Web viewUnit 1: Learning Aim B - Understand Job roles in the Music Industry. Know who is responsible...

KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER-Learning Aim B UNIT 1: THE MUSIC INDUSTRY

Unit 1: Learning Aim B - Understand Job roles in the Music Industry

Know who is responsible for each activity, why and how things are done and what are their advantages and disadvantages of relying on individuals for individual

services in relation to the key stages of the production time line.

Performance Creative Roles – people involved with writing and performing music

1. Musician

Examples: Orchestral player, vocalist, accompanist, DJ, Programmer, solo artist – self-employed or freelance.

Responsibilities:

1. Train and practice regularly to keep skills to a high standard – proficient on their instrument

2. Auditioning for musician roles3. Attending rehearsals to include technical and dress rehearsal, on time and

prepared4. Taking part in performances and workshops5. Marketing and promoting own work6. Looking after instrument (including voice)7. Learning new music for a show8. Working well as part of a team9. Maintaining/setting up and tuning of equipment

Skills:

a) Ability to improvise and play by earb) Being technically proficient on an instrumentc) Passion for Music and desire to perform

MusiciansSound Engineers

Producer

Other artists

Managers (once

signed)

Record companies

Media - TV,radio

etc

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2. DJ/RemixerExamples: Clubs, discos, host concerts, gigs.

Responsibilities:1. Remixes – takes elements of a song and combines them with new

ideas to create a new song.2. Introduce Music, commercials etc.3. Putting records/CD’s on turntable and controlling soundSkills:a) A good knowledge of production techniquesb) Interest and skill in music technologyc) Good speaking voice and ability to project personality.

3. Solo ArtistExample: A singerResponsibilities:1. Sometimes writes their own material2. Needs a distinctive look, charisma3. Needs drive, ambition and confidence

Skills:a) A good singing voiceb) Read musicc) Learn repertoired) Memorise lyrics

DJ

Club owners

audience

Radio

Studio manager

Technical people

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4. Composer, Song WriterResponsibilities:1. Writing composing music for TV, show, commercial,

film etc.2. Arranging music – for orchestra etc. – produce scores

and parts3. Compose a song for a famous singer4. Compose music for a special event5. Keep to a deadline6. Work with a performer so that the song/composition

is at their level of performance – correct range etc.7. Responding to briefs – film, TV, pitch ideas to clients8. Marketing and promoting own work9. Sequencing music – using technology to realise music 10. Creative and artistic direction11. Sometimes perform12. Musically creative, competent musician13. Happy to work alone

Skills:a) Knowledge of copyright, marketing, selling and

publishingb) Talent and creativityc) Ability to plan an instrumentd) Team work skills

Song Writers

Producers

Publishers Recording Companies

A + R

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5. ProducersExample: Record Producer

Responsibilities:

1. Oversee and manage the recording of an artist’s music – control the overall sound and artistic direction of the recording

2. Gather ideas for the project and select songs3. Hire session musicians for the project4. Coach the artist in the studio5. Supervise the entire process through mixing to mastering6. Make sure the recording is on time and on budget

Skills:

a) Ability to deal with artists, record companies and managersb) Ability to get the best performance out of an actc) Has a thorough knowledge of recording studio and techniquesd) Ability and willingness to work unsociable hours

6. Musical Director

Examples: ConductorResponsibilities:1. Leading rehearsals – unify performers2. Conducting musicians – orchestral /singers etc. guide the orchestra or choir3. Arranging music for performance4. Hiring musicians5. Set the tempo and execute clear indications for conducting6. Execute clear indicators and shape the sound of the ensemble7. Choose the music and study the scores8. Relay ideas to the performers9. Schedule rehearsals

Skills:

a) Problem solvingb) Ability to communicate musical thoughts

Conductor

Orchestras/session musicians

Recording studios Managers

Agents

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7. Live Sound Technician/Engineer

Examples: Audio technicianResponsibilities:1. Stage planning2. Rigging – position equipment3. DE rigging4. Supervise crew5. Do sound checks6. Operate the sound desk - Ensure mics/live connectors work i.e.

guitars/ adjust levels before and during performances/front of house/monitor mixing

7. Choose suitable microphones and equipment8. Look after the equipment – fix as and when necessary

Skills:a) Love of Musicb) Knowledge of electronics/sound desks etc.c) Freedom to traveld) Problem solving

Live Sound

technician

Musicians, artists, band

Head Roadie/ Manager/Tour

co-ordinaotr

Management at venues

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8. RoadieExamples: Backline technical support, can sometimes double up as technicianResponsibilities:1. Assist with getting gear in and out for a concert/gig/tour – rigging,

de-rigging – carry equipment2. Specialist instrumental support – look after the equipment –

tuning instruments etc.3. Driving – responsible for transporting, setting up and dismantling

artists equipment, lighting and PA system at gigs4. Logistics of gig – set up before event, pack up at end of the event5. The Bigger the gig, the more specialised the role of the roadie

Skills:a) Ability to lift heavy equipment – physical strength and staminab) Work well as part of a teamc) Ability to work away from home for extended periodsd) A solid understanding of music technology i.e. repairs etc.

Roadie

Music Promoters

Musicians, bands, artists

Management at venues

Equipment hire

/transport companies

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9. Instrumental supportExamples: Guitar tech, drum techResponsibilities:1. Look after the instruments 9 guitars, drums, KB etc. – ensure they

are functioning correctly between and during gig2. Fix instruments when broken – during performances strings etc.3. Give advice regarding best use of equipment4. Drum Tec – solely responsible for loading, unloading, setup,

miking, tuning and repairing drumsSkills:a) A thorough knowledge of their specialised instrumentb) Ability to play instrument/repair instrumentc) Quick thinkerd) Cool under pressuree) Audio engineering knowledge

Inst. Tech

support

Musicians

Engineers Technicians

Front of house

engineer

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Management and Promotion Roles

Artistic Management – Talent Manager

Responsibilities:1. Organise and confirm show dates, tours and gigs2. Liaise with record companies/do business deals3. Assist with studio planning4. Support artists as a lifestyle coach5. Take care of high quality standard6. Exploit marketing opportunities7. Provide advice and guidance for the artists8. Negotiate fees and recording contracts9. Manage the artists personal and financial management10.Advice and guide musical career11.Oversee the day-to-day business affairs of the artists.

Manager

Recording companies

Venue booking agents

Recording studio

manager

Music Publisher

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Venue Management

Responsibilities:1. Book artists and events2. Arrange licensing3. Management of all staff4. Management of publicity for events5. Organise events security6. Check Health and Safety is up to date for artists and venue7. Responsible for audience8. Ensure all services are opened and fully functional during

scheduled times9. Assist with preparation of shows and supervise the whole process

Skills:a) Communicationb) Educational background in businessc) Ability to travel at the last minute

Venue management

Media and advertising

The public audience

Artists, bands, groups

Music Managers

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Studio Management

Responsibilities:1. Booking sessions2. Managing the maintenance of equipment and facilities3. Administrative control of the studios operation4. Schedule times and liaise with clients5. Engage engineers, session musicians, technical engineers6. Promote and market the studio7. Ensure all equipment is Health and Safety checked8. Recruit, pay and retain staff9. Pay invoices – keep accounts, financial records10.Manage and oversee people, equipment, workflow

Skills:a) Creativeb) Technical and leadership management skillsc) Team/Project managementd) Problem solverse) Confidence to meet tight deadlines and time managementf) Communication – written and verbalg) Financial awarenessh) Knowledge of Health and Safety

Studio Management

Promoters

Musicians, bands, artists

Freelancers

Staff in studio

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Promoter

Responsibilities:1. Identify performance opportunities2. Promote artists at a variety of venues3. Secure finance at events4. Manage financial risk5. Ensure insurance is valid and health and safety at venues6. Publicises concerts and events7. In charge of putting on the show8. Works with artists agents9. Works with venues to arrange for a show10.Promote the event through advertisement and publicity

Skills:a) Knowledge of touring and promotionb) Marketing skillsc) Accounting/budget knowledged) Persuasion/negotiation skillse) Communicationf) Computer/networking skillsg) Time Management

PromoterMusic Managers

Bands, artists,

musicians

Media

Venue managers

Advertising agencies

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Marketing – market and sell records locally, globally and regionally

Responsibilities:1. Manages marketing materials and strategies i.e. selling, plans,

album sales, displays in shops, radio station giveaways etc.2. Gather prices for advertisements and promotions3. Devise promotional events, giveaways, sponsorships –

appearances, online giveaways etc.4. Have a radio/ On-line /TV campaign for an artists – advertising

campaigns5. Create the artists image/brand6. Targeting recordings at a specific group of consumers7. Control and co-ordinate design of artwork and packaging8. Control format of release – CD, Vinyl or MPS

Skills:a) Creative flairb) Strong organisation and communication skillsc) Good working knowledge of the advertising industry d) Team playere) Understanding of Music/Record business

Marketing staff

Director of marketing

Promoters

Music stores etc Media

Music Managers

Publisher companies

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Artists and Repertoire – find talent

Responsibilities:1. Scouting for talent on-line and at live events2. Sign artists to record labels3. Oversee the process from delivery to finished records4. Developments of artists as they grow and mature – listen to CD’s,

demos, video’s etc.5. Manage the recording process6. Help find songs appropriate for the artists to record and release7. Main point of contract for the artists and manager8. Locate a Producer to work with the artists/act

Skills:a) In depth knowledge of current musical trendsb) A strong instinct of what will sellc) Problem solversd) Negotiation skills/communication skills

A + R

Producers

Managers

Record label companies

Artists, bands

A + R Admin - budgets/costs

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Recording Roles

Recording Studio Personnel

Examples: Engineer, Assistant Engineer, Technical Manager, Tech support, Maintenance and repair, Electronics engineer, installation.

Engineer Responsibilities:1. Technical side of the recording – no artistic input2. Operate the sound board and other electronic equipment during

recording3. Makes alterations to the recording with advice from

Producer/Artist4. Mix down recording5. Balances the sound/levels6. Repair equipment in the studio

Skills:a) Knowledge of recording equipment – electronic + mechanicalb) Work unsociable hoursc) Ability to work under pressure and with peopled) Musicianship skills

Assistant Engineer – “Tape Op”Responsibilities:1. Helps sound engineer keep track of mixes2. General dogsbody3. Set up all the equipment needed for the recording session4. Replace/fix faulty equipment5. Maintain the tape library6. Assist main engineer during recording

Skills:a) Knowledge in electronics/mechanicsb) Appreciative of musicc) Ability to use recording equipmentd) Ability to listen, take instructions and work with otherse) Works long, unsociable hours

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Technical ManagerResponsibilities:1. Ensure studio has adequate resources to do it’s work – oversee

equipment2. Ensure technical equipment works effectively3. Arrange maintenance and repair of equipment

Tech SupportResponsibilities:1. Maintenance and repairs of electronic equipment i.e. cables,

mic’s, amps computers etc. (sometimes instruments) to allow the performers and producers to do their job

2. Orders replacement partsSkills:a) Detailed knowledge of electronics and equipment

Maintenance and Repair/Electronics engineer/InstallationResponsibilities:1. Maintain and repair recording equipment, electrical and musical

equipment, computers and software for the recording studio, Midi studio and lab.

2. Update and install software3. Research new equipment and make purchases on approval

Skills:a) Communication and organisational skillsb) Computer/software skills/electronic ski

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ProducerResponsibilities:1. Controls overall sound and artistic direction of the recording and

overall production quality of a song2. Makes sure the recording is on time and on budget3. Can be involved in the recording, mixing process4. Deals with artists, record companies and managers5. Gets the best performance out of an act6. Works closely with sound engineers and audio technicians to

include recording artist7. Schedules recording times with artists8. Supervises recording sessions and makes decisions. I.e. coach’s

artists, direct backing vocals etc.9. Acts as a go between the artists and the engineer

Skills:a) Knowledge of the music business/recording processb) Aware of current trends in the industryc) Organisational/interpersonal skillsd) A people persone) Ability to work long unsociable hours

Session MusicianResponsibilities:1. Technical competent musician, proficient in at least 1 instrument

– Bring own instrument to recording session2. Back up the lead artists in a recording session/live concert3. Play music for commercials/recordings etc.4. Play for a track/album recording5. Works with solo artists who have no band 6. Turns up on time as they get paid hourly rates7. Rehearse music for recording8. Follow instructions from Producers/Conductor etc.

Skills:a) Read Music/Sight readb) Proficient on their instrumentc) Knowledge of musical styles and genresd) Calm under pressuree) Good time keeper

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Mastering engineer

Responsibilities:1. Complete audio mastering process for an album (adjust spacing between

songs, compress it to optimise the volume, Applies EQ and effects to include fade in and fade out, adjusts volumes/dynamics)

2. Prepare and transfer audio from one raw format to the desired format to distribute to CD, Vinyl or tape etc.

3. Refine the sound quality and make changes to create an appealing sound4. Makes tracks sound professional5. Burn final master CD for delivery to Distributor

Skills:a) Good earb) Knowledge of mastering proceduresc) Concentration for long periods of timed) Understanding of Music and theory

Cd Manufacturer

Responsibilities:1. Produce master CD’s with high quality multiple copies) (Cases, artwork,

screen printing, packaging etc.)2. Transport to distributor outlets (stores or on-line)3. Duplicate CD’s4. Digital delivery through services i.e. iTune

Overall of Recording Studio Personnel

Producer/Manager

Mix Master engineer

CD Manufacturer/Distri

butor

Technical Manager

Tech Support

Session Musicians Engineer

Assistant Engineer

Maintenance + Repair

Electronic/Installation

Studio supply companies

Artists, Band

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Media and other roles

Music Journalist/BloggerExamples: writer, music critic, and music reviewer – full time, part-time, freelance

Responsibilities:1. Writing copy for publications in print or web – articles, reviews,

biographies, research, - daily, weekly columns etc.2. A staff writer (employed by a particular publication) or freelance

(contributes to various publications)3. Write articles and reviews for newspaper, music sections and the

music press i.e. about artists concerts and albums4. Conducts interviews (phone, face-to-face) and writes them up5. Often receives demos from unsigned bands and goes to gigs then

writes reviews6. Attends shows, concerts and events7. Listens to CD’s, online music, and new talent. Reviews new

records or music products i.e. classical reviewer, rock writer, jazz writer etc.

8. Responsible to the editor of the publicationSkills:a) Communication/Networking skillsb) Excellent command of the written wordc) Creative flaird) Inquiring nature/ Good time keepere) Knowledge about the field of music being coveredf) Enjoyment of musicg) Ability to work under pressure

Music journalist

Editors of publications

Managers

Agents

Venue owners

Promoters

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Media and other rolesBroadcaster – TV/RadioExamples: Radio producer, Program/Music director, Radio DJ, Video jockeys

Responsibilities:1. Selecting music for broadcast, programming, audience targeting, research,

writing, editing2. Interview artists3. Select music for TV and radio show – Video jockey – music videos on TV4. Present music show and discuss trends5. Controls the overall style and content of a radio/TV programme – Radio

Producer6. Responsible for putting playlists together – in collaboration with DJ: Radio

Producer7. Playing songs on air – Radio DJ8. Programme Director: selects the stations format and program and schedules

the programs at times to suit the target audience – can also select music for the playlist. Responsible for hiring, supervising and firing DJ. Responsible to Station Manager or owner

Skills:a) Working knowledge of Radio broadcasting equipment/ proceduresb) In touch with audience listening tastes and trends to include area of

broadcastingc) Clear, confident speaking voice and pleasant appearanced) Work as part of a team/supervise otherse) Ability to work long hours/unsociable hoursf) Project personality on air g) Good time keeper

Broadcaster

DJ

Music Director

Station Owner

Managers

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Media and other roles

Software Programmer/App developerResponsibilities:1. Writing and/or coding software products such as apps, programs,

packages, files, podcasts2. Writing music packages for distribution on line3. Create apps, musical programmes: Sequencing (Logic, Garage

band), notation software (Sibelius), Music games)4. Up date the programme software regularly5. Create computer programmes that assist musicians with their

training (aural tests, music theory)6. Usually commissioned and paid by an artists and their record

label or a software music companySkills:a) IT programming

Retail and Distribution: RetailResponsibilities:1. Selling products to shops/music stores and on-line using retail

techniques and skills2. Moving CD’s from warehouse to retail outlets, logistics, selling via

mail order through on-line stores3. Sells on-line: iTunes, spotify, amazon4. Shops: HMV, Virgin, music shops

Retail and Distribution: Distribution – link between record company after mastering and manufacture is completed

Responsibilities:1. Ensures albums are sold to shops2. Sign deals with the record label that gives them the right to sell

that label’s products3. Takes a cut of the income from each album sold

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HOW TO GET PAIDThere are many different forms of contacts. We will look briefly at 8 and learn more detail about 3 of the main types of contract.

Project/Band contract:

Used if you do not want to do business as a soloists. Used to regulate tax and legal matters within the band. Will include details such as: Distribution of income, Band name rights, Distribution of jobs, withdrawal of band members, fatalities + deaths, insurance, possession of instrument/equipment, voting rights within the group.

Transfer of Rights to musicians and singers contract:

You would use this contract if you hire external musicians and singers. This contract regulates fess and profit sharing if necessary alongside the rights granted to the individual’s musician or singer.

Contracts with Collection

Societies and Publishers (If you are a Composer or

lyricist):

Called a contract of Assignment. Collecting payment for the use of your song with a cut of 10% to the collection agency. Contract states who has copyright shares.

Record Deal:Rights of manufacturing, distribution and marketing of your music goes to the record company.

Distribution contracts:

A contract made between record labels and distributors i.e. distribution areas, recordings covered, release costs and payment, transactions with collection societies, protective rights and stock management.

Guest Performance Contracts (between

promoter and you (artist) or your manger/agent)

This contract states:- Location and length of performance- Fee and type of payment- Duties of the artist and promoter- Technical riders- Costs- Transport and logistics- Cancellation agreement and related fees- Insurance- Social security and collection society contributions.

Producer and Remix contracts

A contract made between major labels and producers to state: who is responsible for the recording and payment or share in the profits in the form of royalties.

Management and Agent contracts

(Managers and Booking agents are separate firms which work in your name)

How do Contracts Operate?

- When you sign up to a company and sign a legal document between parties.Who Issues contracts?

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How do Contracts Operate?

- When you sign up to a company and sign a legal document between parties.Who Issues contracts?

Tax + National Insurance Implications of being self – employed

If you are self employed you have to pay National Insurance contributions. If you earn over a certain amount you must pay 2.75 per week, which pays for your pension, maternity allowance, statutory sick pay etc.

Legally you have to keep records for your business and income you get. (Accountant) Then you fill in a tax return annually where 20% of your earnings go to the government in the form of Tax. You must keep invoices of your sales/purchases and receipts of your business expenses, which will be deducted from your earnings. Bank records must also be kept. If you do not keep accurate records you could end up with a large fine, bankruptcy or a prison sentence for fraud.

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3 main contracts: Management, Publishing, Recording

Management Contract

This is the most important contract as you are permitting someone else to represent you and paying him or her for the privilege.

What is stated is this contract?- Areas that your manager will represent you: Job expectations,

promotions, getting gigs etc.- Length of contract I.e. 1 year or more- Performance clauses: if your manager has not got you a

recording deal within a specified period.- Commission, earnings and cash flow: Commission is generally

20% afters costs have been deducted. (I.e. promotional videos, recording costs, manager costs to advance your career, travel, accommodation etc.)

- Management fees – around 15 – 20%: expenses (Office, travel, accommodation) of your earnings. (Merchandise sales and royalty fees can sometimes be in the contract but are often separate)

Publishing Contract

Between composers and songwriters and publishing companies.

Every time your song is played, you’re owed a royalty. I.e. Radio: A fee payable to you from PRS.

What is stated is this contract?- Length of Agreement -: 1 – 5 years- Assignment of Copyright: Up to 70 years after your death- Advances and Royalties: the publisher will pay you (Up to

70%/30% to the publisher)

Recording Contract

Legal agreement between a record label and a recording artist.

Once signed, you are obliged to record exclusively for a specific record label. If the record label commissions and pays for your recordings, they are the legal owner of these recordings (own copyright). Record companies put up hugh sums of money to produce, release and promote an album, (I.e. recording time, manufacturing, packaging, photos, distribution, marketing, music videos)

What is stated is this contract?- How many singles/albums per year you must release- How much you receive in advance I.e. all up front or at certain

milestones (Recording, delivery, mastering process)- Your royalty percentage I.e. 10 – 14 % of retail selling price as

royalty to the band.- Advances you get before record sales- Licensing details- Merchandising deals- Sponsorship deals- Termination of contract

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Contracts

Advantages Disadvantages1. The other party will promote you, your music and your band

1. Some parties get up to 20% of your earnings

2. Has contacts within the Music Industry that will benefit you

2. If you get a poor manager/representative, you are stuck in the contract for a certain time period

3. You do not have to do a lot of the administrative work

3. You must stick to the contract points or you will lose the manager or other party and therefore a lot of money will be lost and wasted

4. Job expectations are noted for you and third party making it very clear cut

4. A Band member who writes songs can get a lot more money than the other musicians and this can cause conflict within bands

5. If any part of the contract is broken by the other party, you can walk away6. Cash/advances up front which are then taken from your royalties once you start earning

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EMPLOYMENT in THE MUSIC INDUSTRY

Employment patterns

a) Full-time: Standard is 37-40 hours per week. Contract may include pension, paid holidays, sick leave, paid holidays. Will usually be long term.

b) Part-time: A contract as above but not full time. Can vary from 1 day to 4 days. Will usually be long term.

c) Freelance: Self employed – not committed to a particular employer long term. No long-term contract.

d) Self-employed: Working for yourself rather than a business or some one else.

e) Volunteers: Volunteers to relevant work for free to get your feet in the door. I.e. A general dogsbodyI.e. Universal Music UK – offers 20 interns a year and gives a year long placement. Volunteer at a festival, work experience or in a studio to show you are dedicated and pro-active rather than just having a theoretical knowledge.

Permanent versus casual

Permanent: Offers guaranteed work for a certain length of time and also job security

Advantage: Steady income/wage

Casual: Is not secure as it varies according to the work on offer but id does give flexibility and choice as to organising your time.

Disadvantage: Irregular income/wage

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