Village
There are 521 households, 2364 persons and 1087 laborers in the village. The village
has 2735 mu of irrigated land and the per capita annual net income in 2008 was CNY
3860. The main income resources for the villagers are grain and pepper planting,
animal husbandry, and grain and pepper processing, and each year only about 112
farmers go outside to provide labor service, among those, 40 people are female. The
Project will acquire 167.06 mu of irrigated land, accounting for 6.11 % of the total
irrigated land in the village. 115 households and 451 people will be affected by
irrigated land acquisition, and among those, 21 households wi II lose more than 50%
oftheir irrigated land holding, accounting for 18.26% of the total affected households.
So the impacts of the Project land acquisition on most farmers are small. The number
of the households whose per capita irrigated land holding will be less than 0.5 mu
54
after land acquisition is 18 households, accounting for 15.65% of the total households
affected by land acquisition.
Majiawan Village
There are 437 households, 1975 persons and about 1170 laborers in the village. The
village has 1875 mu of irrigated land and the per capita annual net income in 2008
was CNY 4901. The main income resources for the villagers are paddy, wheat and
corn, and sunflowers and apple tree planting, and each year only 161 farmers go
outside to provide labor service. The Project will acquire 588.26 mu of irrigated land,
accounting for 31.37% of the total irrigated land in the village, which include 390.21
mu of irrigated land to be shared by NH 211 Lingwu-Tianshuipu Expressway in
Guojiaqiao Terminal area. 237 households and 1124 people will be affected by
irrigated land acquisition, and among those, 172 households will lose more than 50%
of their irrigated land holding, accounting for 72.57% of the total affected households.
The reason for that is the village is located in the Guojiaqiao Terminal area, and
impact degree is high. The number of the households whose per capita irrigated land
holding will be less than 0.5 mu after land acquisition is 144 households, accounting
for 60.78% of the total households affected by land acquisition.
Xinqu Village
There are 718 households, 3098 persons and 1634 laborers in the village. The village
has 2630 mu of irrigated land and the per capita annual net income in 2008 was CNY
6080. The main income resources for the villagers are outside labor service, grain
planting and animal husbandry, and each year about 900 farmers go outside to provide
labor service, among those, 237 people are female. The Project will acquire 277.25
mu of irrigated land, accounting for 10.54% of the total irrigated land in the village.
164 households and 821 people will be affected by irrigated land acquisition, and
among those, 83 households will lose more than 50% of their irrigated land holding,
accounting for 50.61 % of the total affected households. The reason for that is the
village is located in the Yangmahu Interchange area, and impact degree is high. The
55
number of the households whose per capita irrigated land holding will be less than 0.5
mu after land acquisition is 86 households, accounting for 52.44% of the total
households affected by land acquisition.
Yangmahu Village
There are 1191 households, 4743 persons and about 2700 laborers in the village. The
village has 4660 mu of irrigated land and the per capita annual net income in 2008
was CNY 6060. The main income resources for the villagers are grain planting,
animal husbandry, and outside labor service, and each year about 800 farmers go
outside to provide labor service, among those, 200 people are female. The Project will
acquire 94.3 mu of irrigated land, accounting for 2.02% of the total irrigated land in
the village. 63 households and 286 people will be affected by irrigated land
acquisition, and among those, 17 households will lose more than 50% of their
irrigated land holding, accounting for 26.98% of the total affected households. The
number of the households whose per capita irrigated land holding will be less than 0.5
mu after land acquisition is 28 households, accounting for 44.44% of the total
households affected by land acquisition.
Chaiqiao Village
There are 692 households, 2989 persons and about 1530 laborers in the village. The
village has 2717 mu of irrigated land and the per capita annual net income in 2008
was CNY 4980. The main income resources for the villagers are grain and beet
planting, straw plaiting and cow farming, and each year only 110 farmers go outside
to provide labor service, among those, 50 people are female. The Project will acquire
188.42 mu of irrigated land, accounting for 6.94% of the total irrigated land in the
village. 121 households and 506 people will be affected by irrigated land acquisition,
and among those, 42 households will lose more than 50% of their irrigated land
holding, accounting for 34.71 % of the total affected households. The number of the
households whose per capita irrigated land holding will be less than 0.5 mu after land
56
acquisition is 51 households, accounting for 42.15% of the total households affected
by land acquisition.
Lihuaqiao Vi lIage
There are 718 households, 3120 persons and about 1450 laborers in the village. The
village has 2912 mu of irrigated land and the per capita annual net income in 2008
was CNY 5032. The main income resources for the villagers are grain planting, cow
farming, and outside labor service, and each year about 450 farmers go outside to
provide labor service, among those, 120 people are female. The Project will acquire
330.79 mu of irrigated land, accounting for 11.36% of the total irrigated land in the
village. 140 households and 587 people will be affected by irrigated land acquisition,
and among those, 34 households will lose more than 50% of their irrigated land
holding, accounting for 24.29% of the total affected households. The number of the
households whose per capita irrigated land holding will be less than 0.5 mu after land
acquisition is 54 households, accounting for 38.57% of the total households affected
by land acquisition.
Lutianwazi Village
There are 375 households, 1276 persons and 735 laborers in the village. The village
has 1273 mu of irrigated land and the per capita annual net income in 2008 was CNY
4330. The main income resources for the villagers are grain planting and cow framing,
and each year only 210 farmers go outside to provide labor service, among those, 90
people are female. The Project will acquire 192.01 mu of irrigated land, accounting
for 15.08% of the total irrigated land in the village. 145 households and 531 people
will be affected by irrigated land acqu isition, and among those, 41 households wi II
lose more than 50% of their irrigated land holding, accounting for 28.28% of the total
affected households.
Haoqu Village
57
There are 620 households, 2749 persons and 1696 laborers in the village. The village
has 2453 mu of irrigated land and the per capita annual net income in 2008 was CNY
5260. The main income resources for the villagers are grain planting, cow farming,
and outside labor service, and each year about 1321 farmers go outside to provide
labor service, among those, 463 people are female. The Project will acquire 168.85
mu of irrigated land, accounting for 6.88% of the total irrigated land in the village. 95
households and 457 people will be affected by irrigated land acquisition, and among
those, 55 households will lose more than 50% of their irrigated land holding,
accounting for 57.89% ofthe total affected households. The number of the households
whose per capita irrigated land holding will be less than 0.5 mu after land acquisition
is 61 households, accounting for 64.21 % of the total households affected by land
acquisition.
Xinqiao Village
There are 727 households, 2887 persons and about 1600 laborers in the village. The
village has 6649 mu of irrigated land and the per capita annual net income in 2008
was CNY 5120. The main income resources for the villagers are grain planting, edible
mushrooms, animal husbandry, and outside labor service, and each year about 573
farmers go outside to provide labor service, among those, 212 people are female. The
Project will acquire 361.8 mu of irrigated land, accounting for 5.44% of the total
irrigated land in the village. 92 households and 345 people will be affected by
irrigated land acquisition, and among those, 17 households will lose more than 50%
of their irrigated land holding, accounting for 18.48% of the total affected households.
The number of the households whose per capita irrigated land holding will be less
than 0.5 mu after land acquisition is 3 households, accounting for 3.26% of the total
households affected by land acquisition.
Since the amount of the land acquisition of the surveyed households was not available
during socio-economic survey, the acquired land distribution information could not be
provided. However, according to the census database of the affected households,
58
among the 2395 households whose irrigated land will be acquired, 91 households and
223 people will lose 100% of their irrigated land, accounting for 3.8% and 3.2% of
the total affected households and people respectively. Among those households, per
household land acquisition is 2.5 mu and per capita land acquisition is 0.68 mu, and
their household size and per capita farmland holding are much lower than the
corresponding average figures of all the affected households. It indicated that the
households with lower household size and per capita farmland holding might lose
100% of their irrigated land more easily. Since the planting income percentage in total
income of those households is relatively small, and since only 3.8% of the total
affected households will lose 100% of their irrigated land, the impacts of land
acquisition on the affected households' total income are small.
3.9 Social support network
3.9.1 Rural organization network
Chinese formal rural organization network has been well developed. It plays an
important role in technology dissemination and information transmission in farmers'
daily life. The project preparation and implementation, especially the resettlement and
rehabilitation, well relate to the formal rural organization network.
The People's Commune was set in Chinese rural area in the latter part of the 1950's
and the People's Commune system made administration extend to the grass-root units.
The production of a production team had to be decided by the higher authorities. The
base of the rural organization structure: county - people's commune - production
brigade - production team thus was formed due to the People's Commune. The
present Chinese rural organization structure was also formed in early 1980' s. It was
changed into county - township - administrative village - villager group which has
gone on since then. Under this structure, administrative organs are set in county and
township, and administrative village and villager group belong to self-government
organizati ons.
59
In recent years, the original administrative functions of township governments have
been gradually changed into service functions. However, the rural formal organization
network is relatively stable. The organization network in the Project areas IS
prefectural-level city county-level city/county/district - town/township
administrative village - villager group.
When people have trouble, he or she will seek all the possible support. Based on the
survey results, when making rankings for the support, No. 1 was relatives. The next
items in order were villages, friends, neighbors, classmates and colleagues. If they
cannot obtain effective support, their choice usually is to deal with it themselves. All
the affected farmers will be resettled in the original villages. So there are no impacts
on there original social support network and there original social relationship will be
kept.
3.10 Impacts on Vulnerable Groups and Supporting Arrangement for them
Among the survey households, there is only 1 household with annual net income less
than CNY 1350, the poverty line stipulated by Ningxia government, i.e. CNY 1312,
which is less than but closes to CNY 1350. Among the 248 surveyed households, the
land, houses, income and expenditure of the 10% low income households with per
capita annual income less than CNY 2400 and other households are compared as
follows.
60
Table 3.12 Comparison between the 10% low income and other households
Item
Figures for 10% low income households
% Figures for other households
%
Irrigated land 0.89 1.39
Brick concrete houses 12.33 44.82% 17.35 43.25%
Brick timber houses 7.53 27.37% 13.97 34.81%
Brick earth wood
houses 1.98 7.18% 2.93 7.29%
Earth wood houses 5.68 20.64% 5.87 14.64%
All houses 27.52 100.00% 40.12 100.00%
Wage income 61.73 3.05% 828.46 12.65%
Outside job income 937.35 46.30% 2293.46 35.02%
Farming income 915.06 45.20% 1511.76 23.08%
Animal husbandry income 64.81 3.20% 241.45 3.69%
Income of industry,
transportation and
construction
0.00 0.00% 601.58 9.19%
Income of business and
service 0.00 0.00% 906.11 13.84%
Total income 2024.38 100.00% 6548.76 100.00%
Food 766.05 41.32% 1370.92 37.07%
Clothing 175.49 9.47% 496.84 13.43%
Living 108.02 5.83% 288.64 7.80%
Household equipment 34.57 1.86% 113.58 3.07%
Transport 52.16 2.81% 142.46 3.85%
Communication 150.37 8.11% 353.78 9.57%
Education 0.00 0.00% 22.92 0.62%
Recreation 26.54 1.43% 47.24 1.28%
61
: It=
Figures for ! Figures for
10% low income % other %
households ' households
Medicines and medical care 229.01 12.35% 393.88 10.65% i
Total expenditure 1853.95 100.00% 3698.56 100.00% .
The land and house resources of the low income households are lower than other
households'. The per capita irrigated land holding is less by 36.32%, and the per
capita houses is less by 28.93%. Although they have the same percentage of brick
concrete houses as other households', the percentage of brick timber houses is lower
and the percentage of earth wood houses are higher than other households'. It
indicated that their house structure level is lower. Low income households' per capita
income is lower than other households' by 69.09%, and their per capita expenditure is
lower than other households' by 49.87%. Their planting income percentage in total
income is 45.20%, much higher than other households' corresponding figures 23.08%.
It indicated that their total income and expenditure are much lower than other
households', and the impacts of land acquisition on them are bigger than other
households' .
According to those analysis, for vulnerable PAPs affected by house relocation, the
measures are aimed to restore or improve their living conditions. For vulnerable PAPs
who are affected by land acquisition and lose working ability, the main measures are
reasonable allowances for living and medical care. For vulnerable PAPs who are
affected by land acquisition but have working ability, the main measures are the
provision of priority of training and employment (such as outside jobs or work for the
Project construction). The assistance will be used to support those people who include:
(i) Wubao, widows/widowers, physically and mentally handicapped, single female
headed households, and (ii) economically at risk due to resettlement - i.e., poverty
households, near poor who are seriously affected, and near poor who are in debt.
Besides the financial assistance, other measures, such as providing labor during house
construction, giving priority to training, etc., will be adopted. For details, please refer
62
to the following table. The exact number of the vulnerable groups will be identified
when the compensation agreements are signed.
Table 3.13 Special Measures for Vulnerable Households
Type of Vulnerable
Household Eligibility Criteria
Entitlements for land
loss (proposed
measures)
Entitlements for house
loss (proposed
measures)
Funding sources
Wubao
Orphans, senior citizens,
and disabled people who
are not able to support
themselves
Collective retains
compensation and
provides monthly
allowances and medical
expenses are free
New housing provided b
village
Government financial
fund, and village
allowance if available
Single female headed
household (with
dependents)
Widowed, divorced or
separated
Aim to make
economically
productive (e,g"
provide child care and
training expenses if
available)
Labor for house
construction
Government financial
fund, and village
allowance if available
Disabled Recognized by the
governments
Minimum subsistence
allowance, or for those
who can work, free skill
training
Labor for house
construction
Government financial
fund, and village
allowance if available
Elderly persons Men and women over
70 years living alone
Minimum subsistence
allowance
Labor for house
construction
Government financial
fund, and village
allowance if available
Poverty households and
low income/poor
households
Average net income per
rural person under
CNY 1350
Minimum subsistence
allowance, or for those
who can work, free skill
training, and poverty
reduction measures
sponsored by
governments
Labor for house
construction or free
construction materials if
available
Government financial
fund
Seriously affected
Farmland holding is
less than 0,5 mu after
land acquisition
Special old-age
pens ion, and for those
who can work, free skill
training,
Government financial
fund
63
3.10.1 Minimum subsistence security
The security line for minimum subsistence for the farmers in Ningxia is CNY 40 to 55
per month per person. For the urban residents in Ningxia, the line is CNY 140 per
month per person on average. People with per capita net income less than the
minimum subsistence line (40 to 55 per month for rural and 140 per month for urban)
can get their allowances to match these levels. Once their per capita net income is
more than the minimum subsistence line, they cannot receive such allowances any
more.
3.10.2 New rural cooperative medical service
Any farmers can participate in the new rural cooperative medical services, and if so
the whole household, including all the household members should participate in. The
central government provides subsidies at CNY 40 per capita per year, and Ningxia
and county-level governments provides other subsidies at CNY 24 and 16 per capita
per year respectively (district governments provides subsidies at CNY 10 per capita
per year). The whole household to participate in the service will pay to the service at
least CNY 20 per capita per year. Wubao, households receiving minimum subsistence
allowances, disabled people, according to the certifications issued by relevant
government departments, will be exempted from the payment, and those fees will be
paid by county I city civil affairs bureaus or associations for the disabled.
3.10.3 Old-age pension system for the land-loss farmers
In 2 of the Project Expressway-affected county-level cities, Lingwu City and
Qingtongxia City, if a farmer's farmland holding is less than 0.5 mu after land
acquisition, he can be covered by the old-age pension system. Ifhis age is 60 or above
for male, 55 or above for female, he can receive monthly pension at CNY 240 after
paying 30% of the total premium, about CNY 19062. The rest of the total premium
will be paid by the relevant governments and collective agencies.
64
The following table provides an example that the loss and income of a 60-year-old
land-loss farmer. Suppose the average per capita farmland holding is 1 mu in the
farmer's village or villager group, and the farmer's total contracted farmland will be
acquired by the Project Expressway. According to the compensation standard
proposed by the Project, he will receive CNY 12500 and pay CNY 5719. After that he
can receive annual old-age pension at CNY 2880, which will be much higher that his
annual net income loss from farming, CNY 305 (according to the Ningxia Price
Information Network sponsored by the Ningxia Price Bureau, the net income per mu
of non-glutinous rice in Ningxia in 2008 was CNY 305.23). For details, please refer to
the following table.
Table 3.14 Loss and income of a 60-year-old land-loss farmer
Item Unit Amount
compensation received CNY 12500
total premium to be paid CNY 19062
premium to be paid by farmer (30%) CNY 5719
annual net income loss from farming (calculated according to
common non-glutinous rice) CNY 305
annual old-age pension received CNY 2880
For the rural people at other ages, if his farmland holding is less than 0.5 mu after
land acquisition, he can also be covered by the old-age pension system. He will paid
the premium equal to or less than what the above-mentioned old-age farmer should
pay. When reaching the age of 60 or above for male, 55 or above for female, he can
receive monthly pension at CNY 240. Section 6.10 of this Chapter provided the
numbers of farmers whose per capita farmland holding will be less than 0.5 mu, and
the numbers who can receive old-age pensions in 10 seriously-affected villages
(accounting for 57.53% oftotalland to be acquired) .
65
In another Project Expressway-affected county-level district, Litong District, although
the old-age pension system for land-loss farmers hasn't been implemented, similar
policy is under discussion. It is anticipated that the similar old-age pension system
will be implemented next year.
3.11 Support rate to the Project
Among the 248 surveyed households, 97.98% expressed their support to the Project. 4
households expressed "not sure" because they are not clear so far if the Project will
bring benefits to them. Only 1 household said "objection" because he worried about
the land acquisition impacts of the Project on his livelihood. It is necessary to conduct
the further propaganda and guidance for this household.
3.12 Ranking of the concerns
When making rankings for positive impacts of the Project, No. 1 was bringing more
income and employment opportunities. The next items in order were increasing sale
price of farm products and other family-made products, and improving transportation
conditions, increasing the contact with the outside, improving future development.
When making rankings for negative impacts of the Project, No. 1 was reduced
farmland may decrease income. The next items in order were present life style may be
affected and maladjustment may be caused, increasing pollution such as noise, going
round by passages may cause inconvenience.
When making rankings for the assistance from the Project, No. 1 was participating the
Project construction to get income, The next items in order were free training,
providing market or labor information, providing employment instructions.
66
When making rankings for the training programs, No.1 was driving skill. The next
items in order were animal husbandry, construction, agricultural skill, orchard skill,
computer operation, catering industry and maintenance industry.
When making rankings for the measures to be taken during Project construction, No.
1 was stop night construction closing residential areas. The next items in order were
the living garbage should be treated correctly, watering the construction area to
reduce dust, borrow pits and spoil ground should be fixed, the construction roads
should not be widen or extended.
When making rankings for the measures for vulnerable groups, No. 1 was giving
preferential treatment when affected. The next items in order were providing priority
for training, making special social security policy, providing special allowance.
67
Chapter 4 Laws and regulations relating to minorities and
implementation of minorities policy
4.1 Laws and regulations relating to minorities
Laws and regulations relating to minorities are:
Constitution of the People's Republic ofChina
Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional National Autonomy
Constitution of the People's Republic of China
Preamble. The People's Republic of China is a unitary multi-national state built up
jointly by the people of all its nationalities. Socialist relations of equality, unity and
mutual assistance have been established among them and will continue to be
strengthened. In the struggle to safeguard the unity of the nationalities, it is necessary
to combat big-nation chauvinism, mainly Han chauvinism, and also necessary to
combat local-national chauvinism. The state does its utmost to promote the common
prosperity of all national ities in the country.
Article 4. All nationalities in the People's Republic of China are equal. The state
protects the lawful rights and interests of the minority nationalities and upholds and
develops the relationship of equality, unity and mutual assistance among all of China's
nationalities. Discrimination against and oppression of any nationality are prohibited;
any acts that undermine the unity of the nationalities or instigate their secession are
prohibited.
68
The state helps the areas inhabited by minority nationalities speed up their economic
and cultural development in accordance with the peculiarities and needs of the
different minority nationalities.
Regional autonomy is practiced in areas where people of minority nationalities live in
compact communities; in these areas organs of self- government are established for
the exercise of the right of autonomy. All the national autonomous areas are
inalienable parts of the People's Republic of China.
The people of all nationalities have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken
and written languages, and to preserve or reform their own ways and customs.
Article 112. The organs of self-government of national autonomous areas are the
people's congresses and people's governments of autonomous regions, autonomous
prefectures and autonomous counties.
Article 113. In the people's congress of an autonomous region, prefecture or county,
in addition to the deputies of the nationality or nationalities exercising regional
autonomy in the administrative area, the other nationalities inhabiting the area are also
entitled to appropriate representation.
The chairmanship and vice-chairmanships of the standing committee of the people's
congress of an autonomous region, prefecture or county shall include a citizen or
citizens of the nationality or nationalities exercising regional autonomy in the area
concerned.
Article 114. The administrative head of an autonomous region, prefecture or county
shall be a citizen of the nationality, or of one of the nationalities, exercising regional
autonomy in the area concerned.
69
Article 115. The organs of self-government of autonomous regions, prefectures and
counties exercise the functions and powers of local organs of state as specified in
Section V of Chapter Three of the Constitution. At the same time, they exercise the
right of autonomy within the limits of their authority as prescribed by the Constitution,
the law of regional national autonomy and other laws, and implement the laws and
policies of the state in the light ofthe existing local situation.
Article 116. People's congresses of national autonomous areas have the power to
enact autonomy regulations and specific regulations in the light of the political,
economic and cultural characteristics of the nationality or nationalities in the areas
concerned. The autonomy regulations and specific regulations of autonomous regions
shall be submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for
approval before they go into effect. Those of autonomous prefectures and counties
shall be submitted to the standing committees of the people's congresses of provinces
or autonomous regions for approval before they go into effect, and they shall be
reported to the Standing Committee ofthe National People's Congress for the record.
Article 117. The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas have the
power of autonomy in administering the finances of their areas. All revenues accruing
to the national autonomous areas under the financial system of the state shall be
managed and used independently by the organs of self- government of those areas.
Article 118. The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas
independently arrange for and administer local economic development under the
guidance of state plans.
In developing natural resources and building enterprises in the national autonomous
areas, the state shall give due consideration to the interests of those areas.
70
Article 119. The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas
independently administer educational, scientific, cultural, public health and physical
culture affairs in their respective areas, sort out and protect the cultural legacy of the
nationalities and work for the development and prosperity of their cultures.
Article 120. The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas may, in
accordance with the military system of the state and concrete local needs and with the
approval of the State Council, organize local public security forces for the
maintenance of public order.
Article 121. In performing their functions, the organs of self-government of the
national autonomous areas, in accordance with the autonomy regulations of the
respective areas, employ the spoken and written language or languages in common
use in the locality.
Article 122. The state gives financial, material and technical assistance to the minority
nationalities to accelerate their economic and cultural development.
The state helps the national autonomous areas train large numbers of cadres at
different levels and specialized personnel and skilled workers of different professions
and trades from among the nationality or nationalities in those areas.
Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional National Autonomy
Article 25. Under the guidance of State plans, the organs of self-government of
national autonomous areas shall, in the light of local characteristics and needs, work
out the guidelines, policies and plans for economic development and independently
arrange for and administer local economic development.
71
.'
Article 27. In accordance with legal stipulations, the organs of self-government of
national autonomous areas shall define the ownership of. and the right to use, the
pastures and forests within these areas.
The organs of self-government of national autonomous areas shall protect and
develop grasslands and forests and make arrangements for and encourage the planting
of trees and grass. Destruction of grasslands and forests by any organization or
individual by whatever means shall be prohibited. Reclamation of land from
grasslands or forests by destroying grass or trees shall strictly be prohibited.
Article 32. The finance of a national autonomous area constitutes a particular level of
finance and is a component of State finance.
The organs of self-government of national autonomous areas shall have the power of
autonomy in administering the finances of their areas. All revenues accruing to the
national autonomous areas under the financial system of the State shall be managed
and used by the organs of self-government of these areas on their own.
Under the unified national financial system, a national autonomous area shall enjoy
preferential treatment by the financial department at a higher level through the
standard financial transfer payment system exercised by the State.
A national autonomous area shall, in accordance with State stipulations, lay aside a
reserve fund for expenditure in its budget. The proportion of the reserve fund in its
budget shall be higher than that in the budgets ofother areas.
While implementing its fiscal budget. the organ of self-government of a national
autonomous area shall arrange for the use of extra income and savings from
expenditures at its own discretion.
72
..
Article 48. The organ of self-government of a national autonomous area shall
guarantee equal rights for the various nationalities in the area.
The organ of self-government of a national autonomous area shall unite the cadres
and masses of the various nationalities and give full play to their initiative in a joint
effort to develop the area.
Article 50. The organ of self-government of a national autonomous area shall help
other minority nationalities living in concentrated communities in the area establish
appropriate autonomous areas or nationality townships.
The organ of self-government of a national autonomous area shall help the various
nationalities in the area develop their economic, educational, scientific and
technological, cultural, public health and physical culture affairs.
The organ of self-government of a national autonomous area shall give consideration
to the characteristics and needs of nationalities living in settlements scattered over the
area.
Article 51. In dealing with special issues concerning the various nationalities within
its area, the organ of self-government of a national autonomous area must conduct full
consultation with their representatives and respect their opinions.
Besides, the Organization Law of the Villager Administrative Committees of PRC
also gives the regulations concerning nationality. Article 5 stipulates: the villager
administrative committees in compact communities of various minorities should teach
the villagers to be united, help each other, and respect each other. Article 9 stipulates:
each villager administrative committee consists of director, vice-directors and
members totaling 3 to 7 persons. The minorities with less population should have their
representatives in the villager administrative committees.
73
4.2 Right of Self-Government of Ethnic Autonomous Areas
The organs of self-government in ethnic autonomous areas perform the following
right of self-government as prescribed in the Constitution, the Law on Regional
Ethnic Autonomy and other laws:
(1) Independently Managing the Ethnic Group's Internal Affairs in Its Autonomous
Area
People of various ethnic origins in autonomous areas are entitled to vote and stand for
election, as provided for in the Constitution and other laws and, by electing deputies
to the local people's congresses and establishing other organs of self-government,
exercise their democratic rights to manage the internal affairs of their own ethnic
groups in their autonomous areas.
(2) Ethnic Autonomous Areas Enjoy the Right to Formulate Self-Government
Regulations and Separate Regulations
The Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy stipulates, "Besides enjoying the same rights
as enjoyed by other local state organs, people's congresses in autonomous areas have
the right to formulate self-government regulations and other separate regulations in
light of the particular political, economic and cultural conditions of the ethnic group
in that autonomous area.
(3) Using and Developing the Spoken and Written Languages of the Ethnic Groups
According to the provisions of the self-government regulations for ethnic autonomous
areas, the organs of self-government of such areas shall use one or more commonly
used local languages when they are performing official duties. If more than one
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language can be used for such official duties, the language of the ethnic group
exercising regional autonomy should be used primarily.
(4) Respecting and Guaranteeing the Freedom of Religious Belief of Ethnic
Minorities
Organs of self-government in autonomous areas, in accordance with the provisions of
the Constitution and relevant laws, respect and guarantee the freedom of religious
belief of ethnic minorities, and safeguard all legal and normal religious activities of
people of ethnic minorities.
(5) Retaining or Altering the Folkways and Customs of Ethnic Groups
Organs of self-government of autonomous areas respect the habits and customs of
minority people, respect and show special consideration for their festivals, ensure the
supply of special foods, support and ensure the production and supply of special items,
and respect their marriage and funeral customs.
(6) Independently Arranging, Managing and Developing Economic Construction
Organs of self-government of autonomous areas may, in accordance with legal
provisions and the characteristics of local economic development, rationally adjust the
relations of production or economic structure of the said areas. Under the guidance of
state planning, they shall independently arrange local capital construction projects,
depending on the local financial and material resources, and other conditions. They
manage local enterprises and institutions independently. Ethnic autonomous areas can
engage in foreign trade in accordance with the provisions of the state. They can also
open ports for foreign trade after obtaining approval from the State Council.
Autonomous areas enjoy state preferential policy treatment in their foreign trade. All
ethnic autonomous areas have formulated their own plans, goals and measures for
75
economic and social development by following the guidance of the overall state plan
for national economic and social development, while at the same time taking into
consideration local conditions.
(7) IndependentlY Developing Educational, Scientific, Technological and Cultural
Undertakings
Organs of self-government of autonomous areas determine the educational plan, the
establishment of schools, school system, the fOnTIS by which schools are run, curricula,
language of teaching and method of enrollment, in accordance with principles
concerning education and legal provisions of the state. Organs of self-government of
autonomous areas independently determine plans for the development of science and
technology of their areas to disseminate knowledge of science and technology. Organs
of self-government of autonomous areas independently develop cultural undertakings
with ethnic characteristics, including literature, art, news, publishing, broadcasting,
movies and television programs. They independently determine development plans
for their medical and health work, and promote modern medicine as well as their
traditional medicine.
4.3 World Bank's Policies on Ethnic Minorities
The World Bank has always valued social effects of the development projects,
especially those on environment, resettlement, ethnic minorities and other vulnerable
groups and local culture. The World Bank's operational policies applied to the Project
are: OP 4.01 (Environmental Evaluation), OP 4.10 (Ethnic Minorities), OP 4.12
(involuntary resettlement)
OP 4.10 contributes to World Bank's mission of poverty reduction and sustainable
development by ensuring that the development process fully respects the dignity,
human rights, economies, and cultures of Indigenous Peoples. For all projects that are
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proposed for Bank financing and affect Indigenous Peoples, World Bank requires the
borrower to engage in a process of free, prior, and informed consultation. World
Bank provides project financing only where free, prior, and informed consultation
results in broad community support to the project by the affected Indigenous Peoples.
Such Bank-financed projects include measures to (a) avoid potentially adverse effects
on the Indigenous Peoples' communities; or (b) when avoidance is not feasible,
minimize, mitigate, or compensate for such effects. Bank-financed projects are also
designed to ensure that the Indigenous Peoples receive social and economic benefits
that are culturally appropriate and gender and intergenerationally inclusive.
World Bank recognizes that the identities and cultures of Indigenous Peoples are
inextricably linked to the lands on which they live and the natural resources on which
they depend. These distinct circumstances expose Indigenous Peoples to different
types of risks and levels of impacts from development projects, including loss of
identity, culture, and customary livelihoods, as well as exposure to disease. Gender
and intergenerational issues among Indigenous Peoples also are complex. As social
groups with identities that are often distinct from dominant groups in their national
societies, Indigenous Peoples are frequently among the most marginalized and
vulnerable segments of the population. As a result, their economic, social, and legal
status often limits their capacity to defend their interests in and rights to lands,
territories, and other productive resources, and/or restricts their ability to participate in
and benefit from development. At the same time, World Bank recognizes that
Indigenous Peoples playa vital role in sustainable development and that their rights
are increasingly being addressed under both domestic and international law.
Reviews undertaken by various Bank Group evaluation bodies have acknowledged
the comprehensiveness of safeguard policies in China, relative to other countries.
Domestic policies and guidelines for handing environmental, ethnic minority, and
resettlement issues mirror the Bank's policies in many important aspects, although
differences exist which the Government believes are needed to reflect local conditions.
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This has laid a good foundation for the implementation of the World Bank's ethnic
minorities policy in combination with local characteristics in China
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Chapter 5 Ethnic minorities
5.1 Ethnic minorities distribution in the Project areas
Ningxia is one of the five ethnic minority autonomous regions in PRe. Hui
Nationality is the dominant nationality in Ningxia, accounting for 36.0% of total
population in Ningxia. Since there are only few other ethnic minorities, the nationality
composition in Ningxia is relatively simple. The main nationalities are only Hui
Nationality and Han Nationality. This is a characteristic not only for Ningxia as a
whole, but also for the Project areas.
In Project areas, the Hui Nationality percentage in Litong District and Lingwu City is
over 50%, in Qingtongxia, the figure is lower, 16.7%. Since the Expressway mainly
goes through Litong District and Lingwu City, the Hui People accounts for more than
50% of the total population. For the nationality composition in Ningxia and Project
areas, please refer to the following table.
Table 5.1 Nationality composition in Ningxia and Project areas (2008)
2008 Population Han
National ity percentage
Hui
Nationality percentage
other
nationalities percentage
Ningxia 6176900 3909400 63.29% 2221200 35.96% 46300 0.75%
Wuzhong 1356750 666309 49.11% 685808 50.55% 4633 0.34%
Litong 373580 157893 42.26% 213642 57.19% 2045 0.55%
Qingtongxia 267575 221098 82.63% 44621 16.68% 1856 0.69%
Lingwu 234087 113735 48.59% 119410 51.01% 942 0.40%
Total of the
county-level areas 875242 492726 56.30% 377673 43.15% 4843 0.55%
79
As for the village-level nationality composition along the Expressway, the Project
Expressway will affect 32 administrative villages with total population of 80,461
people. Among that, the population of Hui people is 56,241 persons, accounting for
69.90% (more than two thirds) of total population. For details, please refer to the
following table.
Table 5.2 Nationality composition at village level
City/ district Township Administrative
village
Total
population
Total Han
people
Total Hui
people
Hui
people %
Unit Person person person %
Lingwu Linhe Shangqiao 1496 1496 0.00%
Linhe 1123 1123 0.00%
Linhe Tianshuihe 416 4161
0.00%
Dongta Guoyuan 3072 3072 0.00%
Dongta Liming 3056 3056 100.00%
Chongxing Haizi 3892 3892 100.00%
Chongxing Dujiatan 4156 4156 100.00%
Chongxing Jiantan 3215 3215 100.00%
Haojiaqiao Wujiahu 2364 2364 100.00%
Haojiaqiao Shenjiahu 2980 2980 100.00% I
1 Litong Guojiaqiao Guojiaqiao 2940 140 2800 95.24%1
Guojiaqiao Majiawan 1975 1975 100.00%
Jinyintan Donggouwan 2498 2498 100.00%1
Jinyintan Xinqu 3098 3098 100.00%i
Jinyintan Yangmahu 4743 4743 100.00%
Malianqu Balanghu 2583 2583 100.00%
Malianqu Hanbeibao 2925 2925 100.00%
80
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•
Administrative Total Total Han Total Hui Hui City! district Township
village population people people people %
Unit Person person I person %
Malianqu Chaquqiao 2311 185 2126 91.99%
Malianqu Malianqu 3207 6 3201 99.81%
Chaiqiao 2989 2092 15,/1 jU.U 1'70
Jinji Lihuaqiao 3120 2570 550 17.63%
Jinji Dongmen 1849 1378 471 25.47%iI
iJinji Ximen 1687 1395 292 17.31%1
IJi~ji .. 2711 767 1944 71.71%
Jil1:ii Lugouzha 1326 1312 14 1.06%
Jinji Lutianwazi 12761 810 466 36.52%
Jinji Dayuanzi 2280 8001 1480 64.91%
Qingtongxia Xiakou Renqiao 2446 668 1778 72.69%
Xiakou Haoqu 2749 332 24171 87.92%
Daba Wanglaotan 1469 1238 231 15.72%
Daba Wciqiao 1622 1572 50 3.08%
Daba Xinqiao 2887 2848 39 1.35%
Total 80461 24220 56241 69.90%
5.2 Introduction of the Hui Nationality
5.2.1 Distribution and Origin ofHui people
The Hui nationality currently has a population of over 9,600,000. They mainly live in
Ningxia Autonomous Region and parts of Gansu, Qinghai, Henan, Shandong and
Yunnan provinces. The Huis speak Chinese. They are mainly involved in agriculture,
but keep livestock, produce and trade handicrafts and food as well. The Hui
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nationality has played an active role in history by promoting trade, culture and
transport links between China and the outside world.
The main race origin of Hui nationality is the central west Asia various nationalities.
The most early of Hui nationality may trace the Muslim "Fanke" which lived abroad
in China in 7th century (Tang, Song Dynasty). This time, the Muslim "Fanke" had not
been called as is "Hui" and not formed a nationality within the boundaries of Chinese,
In Yuan Dynasty, the massive Arabs and Persians had moved to east and settled
down in our country some areas where they are mixed together and interfaith
marriage with Chinese, Mongolian and "Weiwuer " nationalities and so on for a long
time, start to form a new nationality- Hui nationality.
Ever since the Hui nationality was first formed, it has stressed the importance of
commerce and commodity economy. "Huis are good at business" is an old saying;
trade is part of their culture. This has not just been domestic business and trade. Their
contact with other cultures through foreign trade has been instrumental in their own
economic and cultural development.
5 .2.2 Custom of Hui people
The Huis are Moslems. Islam has been a strong unirying force in the formation of the
Hui nationality. It not only has a dominant place in the spiritual life of the people,
uniting different social groups between the Hui members, but it also dictates the
guiding principles of secular life, giving the Huis their distinctive customs.
The costumes of the Hui people are broadly similar to those of the Hans. The main
difference lies in the head gear. Men often wear a little white cap, and women a head
covering that covers the head and shoulders entirely, leaving only the face exposed to
the outside world. The color and length of the head covers varies with age. Young
women usually wear green, middle aged women black and old women white. The
82
head covering of the young and middle aged women is shorter, reaching only to the
shoulder; old women wear them longer, hanging over the back.
According to the Hui's dietary rules, the meat of pig, dog, horse, donkey, mule as well
as all birds and beasts of prey is not allowed. They are also prohibited from eating the
blood of any animal, and from eating any living that dies naturally. Alcoholic drink is
strictly forbidden. These restrictions all originate from the stipulations of Islam. Any
edible birds and animals have to be slaughtered by the ahung who is authorized to do
so. While the animals are being slaughtered, scriptures have to be chanted; otherwise,
the meat cannot be eaten. The Hui people generally like to drink "tea in a covered
bowl" which is made of crystal sugar, red jujube, longan and Chinese wolfberry.
Mosques are always built at the heart of Hui communities. The mosque, used for
religious activities, is also a school for religious education. The Hui Moslems bath
and hold five religious services a day in mosques. They go there to attend the Zhuma
gathering every Friday, and to hold activities and religious services on the three most
important holidays.
A mosque consists of three main parts: a hall for religious services, a water room and
a scripture room. The architectural styles of the mosques are Arabic or classical
Chinese, sometimes a mixture of the two. Whatever the style, an atmosphere of
solemnity and reverences is always present inside them. The funeral rites of the Hui
nationality are in full accordance with the swift simple practices of Islam. The Hui
people regard death as an "impermanence" or "return to Allah," and they refer to the
"dead person" as "the deceased." "Death" is a taboo word, and they call the remains
"the burial body." Burial in the ground is the norm, and quick and simple burials are
always advocated. The dead body should not be left for more than three days, because
they believe "burial brings peace to the deceased." Before burial, the body is washed
with pure water, and then wrapped in a white cloth. A coffin is unnecessary, and
nothing must be alongside. Even drums and crackers are forbidden.
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Lesser Bairam is the day when Moslems resume their meat diet after fasting. When
the day arrives, Hui Moslems must bath and change their clothes before going to the
mosque to attend the meetings and services. After the religious services, they have to
chant scriptures in front of their ancestors' tombs, praying for the deceased persons
and showing they have not forgotten them. After they get back from the graveyard,
they offer their good wishes to the elders and neighbors. They also give each other or
entertain the guests with some ofthe Huis' special food such as Youxiang (salted cake
fried in sesame oil) and Sanzi (fried noodles).
Seventy days after the Lesser Bairam, December the tenth on the Moslem Calendar, is
the Corban. This is another important holiday for the Huis. It is also called "The Feast
of Slaughter" or "the Feast of Sacrifice," or colloquially "Festival of Loyalty and
Obedience." It is the last day for Moslems to go on a pilgrimage to Mecca, and every
Hui household must kill cattle and sheep to celebrate. Like the Lesser Bairam, on the
day ofthe Corban, the Huis also gather at the mosques to hold meetings and services.
When these are over, another important ceremony is given to the slaughter of cattle,
sheep or camels. The meat itself is divided into three portions, one for the owners, one
for their relatives and neighbors, and one to be given to the poor. After the slaughter,
people visit relatives and friends, offering their good wishes for the festival.
"Hua'er," (flower) is a kind of folksong that the Hui people enjoy very much. It is
resonant and exuberant and very tuneful, filled with rich local flavor and the simple
pleasures of life. "Hua'er" is also called "Shaonian," because the boys call the girls
"Hua'er" and the girls call the boys "Shaonian" when they sing in turns.
The Hua'er Meeting takes place at a natural outdoor stage where singers compete and
sing together. It is also a carnival for the Hui and other nationalities that are fond of
"Hua'er." Among the many such meetings, two are the most famous. They are held in
Ningxia Autonomous Region every year, on Mount Lianhua at the beginning of lunar
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June and on Mount Songming on lunar April 28. On the day of the meeting, trees are
in leaf all over the mountain, and bright flowers in full bloom. When people get here
from all around singing in traditional style and enjoying themselves, the whole scene
is full of happiness and excitement.
Any mention of Ningxia will always remind people of Chinese wolfberry. Exquisite,
transparent and shaped like a cherry, it contains various vitamins and is a very special
tonic.
The sheepskin produced near the Beiyanshan Mountain in Yinchuan City is the most
famous. It is taken from one month old lambs called Tanyang (a kind of sheep known
for its fine thick wool), whose snow white wool is so fine that it shines like jade. Fur
coats made of the skin are soft and warm, elegant and stylish, and durable as well.
There is also a famous food of an alga which is jet black in color and very nutritious.
It is called "hair vegetable" because it looks like a woman's hair. In Chinese, it
pronounces the same as the word meaning "make a fortune," so it has become an
essential dish at the banquets in Southeastern Asian, Hongkong and Macao.
5.3 Relationship among the Nationality composition, land resources, and per
capita net income along the Expressway
The basic means of production of agricultural development for the farmers is irrigated
land. And the farmers' income level is measured by the rural per capita net income.
The following table described the Hui people proportion, per capita irrigated land
holding and rural per capita net income in 2008.
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Table 5.3 Hui people proportion, per capita irrigated land holding and rural per
capita net income in 2007 at village level along the Expressway
IC ity/ di",iet
I !
Administrative I Percentage Irrigated
land holding i Net income per
Township of Hui village capita in 2007
I people per capita
Unit 0.00% 0.70 4450*
Lingwu Linhe Shangqiao 0.00% 0.71 4620*
Linhe Erdaogou 0.00% 0.72 3760* •
Linhe Tianshuihe 0.00% 0.99 4839 i :
Dongta Guovuan 100.00% 0.83 4220
Dongta Liming 100.00% 1.60 3750
Chongxing Haizi 100.00% 1.23 5378
Chongxing Dujiatan 100.00% 0.70 4050
Chongxing • Jiantan 100.00% 1.16 3860
Haojiaqiao Wujiahu 100.00% 1.07 2988
Haojiaqiao Shenjiahu 95.24% • 0.79 4890
Litong Gu(}jiaqiao Guojiaqiao 100.00% 0.95 4901
Guojiaqiao fvfaiiawan 100.00% 0.78 5950
Jinyintan I Donggouwan 100.00% 0.85 6080
Jinyintan Xinqu 100.00% 0.98 6060
Jinyintan Yangmahu I 100.00% • 0.70 4436 .
Malianqu Balanghu 100.00% 0.90 4880
Malianqu : Hanbeibao 91.99% 0.62 5250
Malianqu Chaquqiao 99.81% 0.71 5510
Malianqu Malianqu 30.01% 0.91 4980
Malianqu Chaiqiao 17.63% 0.93 5032
Jinji Lihuaqiao 25.47% 1.10 5580
Jinji I Dongmen 17.31% 0.73 5488
Jinji Ximen 71.71% 0.93 5080 i
Jinji Maiiaqiao 1.06% 0.97 5750
Jinji Lugouzha 36.52% 1.00 • 4330 I
Jinji Lutianwazi 64.91% 0.80 4520
Jinji Dayuanzi 72.69% 0.77 5070
Qingtongxia Xiakou Renqiao 87.92% 0.89 5260
Xiakou Haoqu 15.72% 3.41 5120
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City/ district Township Administrative
village
Percentage
of Hui
people
Irrigated
land holding
per capita
Net income per
capita in 2007
Unit 0.00% 0.70 4450*
Daba Wanglaotan 3.08% 3.11 5103
Daba Weiqiao 1.35% 2.30 5120
Daba Xinqiao 69.90% 1.06
Total 68.71% 1.07
Notes, *figure in 2007.
Suppose the measuring of 100% is equal to 1 mu and CNY 10,000, A scatterplot was
drown as follows
400.00%
-Percentage of fiui people
--Irrigated land holding per capita
Net income per capita in 2007
-50.00% 0 10 20 30 10
350.00%
300.00%
250.00%
200.00'((,
150.00%
100.00%
50.00%
O.OOl}~
The scatterplot indicated clearly that no correlation is found among those 3 variables.
The land resources and income of the farmers won't change as the proportion of Hui
people rises or falls. From the figure it also can be found that there are big differences
of per capita irrigated land holding among the different village. In some villages with
lower percentage of Hui people, the per capita irrigated land holding is lower. But in
other villages with lower percentage of Hui people, the per capita irrigated land
holding is bigger. If Hui people in one village are compared with Han people in
another village, the difference found may not be the differences between the Hui and
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Han people but the difference between the 2 villages. Section 5.5 analyzed the 3
villages with both Han and Hui people among the II surveyed villages. It could be
found that the Hui people and Han people's per capita irrigated land holding is nearly
the same.
5.4 Support rate of Hui people for the Project
According to the survey results, the support rate of Hui households reached 99.32%,
and the objection rate was O. It reflected the Hui people's higher support rate for the
Project compared with the support rate of Han people. The following table described
the support rate for the Project by nationality.
Table 5.4 Support rate for the Project by nationality
Item Support Not sure Objection I Total Support rate
Han people 97 3 I 101 96.04%
~;i people 146 I 147 99.32%
Total 243 4 1 248 97.98%
3 consultation meetings in 3 different villages (Dayangqi, Daodunzi, and Niumaojing
villages) with the people affected by the rural roads component showed that all the 37
attendants, including 18 Hui people, strongly supported the Project and requested that
the road construction can be started as early as possible.
5.5 Comparison of Han and Hui people within one village
From Table 5.2 it could be found that the percentage of Hui people in some villages
reached 100%. Due to the differences among the villages, ifHui people in one village
are compared with Han people in another village, the difference found may not be the
differences between the Hui and Han people but the difference between the 2 villages.
88
Therefore, the comparison of Han and Hui people within 1 village can reflect better
the difference between the 2 nationalities. In the surveyed villages, there are 3 villages
where Hui people and Han people live together. The main resources and income and
expenditure are compared as follows:
Table 5.5 Comparison of Han and Hui people within one village
Village item Unit Han Hui Total
Majiaqiao Per capita irrigated land mu/person 1.15 l.l5 l.l5
Per capita houses Square meter/person 40.33 33.04 35.92
Per capita net income CNY/person 5476 5145 5276
Per capita expenditure CNY/person 3594 3247 3384
Lutianwazi Per capita irrigated land mu/person 1.31 1.10 1.18
Per capita houses Square meter/person 55.65 50.93 52.65
Per capita net income CNY/person 6694 6705 6701
Per capita expenditure CNY/person 4116 4124 4121
Wang1aotan Per capita irrigated land mu/person 2.51 2.71 2.55
Per capita houses Square meter/person 40.45 39.22 40.235
Per capita net income CNY/person 8164 8133 8158
Per capita expenditure CNY/person 3978 3846 3955
From the above table it could be found that there are some differences between Han
and Hui people in the resources and income and expenditure. But the differences are
not significant. Besides, there are no relationship between the resources and income
and expenditure, and the nationalities.
5.6 Implementation of minorities laws and regulations, and policy
5.6.1 Principle of minorities policy
89
The principle of minorities policy is described as follows:
(I) Adherence to equality and unity among ethnic groups
In China, equality among ethnic groups means that, regardless of their population size,
their level of economic and social development, the difference of their folkways,
customs and religious beliefs, every ethnic group is a part of the Chinese nation,
having equal status, enjoying the same rights and performing the same duties in every
aspect of political and social life according to law, and ethnic oppression or
discrimination of any form is firmly opposed. Unity among ethnic groups means a
relationship of harmony, friendship, mutual assistance and alliance among ethnic
groups in social life and mutual contacts. To achieve such unity, the various ethnic
groups are required to, on the basis of opposition to ethnic oppression and
discrimination, safeguard and promote unity among themselves and within every
particular ethnic group and the people of all ethnic groups should, jointly and with
one heart and one mind, and promote the development and prosperity of the nation.
Hui people and Han people live together, intermarry, and their relationship are
harmonious.
(2) Implement regional autonomy for ethnic minorities
Regional autonomy is practiced in areas where people of ethnic minorities live in
concentrated communities. In these areas organs of self-government are established
for the exercise of autonomy and for people of ethnic minorities to become masters of
their own areas and manage the internal affairs of their own regions. Autonomous
areas for ethnic minorities in China include autonomous regions, autonomous
prefectures and autonomous counties (banners). For places where ethnic minorities
live in concentrated communities but where autonomous areas and organs of
self-government are not fit to be established because the areas and populations of the
ethnic minorities are too small, ethnic townships are established so that the minority
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peoples there can also exercise their rights as masters of their homelands. In Ningxia,
the governments at all levels should be headed by Hui people.
All ethnic groups in autonomous areas shall elect an appropriate number of deputies
to take part in the people's congresses at various levels; among the chairman or
vice-chairmen of the standing committee of the people's congress of an autonomous
area there shall be one or more citizens of the ethnic group or groups exercising
regional autonomy in the area concerned; the head of an autonomous region,
autonomous prefecture or autonomous county shall be a citizen of the ethnic group
exercising regional autonomy in the area concerned, and the other members of the
people's governments of these regions, prefectures and counties shall include
members of the ethnic group exercising regional autonomy as well as members of
other ethnic minorities as far as possible.
(3) Develop education, culture, and medical and health service among national
minorities
The development of education among national minorities is of paramount importance
to the improvement of the quality of the minority population and the promotion of
economic and cultural development in ethnic minority areas. They have the rights to
develop ethnic education on their own. Organs of self-government of autonomous
areas may decide their own local education programs, including the establishment of
schools, the length of study, the forms of school running, course contents, language of
instruction and procedures of enrollment and develop independently their own type of
education based on their ethnic minority characteristics. The building of the ranks of
minority teachers has been strengthened, and special care in terms of funds has been
offered. According to incomplete statistics, in Ningxia there are I Hui Nationality
general institution of higher education, 2 Hui Nationality secondary vocational
schools, 21 Hui Nationality ordinary middle schools, and more than 100 Hui
Nationality primary schools. The students on campus of Hui Nationality schools at all
91
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levels total more than 350,000 people. For university entrance examinations in China,
Hui people and other ethnic people can be awarded additional 20 points. For high
school entrance examinations, similar preferential treatment policy will be applied to
Hui people.
All ethnic minorities have formed their unique cultures in the long process of
historical development. China respects and preserves the traditional cultures of ethnic
minorities, and all of the minority peoples are free to maintain and develop their own
cultures. The collecting, editing, translating and publishing of their cultural heritage
have been carried out, and their famous historical monuments, scenic spots, rare
cultural relics and other important items of the historical and cultural heritage have
been protected.
The state and relevant departments devote great efforts to fostering literary and artistic
talent among the minority peoples, and promoting the creation of literature and art by
setting up literature and art organizations, art institutes and schools, cultural centers
and mass art centers. Organs of self-government of autonomous areas make their own
decisions concerning medical and health work. Modem medicine and traditional
ethnic minority medicine are promoted, prevention and cure of endemic diseases and
maternal and child care have been improved, with the result that the health standards
ofthe ethnic minorities across the country have markedly improved.
Ningxia has taken as main work of speeding up minority economy and social
development to develop minority science and technology, culture, and medical and
health service, and to improve civilization levels. The detailed implementation plan
has been worked out.
(4) Train minority cadres
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The organs of self-government in the autonomous areas have trained a large number
of minority cadres, technicians, management personnel and other specialized
personnel and skilled workers in line with the needs of national construction and
brought their roles in work into full play. The main methods of minority cadre
training are as follows:
Hold training seminars;
Secure certain proportion of minorities in total cadres;
Give priority to employ minority people;
Select suitable minority young people to be specially trained in universities and
colleges.
(5) Respect and develop spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities
All ethnic groups in China have the freedom and right to use and develop their own
spoken and written languages. Now, all the 55 national minorities, except the Hui and
Manchu, who use the Chinese language, have their own languages: among them 21
use 27 languages. Hui people and Han people use the same language - Chinese. Using
same language improves the cultural communications and exchanges between Hui
Nationality and Han Nationality.
(6) Respect the folkways and customs, and freedom of religious belief of ethnic
minorities
The various ethnic minority groups in China differ widely in their folkways and
customs. They have different modes of production and life styles, as displayed in
dress and adornments, diet, residences, marriage, etiquette and funerals. The minority
peoples have the right to retain or change their folkways and customs, which are
respected by the state. The government protects such rights in every aspect of social
life.
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Most people belonging to ethnic minorities in China hold religious beliefs. In the case
of certain ethnic groups religions are followed on a mass scale. The freedom of
religious belief for ethnic minorities has been respected and safeguarded, and all
normal religious activities of ethnic minorities citizens have been guaranteed.
(7) Implement a more lenient childbirth policy with minority peoples than with the
Han people
To improve the quality of the ethnic minority population and accelerate the economic
and social development of the ethnic minority autonomous areas, the people's
congresses of these areas have formulated their own family planning policies toward
the ethnic minorities in light of the spirit of the state's regulations concerning the need
also for minority peoples to practice family planning. These policies are more lenient
than those with the Han people. Under these policies, an ethnic minority family
generally may have two or three children; in frontier areas and areas with adverse
geographical conditions, families of ethnic minorities with very small populations
may have more than three children each. As a result, ethnic minority populations have
been able to increase at a higher rate than the rest of the population.
5.6.2 Minority economic policy
Minority economic policy is described as follows:
(I) Implement preferential policy
While adopting various preferential policies, such as extending financial subsidies to
minority areas and establishing development funds, the state has encouraged minority
areas to develop economy according to local circumstances. Preferential treatment to
minority enterprises and trade has been offered in terms of credits, investment,
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taxation and the supply of commodities, and special discount-interest loans have been
provided for the construction of an ethnic trade network, and the technological
transformation of designated enterprises for producing ethnic articles for daily use.
(2) Adopt transfer payment method
With respect to the transfer payment method for the transition period which China
adopted in 1995, the state specially added the policy-related transfer-payment
contents for the five autonomous regions, including Tibet, and the autonomous
prefectures in Yunnan, Guizhou, Qinghai and other provinces, offering preferential
policies to the ethnic minority areas. The ordinary transfer-payment sum by the
central authorities to the ethnic minorities areas has made up a half of the nation's
total transfer-payment sum.
(3) Help impoverished minority areas get rid of poverty
The state has always attached importance to helping the minority peoples and
minority areas. The Outline Program for Poverty Alleviation and Development in the
Rural Areas of China, which began being implemented in 2001, once again
recognized ethnic minority areas as key targets for assistance. "Several Opinions of
the State Council on Further Promoting Economic and Social Development in
Ningxia (State Council file No. 29 in 2008)" indicated to overcome the poverty in
Ningxia central and southern mountainous areas, and improve basic living conditions,
develop more channels to employ farmers and to increase their incomes.
5.7 Summary of the characteristics of Hui people
Based the above analysis, the characteristics of Hui people are summarized as
follows:
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I. Living situation
Hui people live in a way of "large dispersion and small concentration". Hui people
and Han people live together, intermarry. Table 5.2 showed this feature.
2. Housing and living condition
The analysis of the 3 villages where Hui people and Han people live together among
the 11 surveyed villages showed the housing resources and living conditions of Hui
and Han people were quite similar.
3. Resources possession
The analysis of the 3 villages where Hui people and Han people live together among
the II surveyed villages showed the per capita irrigated land holding of Hui and Han
people were nearly the same. The land possession of Hui and Han people were nearly
the same, and there were no land resource differences due to the nationality
difference.
4. Labor division and employment mode
The labor division and employment mode of Hui and Han people were nearly the
same.
5. Income and expenditure level and structure
The analysis of the 3 villages where Hui people and Han people live together among
the 11 surveyed villages showed the income and expenditure level and structure were
quite similar.
6. Languages
Hui people use the same language as Han people.
7. Cultural and education
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Hui people and Han people usually go to the same school and get the education. There
are also some special Hui people schools. Hui people can choose go to either special
Hui people schools or the same schools as what Han people go. For university or high
school entrance examinations in China, Hui people and other ethnic people can be
awarded additional 20 points, which indicated the Hui people's favorable rights in
education.
8. Consciousness of ethnic group
Hui people have a strong sense of national pride. They have collective concepts and
pay attention to the state affairs. Those features are quite similar with Han people.
9. Social and political organization
Hui people have their religious organizations. But the political organization network
is the same as Han people at all level of cities, counties, townships and villages.
10. Impacts of the Project
The impacts of Project land acquisition and house demolition on Hui and Han people
are quite similar. There is no impact difference due to the nationality difference.
11. Nationalities and cooperative willingness
Like what is described in Section 5.4, Hui people's support rate to the Project is
higher than Han people. They expect road construction more strongly than Han
people.
12. Nationalities and requirements to land acquisition and house relocation
To sum up, Hui and Han people's requirements to land acquisition and house
relocation are similar. There is no requirement difference due to the nationality
difference.
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5.8 Deference between Hui people and "Indigenous Peoples" defined by World
Bank
For purposes of the World Bank policy on Indigenous Peoples, the term "Indigenous
Peoples" is used in a generic sense to refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural
group possessing the following characteristics in varying degrees:
(a) self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and
recognition of this identity by others;
(b) collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in
the project area and to the natural resources in these habitats and territories;
(c) customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are separate from
those of the dominant society and culture; and
(d) an indigenous language, often different from the official language of the country
or region.
Hui people are the dominant nationality in Ningxia. They never identifY themselves as
members of a distinct indigenous cultural group. Hui people live together with Han
people, and they share the natural resources with Han people. No geographically
distinct habitats or ancestral territories were found in the Project areas. Hui people
enjoy all the rights in Ningxia at least the same level as those for Han people. In some
aspects, Hui people have the rights exceeding the Han people's, as above-mentioned.
No customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions other than those of
the dominant society and culture were found. Furthermore, Hui people use the same
language as Han people, and Chinese Language is the official and only language for
Hui people. To sum up, Hui people are not the "Indigenous Peoples" defined by the
World Bank.
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"
Chapter 6 Women
6.1 Age, education and occupation by gender
In the surveyed households, male and female people in different age paragraphs are
described in the following table. From the table it can be found that there no big
changes between the male and female people in different age paragraphs.
Table 6.1 Male and female people in different age paragraphs
Age Male Female Total
Amount % amount % amount %
Below 15 159 25.12% 125 21.70% 284 23.49%
16 to 59 414 65.40% 389 67.53% 803 66.42%
Above 60 60 9.48% 62 10.76% 122 10.09%
Total 633 100.00% 576 100.00% 1209 100.00%
Female and male's education level are described in the following table. From the table
it can be found that the female people having the education level of no education
received (illiteracy) and primary school are much more than the male people. And the
female people having the education level of high school, collage, undergraduate or the
above are less than the male people. It can be concluded that the female's education
level is lower compared with the male's education level.
Table 6.2 Female and male's education level
Highest Male Female Total
education level amount % Amount % Amount %
Below school 87 13.74% 54 9.38% 141 11.66%
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Highest
education level I
Male Female Total
amount % Amount % Amount %
I age
Illiteracy 24 3.79% 52 9.03% 76 6.29%
Primary 115 18.17% 150 26.04% 265 21.92%
I Middle school 330 52.13% 278 48.26% 608 50.29%
High school 54 8.53% 31 5.38% 85 7.03%
Collage 12 1.90% 2 I 0.35% 14 1.16%
Undergraduate
or above II 1.74% 9 1.56% 20 1.65%
Total 633 100.00% 576 100.00% 1209 100.00%
Female and male's occupation are described in the following table. From the table it
can be found that the percentage of female's occupations in farming are much higher
than that of male's, and percentage of female's occupations in non-farming are lower
than that of male's. This indicates that the female's occupations tend more to be
engaged in farming.
Table 6.3 Male and female's occupation
TotalMale Female Occupation
%amount % Amount % Amount
Below
age
school 84 13.27% 47 8.16% 131 10.84%
Above working
age 32 5.06% 39 6.77% 71 5.87%
, Student 107 16.90% 101 17.53% 208 17.20%
I Mainly farming 141 22.27% 266 46.18% 407 133.66%
Farming and
outside job 179 28.28% 95 16.49% 274 22.66%
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Occupation Male Female Total
amount % Amount % Amount %
Mainly outside
job 42 6.64% 16 2.78% 58 4.80%
Enterprise
Institution
38 1.74% 48 3.97%
0.99%10 1.58% 2 0.35% 12
Total 633 100.00% 576 100.00% 1209 100.00%
From the above analysis it can be concluded that because of historical and
longstanding reasons, the female's education level is relatively lower, and more
women are engaged in farming. The land acquisition of the Project will make more
female's occupations change from farming into non-farming. rn view of female's
relatively lower education level, they are at a disadvantage in finding non-farming
jobs. Therefore, some gender-related measures should be taken to ensure that women
will benefit from the Project.
6.2 Rights women can be summed up
It has always been a basic state policy of China to promote equality between men and
women. China now has built a complete legal system concerning the protection of
women's rights and interests, and promotion of gender equality, based on the
Constitution of the People's Republic of China, and with the Law of the People's
Republic of China on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women as the main
body and various separate laws and regulations, local regulations and administrative
rules adopted by various government departments as supplementary provisions. The
legitimate rights women can be summed up include:
(1) Women enjoy equal political rights with men. Women have the right, through
various channels and in various ways, to administer state and social affairs, and enjoy
equal rights to vote and stand for election. People's congresses at all levels should
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include appropriate numbers of women, and leaders from governments at all levels
should also include appropriate numbers ofwomen.
(2) Women enjoy equal rights with men with respect to culture and education. These
cover school admittance, advancement to higher levels of schooling, job assignment
after graduation, conferment of academic degrees and being dispatched for study
abroad, plus women's rights to engage in scientific and technological research and
literary and artistic creation.
(3) Women enjoy equal working rights with men. These mainly include: the right to
work and be employed, equal pay for equal work, time-off, on-the-job safety and
medical care as well as special labor protection, and social insurance.
(4) Women enjoy equal property rights with men. Rural women enjoy the same rights
as rural men in the allotment of "responsibility farmland" and "grain-ration farmland"
and in the approval of housing sites. With regard to marriage and family property,
women enjoy equal ownership and inheritance rights with men.
(5) Women enjoy equal rights with men relating to their persons. Women enjoy the
right to life and health, freedom of the person, the right of portrait, reputation and
other rights relating the person; and they enjoy the right of kinship, guardianship,
fame and status as a producer.
(6) Women enjoy equal rights with men in marriage and the family. The law states
that women enjoy equal freedom in marriage and divorce, and the relations between
husband and wife are equal.
6.3 Women organization
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The All-China Women's Federation (ACWF) is the largest NGO in China dedicated
to promoting gender equality and women's development. It has an organizational
system that covers women's federations and group members at various levels, and
enjoys wide representation and mass involvement. The ACWF and local women's
federations playa significant role in uniting and motivating women to participate in
the country's economic construction and social development, encouraging them to
take an active part in the democratic management and supervision of state and social
affairs, and representing and safeguarding the rights and interests of women as a
whole. In recent years, government departments have cooperated with women's
federations and other NGOs to organize all kinds of activities to effectively utilize
social resources for the promotion of gender equality and women's development.
In order to give full play to women's role in the rural economy, government
departments and women's federations at all levels have jointly organized activities to
encourage rural women to acquire knowledge and learn science and technology, and
compete in their development and contributions, so as to bring their role in
invigorating and developing the rural economy into full play.
6.4 Women and the economy
The state has made the guarantee of equal employment opportunities between women
and men and the sharing of economic resources and results of social development the
top priority for the advancement of gender equality and the development of women,
and has worked out and adopted a series of policies and measures to ensure that
women can equally participate in the economic development, enjoy equal access to
economic resources and effective services, enhance their self-development ability and
improve their social and economic status. As the economic status of Chinese women
improves, they are playing an increasingly significant role in the economic sphere.
Women have become an important and indispensable force in invigorating and
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promoting the rural economy. Females account for more than half of all workers in
agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries and water conservancy.
6.5 Women and Poverty Elimination
The Outline for the Development of Chinese Women puts forth the main goals of
reducing the extent of poverty among and the number of poor women, and calls for
more support for poverty-stricken women in the country's western development
strategy, so that women will be the main receivers of poverty-reduction resources and
the direct beneficiaries of the achievements of the poverty-reduction efforts. The state
poverty-reduction program has made it clear that the government strives to further
motivate women in the poverty-stricken areas to engage in household sideline
production and the "courtyard economy," launch labor-intensive and other
poverty-reduction projects that are particularly suitable for women, and organize
women to learn practical skills and enhance their ability to shake off poverty and
become well-off.
The Chinese government has made sex indicator a component of the poverty
monitoring work in rural areas, and stressed that attention should be paid to gender
equality in the poverty-reduction work. Rural women have been helped to get rid of
poverty by way of provision of small-sum credit loans, labor export and pairing-off
assistance.
6.6 Impacts of the Project on women
1. The impacts that the construction of the Project may have on local women's
economic participation
Since more women are engaged in farming, the Project construction will have certain
impacts on women's role in farming. The land acquisition of the Project will make
more female's occupations change from farming into non-farming, and it will provide
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the opportunities for women to conduct non-agricultural activities. They will play
more important role in business and services.
2. The Impacts that the construction of the Project will have on local women's
political participation
Due to the decrease of farmland, women will spend less time in farming. So they will
have more time to participate in political activities. The convenient transportation will
promote interpersonal relations. The more affected by the outside, the more strong
concepts of rights and participation they will have.
3. The Impacts of the construction of the Project on local women's education and
marriage Status.
The present schooling rate of boys and girls are nearly the same. But due to the
impacts of traditional culture, less girls get high school education than boys, as can be
found from the education level of the survey households. With the same reason as
above-mentioned, the Project construction will increase the opportunities for women
to receive higher education. Higher education will also raise women's marriage status.
4. Women's attitude towards the Project and its impacts.
100% of surveyed women supported the Project, and all the people who didn't
support the Project were male. For land acquisition compensation, more percentage of
women selected cash compensation plus social security. It indicated that they pay
more attention to long-term livelihood guarantee. For house compensation, the
selection of female and male are nearly the same, they usually chose cash
compensation.
5. Possible action responses of women when their wills to participate was not
satisfied.
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If women's wills to participate was not satisfied, they first thought of discussion with
other family members. Then they might seek help from the women's federations at all
levels.
6. Negative impact caused by the Project and women's reaction.
Facing to land resource decrease and employment changes, women usually try to find
positive solutions. While elder women pay more attention to future livelihood
guarantee, younger women hope to improve the understanding of the outside, and
achieve the self development through improving the quality of women themselves.
In the Project areas, women have a significant degree of equality and there are no
serious restrictions, disparities or discriminatory practices. The improvement of the
traffic conditions will help women go out of the villages to find their jobs, and women
will have more chances to obtain non-farming jobs like men. The Project won't have
any negative impacts especially on women; instead, women's social status will be
upgraded further due to the employment and economic development after the Project
construction is finished.
In order to assist women to be benefited from the Project, a series of measures have
been determined as follows:
• Encourage joint bank accounts for compensation payments.
• New houses built after older house demolition could be registered in the names of
both spouses.
• Local government will promote improved sanitation in new houses if possible.
• Monitor whether resettlement will cause any gender disparities; if necessary,
recommend ways to improve benefits for women.
• Identify households at risk and provide guidance and support through local
government departments.
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• Women's federations at every level will actively support women's Issues and
follow-up measures.
• Resettlement offices and other Project-related agencies will have experienced
staff, including women.
• Encourage women in particular to participate In project implementation, and
monitoring and evaluation.
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Chapter 7 Stakeholder Analysis
Project stakeholders are people or sectors whose benefits directly or indirectly relate
to the Project and who are directly or indirectly influenced by the Project success. The
Project Owner, World Bank, urban residents along the proposed alignment, rural
people unaffected by land acquisition and house demolition along the proposed
alignment, people employed in highway transportation, people in peripheral area,
people affected by land acquisition and house demolition, ethnic minorities,
vulnerable groups are all the stakeholders. Their demands for and attitudes toward the
Project directly and indirectly affect the Project success.
7.1 Project Owner
I. Ningxia Transportation Department, as the government department in charge of
transportation in Ningxia, draw up Ningxia transportation development plan and
medium-term and long-term plans, and supervise their implementation; organize
Ningxia key road construction, and coordinate related road construction.
2. Ningxia Highway Construction Administration Bureau, is the organizer of the
Project construction, and take charge all the work concerning construction, including
land acquisition, house relocation, and resettlement work.
7.2 World Bank
World Bank is the loan provider for the Project. World Bank is one of the United
Nations' specialized agencies. It was established in 1945, and provides low-interest
loans, interest-free credit, and grants to developing countries to promote sustainable
development and reduce poverty.
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7.3 Design institutes, constructors and supervision units
The design institutes, constructors and supervision units of the Project were and will
be selected through Open Tendering. They have reliable qualification and reputation.
During designing, constructing, or supervising, they gave or will give consideration of
technical, economic and social needs so as to obtain not only good economic benefit,
but also good social benefit.
7.4 The urban residents along the alignment
They won't be affected by land acquisition and house demolition due to the Project.
Since there will be exits for the cities where the expressway goes through, the Project
will provide convenient transportation. It will be helpful to improve production
conditions and investment environment, enhance local economic development and
increase local people's income. All of them thought the Expressway will bring
positive impacts on them.
7.5 Rural people unaffected by land acquisition and house demolition along the
proposed Expressway alignment
The Expressway will make local residents get in and out, transport and sell farm
products conveniently. But most villagers live far away from the expressway exits.
Therefore, it is necessary to implement road network improvement components to
enhance radiation effect of the Expressway. They can take the advantages of Project
construction to develop and utilize the local labor and stone construction materials.
7.6 People employed in highway transportation
The completion of the Project will improve the traffic conditions, and thus make
things convenient for people employed in highway transportation. Many local people
have expressed their desires to be employed in highway transportation. Convenient
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I.
transportation will bring them more business opportunities. They thought it might
intensify competition but the development will also be quick.
7.7 Local vendors
After exerting the project, it is beneficial for dealers and specialized carriers to
transfer local produces to the outside rapidly to increase their income. Sold to vendors,
then transported by all means and processed. Vendors play important role in the
connection on villagers and market, and will benefit most directly from the
Expressway built.
7.8 People in peripheral area
The Expressway will provide the peripheral area with convenient transportation
conditions due to its swiftness and integral service function. It wi1l cut down the
transportation time, reduce the transportation costs, make the full use of resources of
different regions, and facilitate the material and cultural exchange.
7.9 Enterprises in Project areas
The good communications condition can reduce the cost of materials flow and
improve the local investing environment. It will be helpful for the enterprises to
enhance their competitiveness and benefit their long-term development.
7.10 Woman and children
In the affected area, women take over most agricultural productions. Women will
conduct more non-agricultural activities. After executing the project, more association
with the outside will widen women's view. As women take most responsibility of
raising children, and women's life condition will directly influent children's education
and welfare, so increasing women's benefit will directly benefit children.
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7.11 Local government
After executing the project, more outside investment will be drawn into the area, so
the financial tax income of governments of various levels will increase, and local
economic development will be quick. The project will promote construction in
villages and towns to accelerate urbanization.
7.12 People affected by land acquisition and house demolition along the
Expressway
The proposed expressway and its connector roads will affect 10 townships and 32
administrative villages in Litong District of Wuzhong City, Lingwu City and
Qingtongxia City. 8629.91 mu of land will be acquired permanently by the Project,
and another 850 mu of land is estimated to be occupied temporarily during the
construction phase. 10436 people in 2395 households will be affected accordingly_
Along with land acquisition, 59695 square meters of houses will be demolished, and
1429 people in 310 households will be affected accordingly. The permanent and
temporary land acquisition and house demolition will affect 13692 persons in 2577
households. The overall land acquisition impact is 5.50% at the village level. Among
the affected households, on average 1.91 mu of irrigated land per household or 0.44
mu of irrigated land per capita will be acquired. And on average 193 square meters of
houses per household or 42 square meters of houses per capita will be acquired. Based
on the degree of the impacts, 10 seriously-affected villages have been selected. Most
of those villages are located in the areas of the Expressway interchanges, some
households may lose 80% or even 100% of their total contracted farmland. Affected
to the socio-economic survey results, if 100% of their total contracted farmland will
be acquired, on average each household will lose 24% of their total income. The
Project have considered to take mitigation measures. Through well RAP preparation
and implementation, those people can benefit from the Project.
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7.13 Ethnic minorities
The areas where the Project will go through are Hui people inhabited areas. Hui
people are the dominant nationality in Ningxia. There are regulators in Ningxia, and
the head of Ningxia Government should be Hui people. The local governments where
the Project will go through are all Hui autonomous governments, and the local
socio-economic plans they prepared have incorporated the Hui people's requirements.
The details of the ethnic minorities have been described in Chapter 5.
7.14 Vulnerable groups
The Project Expressway will go through the irrigated areas of Ningxia, where are the
richer areas in Ningxia. Therefore, in the areas along the Expressway, poverty is not a
main issue. A few poverty households are covered by local urban or rural minimum
subsistence allowance system. Their basic living needs have been guaranteed.
The security line for minimum subsistence for the farmers in Ningxia is CNY 40 to 55
per month per person. For the urban residents in Ningxia, the line is CNY 140 per
month per person on average. People with per capita net income less than the
minimum subsistence line (40 to 55 per month for rural and 140 per month for urban)
can get their allowances to match these levels.
Any vulnerable people can apply for assistance from the local governments or the
communities. By holding "five guarantees card", a "minimum living security
certificate", or "disabled person certificate" approved according to related regulations,
they can get financial and other assistance in shopping, transportation, and aid. The
government helps disabled people to get employment by running welfare enterprises,
providing employment opportunities in a certain proportion, and supporting the
self-employment of disabled people. Special care for disabled people is provided
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through such welfare measures as temporary aid, concentrated support and the
running of accommodation institutions for disabled people.
According to the survey, some vulnerable households will lose about 80% of their
contracted farmland. The restoration programs for the lO seriously-affected villages
and resettlement measures including social security will ensure those households to be
resettled well. After years of experiments and practice, a social security framework in
Ningxia has taken initial shape. Through the social security measures, the basic living
need of the vulnerable groups affected by the Project have been guaranteed.
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Chapter 8 Project impact analysis
8.1 Positive Impacts of the Project
8.1.1 Positive impacts in macroscopic aspect
From macroscopic aspect, the Project will have the following positive impacts:
l. The Project will connect Ningdong Energy Chemical Base, Lingwu Sheep Wool
Industrial Park, Jinji Industrial Park in Wuzhong, and Qingtongxia New Material
Base. It will form a most convenient transport corridor and improve the common
development of those areas.
2. The Project will go through the central areas of Ningxia, and connect Qingdao to
Yinchuan Expressway, Beijing to Lhasa Expressway, and Shizuishan to Zhongning
Expressway. The completion of the Project will elaborate the effect of the National
expressway and Ningxia transportation network.
3. The completion of the Project will improve further the local transportation
conditions, push forward the economic, cultural and politics exchanges among all
nationalities, and upgrade the local people's living standard. Since Hui people in the
villages where the Project will go through account for about two thirds of total
population in those villages. The number of Hui beneficiaries will be much more than
Han beneficiaries.
4. The road network component, especially the rural roads will promote largely the
region economic development, adjust village industrial structure, improve the
investment environment, speed up the regional advantaged resource development, and
reduce the gap between the rich and poor. It is also the requirement of perfecting
regional road network and fulfilling the whole benefit of the Expressway.
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8.1.2 Positive impacts in microscopic aspect
From microscopic aspect, the Project will have the following positive impacts on the
people along the alignment:
1. After the completion of the Project, local people will enjoy more convenient
transportation conditions.
2. The completion of the Project wil.l attract more investment and business, push
forward local service industry so as to bring more income and employment
opportunities to the local people.
3. After the completion of the Project, local farm products and other family-made
products will be sold quicker and more conveniently.
4. People and cargo flow added by the Project will increase the connection among
local and outside people so as to expand their horizons, and broadens their mind
5. The civil construction of the Project will use some local raw materials and labor, in
the meantime, the constructors will increase largely the needs for house renting and
food and beverage service. Although those needs may only last for 2 to 3 years, it will
bring a lot of benefits for local people along the alignment.
6. Unlike the farmers along the Expressway alignment, the people along the roads of
Component B of the Project, including the 3 sections of existing National Highway
G211 and 9 rural roads, can use the roads directly. The Project will provide them with
cheaper, faster, safer, and more comfortable access to markets, employment
opportunities, and social services.
8.2 Negative Impacts of the Project
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Since Component B of the Project, including the 3 sections of existing National
Highway G211 and 9 rural roads, won't involve resettlement, and since the temporary
impacts of Component B during civil construction will be limited, the negative
impacts of the Project will mainly come from the Expressway. Those negative
impacts are mainly concentrated on resettlement and environment. According to the
different stages of the Project, the main negative impacts are:
8.2.1 Negative Impacts during Project preparation
1. The construction of the Project will acquire part of local people's land. It will cause
the farmland decrease and affect those people's income. The Project will use 8629.91
mu ofland, of which about 4573.08 mu is irrigated land, accounting for 52.99% of the
total. 10436 people in 2395 households will be affected. The land acquisition
compensation was calculated based on the annual output value. However, if some
people fail to use the compensation for production purpose, their future income may
decrease. According to the socio-economic survey results, if 100% of their farmland
is acquired, on average each household will lose 24% oftheir total income. Since the
households who will lose 100% of their irrigated land will only account for 3.8% and
3.2% of the total affected households and people respectively, most households will
lose less than 24% of their total income.
2. The construction of the Project will demolish some houses of local people, and the
living of those people will be affected. The Project will affect 59695 square meters of
houses. Among that, 3292 square meters are brick concrete houses, accounting for
5.51 % of the total; 46307 square meters are brick wood houses, accounting for
77.57% of the total; 10096 square meters are earth wood houses, accounting for
16.91% of the total. 310 households totally use 260 mu of households. Therefore, the
on average housing plot per household is 0.84 mu. The house compensation was
calculated based on replacement cost. It will be enough to build the new houses
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similar to the demolished one by using the housing compensation. However, at least
they will make their effort to build and move in new houses. If some people hope to
improve the house structure and increase the house size, they may need to use their
savings or loans.
3. The Project will permanently affect some agricultural facilities, transportation
facilities and public facilities. It will affect to some extent the production and life of
the local people.
8.2.2 Negative Impacts during Project construction
1. The civil construction of the Project will demolish or affect some agricultural
facilities, and transportation facilities temporarily. It will cause local people some
inconvenience.
2. The noise and dust caused by civil construction will trouble local people's daily life,
and the waste produced due to constructors' construction and living may cause some
pollution.
3. The temporary land occupation due to construction will also cause local people
inconvenience. After the completion of the Project, if the temporary occupation
cannot be recovered in time, it will affected local people's production.
8.2.3 Negative Impacts after Project construction completion and open to the traffic
I. The villagers should go round by passage if they want to go across the
expressway. It will cause them inconvenience.
2. Noise produced by the vehicles will have negative impacts on the villagers.
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8.3 Mitigation measures for negative impacts
In view of the above-mentioned negative impacts are mainly related to resettlement
and environment, preparing and implementing well the RAP and EMP are very
important and essential. The resettlement measures for different affected groups are
described in the following paragraph. Besides, other measures in social aspect should
be taken, which will be described in the following chapters.
For the affected Hui households, since the impacts of land acquisition on them are
quite similar with Han people, same resettlement measures will be taken. According
to the sampling survey results, the 10% relatively low income households' planting
income percentage in total income is 45.20%, much higher than other households'
corresponding figures 23.08%. It indicated that the impacts of land acquisition on
them are bigger than other households'. For vulnerable PAPs who are affected by land
acquisition and lose working ability, the main measures are reasonable allowances for
living and medical care. For vulnerable PAPs who are affected by land acquisition but
have working ability, the main measures are the provision of priority of training and
employment (such as outside jobs or work for the Project construction). For all the
vulnerable groups and relatively low income households, they can be covered by the
social security measures including minimum subsistence security, new rural
cooperative medical service, old-age pension system for the land-loss farmers.
Especially for those households who will lose over 50% or even 100% of their
contracted farmland, if a farmer's farmland holding is less than 0.5 mu after land
acquisition, he can be covered by the old-age pension system. Ifhis age is 60 or above
for male, 55 or above for female, he can receive monthly pension at CNY 240 after
paying 30% of the total premium, about CNY 19062. The rest of the total premium
will be paid by the relevant governments and collective agencies. What they should
pay CNY 5700 is much lower than the per mu compensation for irrigated land
acquisition, CNY 12500.
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According to Ningxia's requirements on new village construction, the adjustment of
the village layout planning is ongoing. In the Project areas, that adjustment will be
conducted in consideration of the relocation needs due to the Project, especially for
the villages seriously affected by house demolition for the Project. All relocated
households will be resettled within their original villages. If the cost for new housing
plots is similar to the compensation standards for irrigated land, the village will
allocate the housing plots for the relocated households. If the cost for new housing
plots is much higher than the compensation standards for irrigated land, the local
government will coordinate all the related agencies to get the housing plots and
allocate them to the relocated households. The Project will provide possible assistance
according to the relevant laws and regulations.
Based on the number of the relocated households and the village layout planning in
each village, most of the affected households will be relocated in the centralized
village residential areas. In those areas, housing will be clustered and provided with
new infrastructure. This will improves the living conditions of the affected farmers
and the appearance of the villages, but such procedures will add considerably to the
cost of the proposed improvements due to the fact that possible water, roads, and
other necessary infrastructure will be installed. The funds will be raised by the local
governments, and the appropriate assistance will be provided by the Project.
For the households to be relocated in a scattered manner, housing plots in the
locations with roads and utility will be selected and allocated by the villages or village
groups through the consultation with the affected households. For those relocated
households, there is no need to have organized whole site planning and development,
and new plot leveling work will be carried out by the resettlers themselves with some
appropriate assistance from the Project.
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Chapter 9 Identification and control of social risks
9.1 Opinion summary of the residents along the alignment
The residents along the alignment expressed their care and support to the Project.
They also gave their opinions and requirements for the Project. The main opinions
were:
1. Enough passages can be built where the proposed expressway will go through. And
their agricultural and transportation facilities won't be damaged.
2. Some villagers mentioned there are some longstanding problems, such as road
construction projects. And it may affected the Project's smooth implementation.
3. Most villagers along the alignment expressed that they hoped to do some jobs for
the expressway construction, or provide some related services to increase their
income.
4. The villagers were concerned about the impacts on their production and life during
Project construction, and hoped it could be resolved appropriately.
9.2 Identification of social risks
The Project is one the key transportation projects in Ningxia and it will promote the
local socio-economic development. But with the Project completion and being open to
the traffic, it may have some potential social risks. To identifY those social risks as
early as possible, and adopt corresponding measures to avoid or control those risks are
very important for the success of the Project. According to the survey results, the
potential social risks of the Project are as follows:
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I. Resettlement risks. The Project road is expressway. Although many measures has
been taken, large scale of resettlement are unavoidable. Therefore, resettlement is the
main social risks for the Project. Affected by land acquisition, the land resources of
the farmers will decrease, and their planting income will decrease accordingly.
Therefore, their total income may also decrease. Affected by house demolition, the
relocated households will spend much of their life energy to build new houses. Except
for house compensation to make up the loss of the demolished houses, the farmers
would like to use part of their bank savings or borrow money from their relatives to
build bigger or / and higher-level houses. Besides, if the new house construction
cannot be constructed in time, they may be at risk of transitional period outside.
2. Risks of original production and living style being affected. The Expressway is
enclosed totally. Despite of the passages to be build, it will affect the local people's
production and life permanently.
3. Risks of institution capacity. In order to construct and manage the Project, a lot of
permanent or temporary institutions will be established. The staff members will come
from different departments. Affected by their original work habits or limitations, they
may not understand or need certain time to be accustomed to the new job. Therefore,
the risks of institution capacity will appear.
4. Risks of conflicts between the residents and constructors. The construction will
cause local people some inconvenience and even damage to them, and sometimes will
affect their original facilities. If those impacts cannot be avoid, mitigated or
compensated, it may cause the conflicts between the residents and constructors.
5. Risks of road safety. With the completion of the Component B of the Project,
including the 3 section of existing National Highway 0211 and 9 rural roads, the road
accidents may increase due to more traffic volume and higher speed of the vehicles.
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9.3 Measures to coutrol the social risks
In order to avoid the negative impacts caused by the social risks, the corresponding
measures in the aspects of prevention, treatment, coordination, feedback, and
evaluation will be taken.
I. For the resettlement risks, it will be mainly dealt through preparing and
implementing RAP well. For the people affected by land acquisition, except for the
compensation, during the construction of the Expressway, priority will be given for
engagement of project affected people and communities in providing unskilled
laborers and local construction materials, which could generate significant cash
income for the affected people. The Project affected people will also be given priority
ifthere are any labor export opportunities for the project cities and districts at county
level. Agriculture technical training and other skill training will be provided to the
affected people to increase their income development employment opportunities. For
all the vulnerable groups and the households who will lose large proportion of their
farmland, they can be covered by the social security measures including minimum
subsistence security, new rural cooperative medical service, old-age pension system
for the land-loss farmers. For the people affected by house relocation, except for the
compensation, all the relocated households will be resettled in the original villages.
The village and township will provide assistance in providing housing plots, and
necessary labor support for the vulnerable groups during house construction and
moving. Meanwhile, the new house construction will be arranged well to ensure the
farmers can move into new houses in time.
2. For the risks of original production and living style being affected, first of all, the
design will be optimized to facilitate the local people's travelling. As for the
environment aspect, it should be consider how to reduce the noise as far as possible.
Besides, through communication and guidance, make local people to be accustomed
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to the production and life changes due to the Project. And also help people consider as
early as possible how to benefit from the Project.
3. For the risks of institution capacity, the responsibilities of all the institutions should
be cleared, and coordination of all the institutions should be strengthened. The
capacity of the institutions will be improved through training and exchanges.
4. For the risks of conflicts between the residents and constructors, the management
of constructors should be strengthened, and annoying the residents due to the
construction should be avoided as far as possible. In case the construction causes any
damage, appropriate recover or compensation measures should be taken. The local
governments should advice the residents to realize that the conflicts with the
constructors wouldn't be a good solution for the issues.
5. Risks of road safety. To reduce the serious accident hazards, speed control signs
and other visual means will be used at the entrances to the roads and through the
villages along the roads. Proper speed control will help improve safety and reduce
noise, particularly in the evening. While the traffic police bureaus take a leading role
in implementing road safety training programs for the drivers, the women's
federations at every level and village committees can arrange some safety lessons for
the parents and other villagers. Such lessons will allow women to become key
participants in road safety awareness for the communities and children.
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Chapter 10 Conclusion and recommendation
10.1 Main conclusion of the Social Assessment
According to the analysis from the previous chapters, the conclusion of the Social
Assessment are as follows:
1. The Project will play an improving role for the development in Ningxia central
areas. For most people in the affected areas, the impacts of the Project is positive and
sustainable. Although the totally-enclosed expressway won't have direct benefit for
the local people along the alignment, through the rural road network in all directions,
they can enjoy the convenience brought by the Project. Therefore, the perfect rural
road network is absolutely necessary to extend the Project's benefits.
2. In the villages where the Project will go through, about two thirds of total
population are Hui people. Hui people are the dominant nationality in Ningxia. They
enjoy all the rights in Ningxia at least the same level as those for Han people. In some
aspects, Hui people have the rights exceeding the Han people's; Hui people and Han
people live together, intermarry, and their relationship are harmonious. Besides, Hui
people and Han people use the same language Chinese. Using same language
improves the cultural communications and exchanges; The impacts of the Project on
the Hui people and Han people are identical. No one will be affected more seriously
due to the nationality differences; The local governments where the Project will go
through are all Hui autonomous governments, and the local socio-economic plans
they prepared have incorporated the Hui people's requirements. No special plans for
Hui people should be prepared; Several Opinions of the State Council on Further
Promoting Economic and Social Development in Ningxia (State Council file No. 29
in 2008) has also considered fully the Hui people's requirements. And the Opinions
can be applied to both Hui people and Han people. Based on the above reasons, we
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think it is not necessary to prepare special ethnic minority development plan. Through
implementing well the RAP and EMP for the Project, and taking the measures
proposed in this Social Assessment Report, the Hui people's interests can be
guaranteed.
3. The Project Expressway will go through the irrigated areas of Ningxia, where
poverty is not a main issue. For vulnerable PAPs who are affected by land acquisition
and lose working ability, the main measures are reasonable allowances for living and
medical care. For vulnerable PAPs who are affected by land acquisition but have
working ability, the main measures are the provision of priority of training and
employment (such as outside jobs or work for the Project construction). For all the
vulnerable groups and relatively low income households, they can be covered by the
social security measures including minimum subsistence security, new rural
cooperative medical service, old-age pension system for the land-loss farmers. A few
poverty households are covered by local urban or rural minimum subsistence
allowance system. Their basic living needs have been guaranteed. The farmers
affected seriously by the Expressway, whose farmland holding after land acquisition
will be less than 0.5 mu per capita, will receive monthly old-age pension when their
ages reach 60 for male, or 55 for female. Their pension income will be much higher
than their loss of earnings from the land to be acquired.
4. The road network of the Project, especially the 9 rural roads will go through the
poor areas of Ningxia, where the farmer's net income are still low. However, the road
reconstruction won't involve any resettlement, so no one will be impoverished due to
the Project. On the on contrary, the improved local roads will provide them with
cheaper, faster, safer, and more comfortable access to markets, employment
opportunities, and social services. Their transport costs will decrease and income is
anticipated to increase due to the Project. Therefore, the Project will play an active
role in poverty alleviation and development for the local farmers.
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.. 5. In the Project area, women have a significant degree of equality and there are no
serious restrictions, disparities or discriminatory practices. The Project won't have
any negative impacts specially on women; instead, women's social status will be
upgraded further due to the employment and economic development after the Project
construction is finished. The mitigation measures for women have been proposed in
Section 7.6 to assist them to be rehabilitated from land and house losses and benefited
from the Project.
10.2 Main improvement suggestions
According to the above conclusion, in order to prevent all social risks, and reach the
Project objective smoothly, and make the people in the Project areas benefit from the
Project. The following main improvement suggestions are proposed.
1. Optimize the design
During the initial stage, the design institute always pay much attention to the impacts
of the land acquisition and resettlement on local areas. The land acquisition and
resettlement has been reduced through alignment comparison. For the next stage, the
design institute shall pay more attention to some detailed issues. Fix the position of
passages, borrow pits and spoil ground, and restoration measures for the affected
transportation and agricultural facilities.
2. Pay some attention to the longstanding problem resolution
The governments at all level shall try their best to resolve some longstanding problem,
such as the compensation hasn't been paid, engineering projects haven't been finished.
Try the best to avoid the Project to be incriminated by some longstanding problem.
3. Strengthen the propaganda and guidance to the people along the roads
Through the propaganda, guide the people along the alignment not only to know the
Project contents and policies, but also to participate in the Project. So that they can be
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accustomed to the production and life changes due to the Project. And also help
people consider as early as possible how to benefit from the Project.
4. Conduct further institution capacity building
The responsibilities of all the institutions should be cleared, and coordination of all
the institutions should be strengthened. The capacity of the institutions will be
improved through training and exchanges.
5. Encourage the community participation
Start from the basic notification, through information sharing, consultation,
jointly-decision-making, co-control, encourage the community participation so as to
prevent effectively and deal in time with all the social risks. It is not only useful for
the present alignment optimization, but also effective for the impact control during
construction and further development after the completion of the Project.
6. Strengthen the management of constructors
Encourage the constructor to give priority to employ local laborers and use local raw
materials. Such requirement could be indicated in the contracts between the Project
owner and the constructors. And local governments should also playa positive role in
organization and coordination. Annoying the residents due to the construction should
be avoided as far as possible. In case the construction causes any damage, appropriate
recover or compensation measure should be taken. Those measures will also be
reflected in the corresponding chapters of RAP and EMP.
7. Reduce the road safety risks for the local roads
Use speed control signs and other visual means at the entrances to the roads and
through the villages along the roads. While the traffic police bureaus take a leading
role in implementing road safety training programs for the drivers, the women's
federations at every level and village committees can arrange some safety lessons for
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• the parents and other villagers. Such lessons will allow women to become key
participants in road safety awareness for the communities and children.
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