II

Guide to WDM Technology and Testing

III

621.396.2 681.327.8

32.81 32.889

. WDM. .:EXFO, 2001. / . . . .. , .. ,.. . / ..

WDM , WDM . , , WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing).

WDM, , , - WDM, , , .

EXFO, 2001

. .. , ..

IV

.....................................................................................................................IV

................................................................................................................VIII

........................................................X

- ......................................... 11.1 ............................................21.2 WDM ........................................................31.3 DWDM...................................................................................41.4 WDM ...............................................................................................................51.5 ..............................61.6 ..............................6

............................................................................................................................. 92.1 .......................................................................102.2 ...............................................................102.3 WDM ......................................................142.4 DWDM.......................................................................152.5 DWDM............................................................................16

2.5.1 ..........................................................................................................162.5.2 ....................................................................................................202.5.3 ........................................................................................................212.5.4 ........................................................................................................222.5.5 - OXC .............................................222.5.6 .......................................................................................232.5.7 ..................................................................242.5.8 ..............................................................252.5.9 / .......................................312.5.10 .......................................................................................322.5.11 ...........................................................................................40

2.6 WDM TDM ...........................................................................................422.6.1 .......................................................................422.6.2 ...............................................................................................43

WDM..................................................................... 453.1 ..............................................................................................463.2 .....................................................47

3.2.1 ................................................................................483.2.2 ..................................................................................533.2.3 .................................................................................................55

V

3.2.4 ....................................................................................................573.2.5 ...........................................................................................58

3.3 .............................................................................................583.3.1 ...................................................................................583.3.2 ................................................................613.3.3 ...................................653.3.4 .......................................................................................................66

3.4 ........................................................................................723.4.1 ......................................................................743.4.2 -..........................................................................................................763.4.3 ................................................................78

3.5 ...............................................................................................................783.5.1 .....................................................................................803.5.2 ....................................................................................813.5.3 ..............................................................................81

3.6 ...................................................................................................................813.7 .................................................................................823.8 .........................................................................................................833.9 .............................................................................................................833.10 ..................................................................................................................84

............................... 854.1 ................................................................................................................................864.2 .............................................874.3 .........................................................................88

4.3.1 ......................................................................884.3.2 .....................................................................884.3.3 ...................................................................................91

4.4 .....................924.4.1 /.................................................................924.4.2 ...................................................................................................1004.4.3 ......................................................................................1014.4.4 ..........................................................................................................1024.4.5 EDFA................................................................................................1024.4.6 .........................................................................................1104.4.7 ...........................................................................................................1114.4.8 ...............................................................................................................112

4.5 ................................................................................1194.6 ............................................................................1214.7 ...........................................................123

4.7.1 ........................................................................1234.7.2 ......................................................................................................123

VI

4.7.3 .....................................................................1244.7.4 PMD ........................................................................125

, WDM.............................. 1275.1. WDM ...........................................................128

5.1.1 ........................................................................................1295.1.2 ...............................................................................................1315.1.3 .........................................................................................1315.1.4 / .....................................................................................1325.1.5 .....................................................................................1345.1.6 .....................................................................1355.1.7 .......................................................1365.1.8 ........................................................................................1365.1.9 ........................................................................................1375.1.10 ............................................................................1375.1.11 ............................................................1385.1.12 ...............................................................................1395.1.12 WDM ....................................................................139

5.2. WDM..................................................................1405.2.1 .....................................................................1405.2.2 - ...................1415.2.3 .................................1425.2.4 .............1425.2.5 ......................................142

5.3 WDM ...........................................................1435.3.1 ........................................................................................................1435.3.2 ..........................................................................................................1445.3.3 .......................................................................................1455.3.4 ............................................................1465.3.5 ........................................................................1495.3.6 ........................................................151

5.4 WDM .............................................1525.4.1 / OSNR .........................................................................1535.4.2 .................................................................................................................1535.4.3 ..............................................................1545.4.4 .................................................................................1545.4.5 .........................................................................................1545.4.6 .......................................................................................................1545.4.7 ........................................................................................155

5.5 WDM..............................................................................1555.5.1 .......................................................................1555.5.2 RFTS .................................1565.5.3 ........159

DWDM................................................................ 1636.1 ?.................................................................................1646.2 ? ...........................................................164

VII

6.3 , DWDM................................................................................................................................................165

6.3.1 ITU .....................................1656.3.2 IEC ......................................168 IEC 86: ........................1696.3.3 TIA ........................172

6.4 .........................................................................................174

......................................... 1757.1 DWDM ..............................................................1767.2 DWDM ......................................................1777.3 , .................1797.4 ...........................................................180

............................................................................................................... 1818.1 ...............................................................1828.2 .......................................................................................................................1838.3 .............................................................................................................1838.4 ............................................................................................184

EXFO WDM ........................ 1879.1 .....................................1899.2 : .................................1949.3 ........................................................................................2029.4 ..............................................................................................................207

9.4.1 .......................................................................................................2079.4.2 .......................................................................209

9.5 .................214

........................................................................................................................ 2

.................................................................................................. 24

.................................................................................................... 31

............................................................... 37

VIII

, - , . , - .

WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) . . WDM - WDM .

EXFO " WDM". , , WDM DWDM (Dense WDM). WDM, , WDM, . WDM , WDM .

1 WDM. - WDM, - WDM .

2-5 WDM - : 2- ; 3- WDM; 4- -

WDM ; 5- ,

WDM. 6 WDM. , - WDM . - , .

WDM, - , - MAN (Metropolitan Access Network). 7- .

IX

8 WDM WDM .

9- WDM, .

(Andre Girard), Ph. D, Senior Member of Technical Staff

X

. , , . , , , . , - - . . , - . , , -. - () - , "-" . - , . , "" , - . "" , . ATM, IP, SDH (STM-16/64) . , - - . , - , WDM (WavelengthDivision Multiplexing). WDM , - , - . WDM - , . - , , WDM, WDM . WDM 1330 1550 . 4- , 8-10 1550 . - " " WDM DWDM (Dense WDM) 8, 16, 32, 64 . 0,8 . 192 .

XI

1 - , , - [1-4]. , - [1, 5-9]. - [10-12]. [1, 4, 10, 13, 14]. [12, 15]. , [14]. - , ( ) - . - . - WDM/DWDM. - WDM . . WDM , - WDM, , - . , , WDM DWDM. EXFO - . EXFO , , EXFO , - . EXFO . EXFO .

.. ,.. ,

..

1 , , (..)

XII

1

-

1

-

2

1.1

-. . , - , - , . -, .

1990- , . , -- . World Wide Web -, . (. 1.1).

, . TDM (Time Division Multiplexing). - . - WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing).

. 1.1. (, ).

1

-

3

1.2 WDM

WDM - () . . , , . WDM - (1 = 10-9 ), DWDM (Dense WDM). WDM , , , - . .

DWDM , EDFA (Erbium Doped FiberAmplifier). , 1530-1565 . EDFA - , .

TDM , , () . - (-). , ( - ), , . , () -.

, WDM , . - , . , - . , WDM TDM, - .

WDM 4 16 , SDH/SONET 2,5 /. DWDM . , - 1 /.

1

-

4

. . 1.2 WDM.

. 1.2. .

1.3 DWDM

DWDM 1996 , . DWDM . - , , DWDM, , .

CLEC (CompetitiveLocal Exchange Carrier) - DWDM - , , . ILEC(Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier) DWDM. - ILEC DWDM ILEC.

DWDM, - MAN (Metropolitan Area Networks). (DWDM MAN) - . , SDH/SONET, , ., , SDH/SONET. - .

1

-

5

IP DWDM (IP DWDM) , SDH/SONET.

DWDM , AON (All OpticalNetwork), . - DWDM .

, -, , . / OADM (Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer). . -OXC (Optical Cross Connect,), , - SDH/SONET. , , .

1.4 WDM

, . , - . , - . DWDM , . DWDM .

-, DWDM - . , - . , - EDFA (, L- 1565 1625 ), , - 1200 .

. 2,5 / 10 /. 40 / , - 1921 40 / .

1 CIENA, TT, 192

1

-

6

5 / ( 1000 -- ) . , , DWDM .

1.5

, . . DWDM - - . , , , OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) . TDM, - , . DWDM , , . ,

1

. 1.3. .

DWDM ( , - ), . -, , - .

.6

, , . , - .

1

-

7

. , , - . , - , .

, -. , . - , , - . - , . -- , , . , - , .

1

-

8

2

2

10

2.1

C WDM, , , . 2 TDM . WDM . 2 TDM WDM WDM 3.

2.2

, . .

TDM, . . (-), . , - , , , , , . . (. 2.1).

. 2.1 TDM -

-. -, .

TDM - 10 /. 10 / TDM

2

11

2,5 /. 10 / TDM. , . TDM 40 / . , , - . . 2.1 SDH/SONET.

2.1 .

SONET SDH

OC-3 STM-1 155 (155,52) /

OC-12 STM-4 622 (622,08) /

OC-48 STM-16 2,5 (2,48832) /

OC-192 STM-64 10 (9,9533) /

OC-768 STM-256 40 (39,813) /

, , . , . ( 0,1 ) 2,5 / (STM-16) 10 / (STM-64) - 16 . , , , . (G.652 ITU) 10 / 50-75 .

, . - FWM (Four-Wave Mixing), 3. , . (Chirp), , . . ,

2

12

, .

TDM . , (, ) . , , , .

FEC (Forward Error Correction) . FEC . . . FEC , , . , - ( , , , ..).

PMD (Polarization Mode Dispersion), , ( ). PMD - , SOP (State of Polarization) . , PMD . PMD .

, . 1999 40 / ( STM-256). , STM-256 2001 , 40/ 100 . STM-256 ADM (Add/Drop Multiplexing) -.

SDH/SONET, STM-16 STM-64 STM-256. , STM-256 . STM-256 . , .

2

13

. , , , ( ). , . , , , , . . , , . . , , . (. 2.2).

. 2.2

, TDM , IP, SONET/SDH, . TDM . TDM , . WDM TDM .

2

14

2.3 WDM

WDM , TDM. , , TDM, WDM ( ), .

WDM . WDM , , . , , , .. , .

WDM . , - ( ) . , . WDM .

WDM , . WDM. , , . 100 (~ 0,8 ) DWDM. , WDM 1550 . .

DWDM . -, . -, WDM , , , TDM STM-16.

TDM WDM , . WDM

2

15

, - .

2.4 DWDM

DWDM TDM. , , , . . , . / - (. 2.3).

. 2.3 WDM / -

DWDM TDM , DWDM . , DWDM TDM.

DWDM , , EDFA, /, (), , , , .

2

16

2.5 DWDM

DWDM , . ,, , .

, , , .. , DWDM. DWDM , , . ,, DWDM , BFT (Fused BiconicTapered Coupler), AWG (Array WaveguideGrating), . ( , ) .

, , . , . , , .

. DWDM , (, ) . , ( , , ..) .

2.5.1

- - . . , , , . - , . ( ), ( ).

2

17

DFB (Distributed Feed Back) 0 (1 ) . . , , . , , , .

, . . , , .

DWDM DFB- -. , (. 2.4). , ( 100 ). 40 (. 2.5). . -, .

. 2.4 DFB- . 2.5 DFB-

DFB- , , . DFB- : 0 40 .

2

18

. . , . , .

-(Mach-Zehnder) , . (LiNbO3) (InP) . , .

EDFA SOA (Semiconductor Optical Amplifier) , ( +17). +17 IIIb ( IEC 60825), 1M , , +20 .

DFB- . - ( ) , . , , . , ., , 1.

, WDM , WDM . , WDM ITU-T(International Telecommunications Union, ITU) SG15 , (Study Group 15 on TransportNetworks, Systems and Equipment). ITU-T G.692

1 . .

2

W

ITU 193100 . 50 . . 2.2 ITU.

2. 2. ITU

() () () () () ()197,1 1521,02 195,0 1537,40 192,9 1554,13197,0 1521,79 194,9 1538,19 192,8 1554,94196,9 1522,56 194,8 1538,98 192,7 1555,75196,8 1523,34 194,7 1539,77 192,6 1556,56196,7 1524,11 194,6 1540,56 192,5 1557,36196,6 1524,89 194,5 1541,35 192,4 1558,17196,5 1525,66 194,4 1542,14 192,3 1558,98196,4 1526,44 194,3 1542,94 192,2 1559,79196,3 1527,22 194,2 1543,73 192,1 1560,61196,2 1527,99 194,1 1544,53 192,0 1561,42196,1 1528,77 194,0 1545,32 191,9 1562,23196,0 1529,55 193,9 1546,12 191,8 1563,05195,9 1530,33 193,8 1546,92 191,7 1563,86195,8 1531,12 193,7 1547,72 191,6 1564,68195,7 1531,90 193,6 1548,51 191,5 1565,50195,6 1532,68 193,5 1549,32 191,4 1566,31195,5 1533,47 193,4 1550,12 191,3 1567,13195,4 1534,25 193,3 1550,92 191,2 1567,95195,3 1535,04 193,2 1551,72 191,1 1568,77195,2 1535,82 193,1 1552,52 191,0 1569,59195,1 1536,61 193,0 1553,33 190,9 1570,42

WDM DWDM . , , , , . 2, .2.06.

2 .

DM.

19

100 . ( = c , c=299792500 /).

() () () ()190,8 1571,24 188,7 1588,73190,7 1572,06 188,6 1589,57190,6 1572,89 188,5 1590,41190,5 1573,71 188,4 1591,26190,4 1574,54 188,3 1592,10190,3 1575,37 188,2 1592,95190,2 1576,20 188,1 1593,79190,1 1577,03 188,0 1594,64190,0 1577,86 187,9 1595,49189,9 1578,69 187,8 1596,34189,8 1579,52 187,7 1597,19189,7 1580,35 187,6 1598,04189,6 1581,18 187,5 1598,89189,5 1582,02 187,4 1599,75189,4 1582,85 187,3 1600,60189,3 1583,69 187,2 1601,46189,2 1584,53 187,1 1602,31189,1 1585,36 187,0 1603,17189,0 1586,20 186,9 1604,03188,9 1587,04 186,8 1604,88188,8 1587,88 186,7 1605,74

.

. 2.6.

2

20

. . . , , , . , , .

, . , , WDM .

2.5.2

. , . , , .

, . , . , . ( ), . , . . , TDM , .

: PIN- APD (Avalanche Photodiode). PIN- (5 ), . PIN- 10 / 40 /. , . ,

2

21

, PIN-.

( A/W ), ( , - ), , , . . , , . , , .

2.5.3

, , EDFA (. 2.7).

. 2.07.

. 2.8-a

. 2.8-b. (1

2

22

WDM. ( ) , "" EDFA (.2.8-.). , EDFA . : , , , , . 2.8-b.

2.5.4

WDM , .

- , . WDM3.

. , - NxN, N . . - OXC(Optical Cross Connect), 4.

1xN , . .

2.5.5 - OXC

. , (,) , . -.

, .

3 . .

4 . .

2

23

MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) . , , ( 80 ) .

- , , , ( , ).

, .

/

/ (Addressable Add/Drop Device) DWDM. , . / , , . AWG. - OXC .2.9. , , . , .

. 2.9 i

2

24

2.5.6

WDM . , . , , , , . WDM 1310 1550 , 980 1480 1550 , , EDFA.

2.5.7

WDM . , ( ). , - ( ). .

, . 2.10. , , . DCD (Dispersion Compensation Devices) , . DCD , DCF (DispersionCompensating Fibers) , DCG (DispersionCompensating Gratings).

. 2.10. , ,

2

25

2.5.8

WDM . () ( ) . , , MUX ( OM). DEMUX ( OD). TDM, , , WDM , .

. 2.11.

. , , , , , ( ).

100 (~0,8 ), WDM. 50 . , . DWDM MUX/DEMUX, -, .

2

26

, , , .

, . - . ( ) . , , (. 2.12).

. 2.12 1 , 2 , 3

. , , . , , . , , , .

2

27

, ( ) . , . , . , , , , (. 2.13).

. 2.13

WDM 16- 32- . .

, , , . , (), . , . , , , .

. 2.14

1 2 3 4

2

28

, ( ), . .

, . , , .

, , / (. 2.15).

. 2.15 /

/ . DWDM . (. 2.15, ). , (. 2.15, ). . , .

- .

, EDFA, .

2

29

, , , . , (. 2.16).

. 2.16

, . , . . .

, . , , . .

2

30

. . , . .

. , . , , , , DWDM.

( 100) AWG (Arrayed Waveguide Gratings), . 2.17.

. 2.17 AWG

, , . N , . N , , , . , .

AWG , () (. 2.17) () . DWDM. , .

AWG (DragonRouters), .

2

31

FBT (Fused Biconic Tapered) , . , , . , , . , . , .

(. 2.18), , -. . , . .

. 2.18

, ( ), . , .

, , WDM DWDM - . , .

2.5.9 /

. , , . / OADM (Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer), , (. 2.19).

2

32

. 2.19 /

/ , 2.5.8. , SDH WDM. /, .

2.5.10

, EDFA (Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier) . EDFA , , , (. 2.20). DWDM .

. 2.20 EDFA

EDFA , . . EDFA

,

,

(

0.1

)

2

33

1525 1565 . 40 DWDM.

, , , , , . , EDFA "" , , ( ) . EDFA , ATM IP , . DWDM. , EDFA , ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission). EDFA . , . EDFA , ( ) ( ) . OC-48 (STM-16) DWDM , DWDM. DWDM .

CATV, (""). FTTH (Fiber to the Home). CATV FTTB(Fiber to the Building) FTTC (Fiber to the Curb), . , CATV, / , . CATV , . .

FTTH , , . . , CATV "", .

EDFA 1570 1605 (L-). LWEDFA (Long WavelengthEDFA).

2

34

EDFA (. 2.21). , . EDFA . , . EDFA, , .

. 2.21 EDFA

EDFA 980 1480 . , . . , EDFA 980 , 1480 , DWDM. , 1480 . , , , . EDFA , .

0,2 / 1550 +16 , 80 0 (1 ) ( , . .). 0, 80 16 . - , , 80 . , , . 1310 , 1550 , , .

1980- (Payne) (Laming) (University of Southampton) , . . :

2

35

1550 .

EDFA 1480 980 (.2.22).

. 2.22 EDFA (DCD , dispersioncompensation device)

(. 2.22-) . ( , . 2.23). (. 2.22-b) . , (, . 2.23).

1480 , 980 . . 1480 , , 980 .

2

36

EDFA , ( , . 2.23), +16 . ( , . 2.23) 5-6. EDFA (980 1480 ) +26 . ( ) : , ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission) .

. 2.23. EDFA

EDFA - (. 2.23).

( , . 2.23) () . .

( , . 2.23) . , , .

( , . 2.23) . . .

EDFA (. 2.24).

2

37

. 2.24. EDFA

EDFA 1535 1540 1560 . 20 EDFA, DWDM.

, EDFA 40 . , EDFA . LWEDFA, , 1610 . DWDM DWDM.

EDFA , . ASE EDFA, . , , EDFA (. 2.22-d).

EDFA . . , . 1525-1560 , , EDFA , (. .2.25).

2

38

. 2.25- EDFA

. 2.25-b EDFA

EDFA . EDFA , .

EDFA, . , , , .

, . , PDFFA (Praseodymium Doped Fluoride-based Fiber Amplifier) 1310 . PDFFA , , EDFA. PDFFA , , EDFA. 1310 , 1550 , (. . 2.26), 1310 .

, , , , . - . .

2

39

, PDFFA .

. 2.26.

, . , TDFFA (ThuliumDoped Fluoride-based Fiber Amplifier) : 1460 1650 . , . .

( ) . . (Raman amplifiers) EDFA. ( 300 ), EDFA . , , DWDM , . , , . , , , .

SOA (Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers). ( , , ). , , ( 5-6 , EDFA, ). , SOA

2

40

, DWDM . , SOA .

SOA, PDFFA, , .

, . , . , , SOA .

2.5.11

, , - . , . , 1310 (G.652 ITU), . 1980- 80 . DWDM, , .

G.652 1310 , 1550 (18/*). , EDFA (1550 ). , DWDM G.652 . , 1550 .

(G.653 ITU), 1550. , 1310 , 1550 , . , DWDM. , - .

2

41

DWDM. DWDM , - . FWM , 1550 . , FWM , DWDM , 1550 . , ITU.

. 2.27.

. 2.28.

, FWM, , EDFA (1530-1565 ) (.2.28) (G.655 ITU). EDFA G.655 , ( 3 /* 1530 0,7 /* 1560 ). ,

2

42

FWM 2,5 / 1000 . G.655 DWDM.

FWM DWDM . , ITU.

, , . , , , .

2.6 WDM TDM

WDM TDM . , , , , .

2.6.1

, TDM , . TDM - , . -. DAMA (Demand Assignment MultipleAccess). - . , ). , TDM , , - . TDM , .

WDM , , TDM. WDM - , . WDM Ethernet (10/100/1000/), , . WDM -, TDM.

2

43

2.6.2

TDM . . , , -, , . , . , , , , .

T/, 1 (1 /). , , TDM - . TDM - , - . , .

WDM , TDM, , . , . , , WDM . TDM, , WDM . WDM , , .

, DWDM, , TDM DWDM . DWDM , , . , , 4.

2

44

3

WDM

3

WDM

46

3.1

DWDM, , - . DWDM . , -. DWDM .

, - TDM, -, . 3.1.

. 3.1 , TDM

, , . , . PMD , ( ) , . , : , , RIN (Relative Intensity Noise) BER (Bit Error Rate).

WDM, . 3.2.

: , - EDFA, -. : () , , ( ). , : ASE, EDFA, , FWM ( ). , , --, . 3.2). WDM , , -

3

WDM

47

. , , WDM , .

. 3.2 WDM - -

, , WDM.

3.2

MUX , . 3.3. . 4 , 7 -, 13 16- .. , . DWDM .

. 3.3 -

3

WDM

48

DEMUX . , -, , . , DEMUX , , MUX ( -). , . - . , DEMUX , . - .

3.2.1

/ . - , . 3.4. :

. 3.4 /

1.

- , -/. - : 2lowerupper + . , ( 3 ). - ..

- ( ) . - , . - . . 3.5.

3

WDM

49

. 3.5 , -

- . , ITU (. 2.2, 2).

2.

- WDM. -, . ITU 100 .

, FWM, . -. , .

3. 3 ( , 5,0 , 20 )

( , , , ), . , 3 FWHM (Full Width at Half Maximum). . , .

, -, . 3.6. ( 20 30 ) DWDM. , .

3

WDM

50

. 3.6

. 3.7 -

( ) .

- FOM (Figure of Merit), . . , , , -, .

4. FEXT (Far-End Crosstalk)

, - i . . ( - ) .

- , . , - , . , . ( ) - . i i :

)()(

lg10minijout

iiin

iji PP

Isolation

=

,

)( iiinP i , )( ijoutP i , j ( j i ).

3

WDM

51

, 30 , 30.

- i :

= ij

ijoutiiini PPCrosstalk )()(lg10

. 3.8 A, B C. B; B . B B, A. , . , ( ). - , , , - . AWG, .

. 3.8 3-

. 3.9 8- . , . , - , . , .

3

WDM

52

. 3.9 8-

- WDM, . 25 . , . . , , - , .

5. ( - , . 3.10)

DWDM- . , -. - . - .

. 3.10 . -

, . 3.10. .

3

WDM

53

- . ( ) ( loss ). , , - DWDM-.

6.

/.

3.2.2

- . , - . - , .

, - , , , , . , - , - , .

, - . - , . . -, -. .

, PDL

, PDL (Polarization Dependent Loss) . (. 3.11) . ( ) , PDL , - .

3

WDM

54

. 3.11 -/

PDL , , . PDL . PDL 0,1 .

, , - (. 3.12), , PDL.

. 3.12 -/

PMD (Polarization Mode Dispersion) - - . - . , (. 3.13). , , PDL , , BER -, , CATV. PMD

3

WDM

55

, L , . - PMD ( ) -

LKPMD PMD= ,

PMDK PMD (/). PMDK PMD

1 .

- , , , -/. PMD ().

. 3.13 PMD: ( ) -

3.2.3

IL (Insertion Loss) -

( )outin PPIL lg10= , inP outP . - . DWDM . , .

DWDM- . . 3.14 DWDM . -

3

WDM

56

ITU, ( ), .

. 3.14 /

, - . , - . - . , , ITU .

. - - . , . - .

. . . , PDL, . - . - (, ). - . IL PDL .

, , IL .

3.2.4

3

WDM

57

(Directivity), - NEXT (Near-End Crosstalk), - (. 3.15). .

. 3.15 1

- . , .

. . 3.15 . 1 , . ( ) . . - , -. i - :

)()(

lg10minijout

iiin

iji PP

yDirectivit

=

,

)( iiinP i , i , )( ijoutP i ,

j .

3

WDM

58

3.2.5

(, - ) , - , - . - : - . . . . 75 1550 , . - (, .) , - .

:

.

, DWDM, - , - / . .

. - . - MPI (Multipath Interference).

, EDFA , - - .

55 - 50 .

3.3

, WDM - , - .

3.3.1

, , , . , , , . -

3

WDM

59

, . , . 3.16.

.3.16

- . , - , , . , - , .

, , . ( , - ), , , . - , . - .

, , - . 0 - . 1310 . .

- . , , , , .. .

WDM, -, (. ITU-T G.653). 0

3

WDM

60

0S , 0 , . 3.17. , 0 . 0S 0 .

. 3.17 : 0 0S -

chr ( ) -

LDchr = )( ,

)(D (/(*)) , L (). , .

. 3.18 (1) (2) .

. 3.18 ( .)

3

WDM

61

:

;

(.. ).

:

;

.

:

;

.

WDM (. ITU-T G.652) , 1550 .

3.3.2

. , . , - , . , - , . 3.19. , - , . , , . , , .. - , , .

. 3.19 PMD -,

3

WDM

62

, .

- - , , , . , - . , - ( -) . PMD , , - . ( .) , . - , - , .

, ( , , - ).

, , - PSP (Principal State of Polarization). , - . - DGD (Differential Group Delay), . PMD DGD - , . 3.20.

. 3.20 DGD, , - PMD

, PMD, , PMD - . - , , . 3.21. , -

3

WDM

63

, .

. 3.21 (0, 1) ,

PMD , . 3.22.

. 3.22 PMD

PMD , , . PMD , :

21

1

2

=

=

N

nntotal PMDPMD

, , 9 10 PMD 0,2 , PMD 2 , PMD 2,088 . . . , PMD, PMD.

3

WDM

64

PMD :

( );

( - );

( - ).

PMD ( -, , , EDFA, 40 ). PMD , ( ). PMD , . -, , - PMD, , . 3.23.

. 3.23 1 (- ) , -

PMD WDM , . ITU-T G.652 ( 1980- 80 ). - , . ITU-T G.653, G.654 G.655, PMD .

PMD, , ITU, . 3.24. PMD /.

3 WDM

65

. 3.24 PMD

PMD 99,994% - 0,1 - 1 (/)

PMD () PMD 400 (/)

2,5 40 2,0

10 10 0,520 5 0,25

40 2,5 0,125 . 3.25 PMD . - (.. ).

. 3.25 , PMD

, PMD , - . , PMD , . PMD - .3.3.3 PMD , - , - . 10 /, , . PMD - PMD . ( -

3 WDM

66

). , PMD - . PMD , , PMD . PMD . PMD . DGD PMD , . PMD - DGD . PMD - .

. 3.26 PMD - (. ., DGD)

3.3.4 ( ). -. . . . , - - - . - . , WDM c - . , - ( ) . -

3 WDM

67

, - , .

. 3.27

, E - P , 2n - effA , :

[ ]dztzPizEdzzE )2),(2(exp)()( ++=+ , , , , ))(2( 2 effAn . , , MFD (Mode Field diameter):

2MFDAeff =

(. ITU-T G.653) (. ITU-T G.655) effA 50-602, (. ITU-T G.652) 80 2. effL ( ~ effL1 ), , effA . -

effL 20 .

. ( - ) ( ).

() ( ) . :

3 WDM

68

( );

( -).

, , :

Innn 20 += ,

0n , 2n n2 - ((23)10-16 2/ ), I - . , ,: ;

; -

. -

- - , .. - , ., , () ( ). - , ., 1525 , - . ITU-T G.653, 10,7 (+0,085 ) 60 . . ITU-TG.652 11 (+0.088 ) 30 . SBMS , - 6 . - . (~50 ) 1 , (30-60 ).

3 WDM

69

. 3.28 - 11 ()

() ( - 10-12 /), -. . 1550 10 15 , 100 . ( 7 55 ). WDM - .

.3.29 ()

. (- ). , - . WDM , .

3 WDM

70

: ; ( - ); . WDM .G.652 ( 1310 ) , 1550 (. ITU-T G.653) - (. ITU-T G.655). - . : ; ; .

, - . CPM (Cross-Phase Modulation) , , . , , , CPM : ; ; WDM, .

FWM (Four-Wave Mixing) - WDM. i , j , k

kji . . -:

2/)1(2 NN

N , . , WDM 24 , 16- 1920!, . 3.30.

3 WDM

71

.

. 3.30.

: ; ; ( ,

). , (. G.653). (. G.655), - . . : ; . DWDM, (. G.652) 1550 , - . - (. G.653) FWM .

3 WDM

72

3.4 EDFA DWDM. EDFA - , . EDFA - . EDFA , . , - - - EDFA . - , , , . - . , , . , - . (. 3.31), , -. , , , , .

. 3.31

G ( ) outP inP , ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission)

( )[ ])(/)()(lg10 cincASEcout PPPG = )( coutP c ; )( cASEP ; )( cinP - .

3 WDM

73

, . 3.32. - (, >30 EDFA < 20 ). . . 3 .

. 3.32 EDFA

( EDFA >3 ) . , , ( 1). , ( 3 ) - . - , . DWDM- - . - , . . , . - , () , .

3 WDM

74

- . PDG (Polarization Dependent Gain) . , , . EDFA - , , , - . , -. (. . 3.32). (, ) - , , , . , ( ), -. DWDM. . ( ) , - , /. .3.4.1 ASE. ASE - . - . ASE. - (.. -) , . - . , . 3.33.

3 WDM

75

1N 3N , - 2N . ( 12 NN ) 1550 , .

. 3.33 EDFA

( 10 )., - , . . EDFA (. 3.34) , - ( ) . () ASE. ASE .

. 3.34 (z, z+z) - ASE

, )(inN )(outN , ASE :

ASEinout PGNN += )()(

ASE . (. . 3.35).

3 WDM

76

. 3.35 ASE 1

3.4.2 -- NF (Noise Figure) / . - . / - , ASE, . / : ; - ( ); - ( ); ; ( ) . - , , , , - . , .. . N , 21N ( - ). ASE -- - (ASE-ASE , ), -

1 , ( 0 3.35) - , , . , . . .

3 WDM

77

. ASE , . - , . , - . EDFA ASE (-, 1 ) , , . 3.36. - .

. 3.36 - ; ASE - ASE

- (ASE- ) - ASE. ASE , , , . - - EDFA.- NF ( ), - , ASEP c ( . 3.37ASEP ), G

B ( ) :

=

BhGPNFc

cASE

)()(

lg10

- - , - .

3 WDM

78

. 3.37 - ASE

3.4.3 MPI (MultiPath Interference) - EDFA, -. - - ( ), RIN , . EDFA - , -, .., MPI . - . . - . - MPI - :

)()()( = inoutMPI SNRSNRNF ,

, inSNR outSNR / . , . -, .. - , 3 - 980 .

3.5 DWDM - . EDFA. , . - . WDM -. , -

3 WDM

79

, . - .

. 3.38 LED, - DFB-

DWDM . - , , -/. , , . . (-) , , - DWDM. , . , - , -, ( ). - - . . , . - -, . , , -. , , ( , )

3 WDM

80

. . . DFB- 0,1 / 0,01 /; 0,002 /, 0,001 /. -, 40 - . , EDFA . , , ( - ). . : - .3.5.1 . (). . , DWDM, - , , . , - BER - , . , , - . LED LD, - , - WDM. , 2,5/, ., , -, , . , , - , . , , .. .

3 WDM

81

3.5.2 - . ( , - ) , . - , , . , . 2,5 / . (/) .3.5.3 , ITU. - , - , .

3.6 , - - . BER, . BER, , , , .

. 3.39 BER ( 10-9)

3 WDM

82

, BER . , , , - . , , , - ( ), - .

3.7 , - . , - . , - . , , (-) . ,. 3.40. - , .

. 3.40

- , - . , .

3 WDM

83

3.8 . - . /. -, , , , - , : ; ; , ; ; ; ; .

3.9 WDM , , EDFA, . , . , , , : ; ; ; , ; ; ; ; .

3 WDM

84

3.10 , - , DFB-. - - . : , , -

20 . - (), 3 .

( 1 ), 35 () 60 () - .

PMD. - , PMD( 50 100 ). , PMD, , - .

, PDL, .

( , - ).

, DWDM, DWDM, , . - , , . . , - , . , .

4

4

86

4.1 , - , . - , DWDM , . , - DWDM. DWDM : ( ); ( ); - (, ); ( ,

); ; /; -; ; . DWDM -, , .

. 4.1

, , . -

4

87

, - , . 4.1. , . , - , . -, , , .

4.2 , . , . - - , , , 40 . , . , -, ( , LED ASE) , WDM. , . ASE -. , . ECL (External Cavity Laser). (- ) , 120 . ECL , - . -, . ECL . - , , - EDFA . , ECL ( -65 ).

4

88

, -, . 4.2.

. 4.2

4.3 WDM . - - , ., , - . , , . , .4.3.1 -, . . ( InGaAs). . ( ) , - , .4.3.2 . 4.3 (a, b, c) , - .

0

900700 800 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800

4

89

. (- ), - . , - , () .

. 4.3, a. - .

(. 4.3, b) , . , , . .

. 4.3, b.

(. 4.03, c) , - . - ( ).

4

90

. 4.03, c. -,

: -

. -, , , , - 50 .

-.

RBW (Resolution Bandwidth) , - DWDM. RBW - .

. , -, , . OSA, , . - DWDM. - : . . - OSA . - . (, ECL ) - . , OSA, - ,

4

91

, OSA . , ( , ). , , .4.3.3 . , , . 4.3, a. - - . , - . , . OSA, . -, , - ( ) , OSA ( OSA ). , . - , - - (He-Ne). , (-, 0,005 ), - , , 80- WDM. ( 30 ), - DWDM, . , - - OSA. , .

4

92

4.4 - DWDM , . 4.4. - () .

. 4.4 OSA

. -/ , , , - . , - .4.4.1 / DWDM, , , , , , . -/ ( - ).

. 4.5 -/. / ASE, . , OSA, - . , - OSA.

4

93

(OSA RBW) -. -, 1xN. - .

. 4.5 ASE - OSA ( )

PDL

OSA , (PDL). . - PDL. - . , .

. 4.6 PDL

PDL -, OSA , .4.6. - . OSA - , .

4

94

, PDL 2-5 . DWDM (, ) PDL . - - .

. 4.7 PDL -

PDL DWDM , - PDL, - . PDL , . PDL -

S . ( 3210 ,,, SSSS ) , - ,. 4.8.

. 4.8

4

95

DWDM . 44 M :

MSS =

S , S . - PDL - . ( 0, 90, 45, ) () . . - (transmission coefficient) ( ). PDL( ) :

( )maxminlg10 TTPDL = . - , PDL . - . - ( 4.5), . 4.9.

. 4.9 -

4

96

- PDBW(Polarization Dependent Bandwidth). ,. 4.10.

. 4.10

minmax BWBWPDBW =

PDBW . - . PDCW(Polarization Dependent Central Wavelength) - , . 4.11. PDCW (1 ), - DWDM.

. 4.11

DWDM, ASE, - , - .

4

97

( ) OSA /. - , . , - , 0,001 , . 4.12, a. , ; , OSA , . 4.12, b. .

. 4.12 :) OSA b)

ORL (Optical Return Loss) , , OCWR (Optical Continuous Wave Reflectometer). - - ; . , , ORL. , - ORL 70 .ORL . , - , ( ASE); OSA , . 4.13. - - OSA ORL 40 .

4

98

. 4.13 ORL

, . - . . 4.14 .

. 4.14 , ASE OSA,

(, - 0,1 ), , OSA, . 4.15. - ( 0,01 ) - . (~ 100).

4

99

. 4.15 -

-, . , . 4.16, - TLS (Tunable Laser Source). - , . , . (. ), .

. 4.16 PDL

- , - ( ) , . TLS (, ) 65 . , ORL PDL .

4

100

-.

PMD : JME (Jones Matrix Eigenanalysis), PSA (Poincar Sphere Analysis), WSFA (Wavelength-Scanning/Fixed-Analyzer) - IM (Interferometric Method). JME PSA - () DGD . IM WSFA PMD . (, - ), , - PMD .4.4.2 , -, . 4.17.

. 4.17

. , - . , - . , , . , , .

4

101

4.4.3 WDM, - (, , ) -. . . 4.18 - - . - 41 .

. 4.18

:1. ,

, .2. . -

, . - , , - , .

3. (L-I) , , - ( ). .

PDL (. 2) , ITU-T, - ( ). - ( ).

4

102

-, ITU. - .4.4.4 - , . p-i-n - , , . , ( -, - ), , . . 4.19 . .

. 4.19 -

4.4.5 EDFA , EDFA, DWDM, . , . -, , . . , , . 4.20.

. 4.20

4

103

EDFA, / . - EDFA ( ), PMD, PDL PDG (Polarization Dependent Gain). EDFA, - . EDFA ( InGaAs Ge ), - +25 . 1550 , - . . 30 , - , , - 3 . , . - , , . -. , , . EDFA , OSA . , , . , , - . , EDFA , .. . - (LED ASE ) OSA. - , . . 4.21.

. 4.21

4

104

EDFA , -, . - ORL . EDFA, , . 4.22,.

. 4.22 ORL

(, ASE), OSA 21 , . 4.22, b. EDFA, , , EDFA. EDFA . EDFA , , EDFA , - . , . , , . . 4.23 . , - , , , . - . OSA. - EDFA . : , . EDFA. , - : ,

4

105

. , : , , . - EDFA, - .

. 4.23 OSA EDFA

, . 4.24, EDFA .

. 4.24 , EDFA

, ( - 4% 13.9 ), (EDFA) , , . / 1 .- EDFA , : - . -

4

106

- , , (ASE), . - , , , . . : , (Time-domain Extinction). . . ASE ASE , . 4.25.

. 4.25 - EDFA

ASE , ASE , - -. , -, , . ASE , , :

SSEASEtotsASEamp PGPP = )(

ASEampP ASE s , ASEtotP () ASE, G EDFA SSEP ASE .

, , - . SSE (Source SpontaneousEmission), - . , -

4

107

, ASE EDFA , . , SSE , , . - ; - (ASE) , . 4.26.

. 4.26 - EDFA

SSE - ASE. , , PMD. , , - , EDFA, . ASE . , -, ASE , . 4.27.

. 4.27 - EDFA

(~ 10 ), . , , -, .

4

108

- EDFA; . , - RIN (Relative Intensity Noise), - , . 4.28.

. 4.28 (RIN)

RIN - - . , , , - -, - ESA (Electrical Spectrum Analyzer), . 4.29.

. 4.29 RIN - EDFA

- , , - RIN, . 4.30. RIN MPI (Multipath Interference), . , - . RIN ,

4

109

.

. 4.30 RIN EDFA

PMD, , EDFA, . - LED 1531 ,. 4.31. MPI, - - ( ).

. 4.31 PMD, , - PMD

MPI - . ( -) MPI. , , , - -. EDFA MPI , , - . - . (0 ) .

4

110

PDG (Polarization Dependent Gain) PDL ( -) , . 4.32. .

. 4.32 EDFA

EDFA : - . - , , , 4.33.

. 4.33 2x2

4.4.6 /, , , , - . - , . 4.34. ASE . 7-8 . - .

4

111

. 4.34 -

4.4.7 , - , ASE, - . . , , - . , -, ASE OSA. PDL , 1550 ( DWDM), , . 4.35.

. 4.35 PDL

, , , - . - , , , PMD. -, - . PMD /, . 4.36.

4

112

. 4.36 PMD

- , , .4.37.

. 4.37 PDL

4.4.8

, , (). , 1550 , . 4.38.

. 4.38

. , . , - . ,

4

113

. , .

PMD , . -. : . - , : - (JME) (PSA). PMD: - DGD. , - JME.

, . 4.39.

. 4.39

. . - , . , - ,. 4.40.

4

114

. 4.40

. - PMD. - PMD ( ). : PMD

. . , -

, - .

.

, .

- .

.

PMD , - -, . 4.41. , ( DWDM 1550 ), PMD . - PMD , -. , . OSA.

4

115

. 4.41 PMD

PMD . , , . , . / , , . , . , . . - , , . PMD , . , - PMD . , (- ). , , 5C.PMD . . . , () , -, , . 4.42. , PMD - -. . PMD

4

116

/ /. PMD , : , .

. 4.42 PMD

, PMD . ( ) (. 4.43):

>=< 43

>< PMD - , , .

. 4.43 PMD ,

- , - L>< / /. , -. . -

4

117

, / PMD1 , 5 10%. PMD 0.1 - 20-25%. - PMD. PMD . PMD - ( ) , .PMD ( 2PMD ), PMD , :

3/)(2 2212 = PMDcPMD

1PMD PMD , c ., PMD 0,5 / - 0,15 /(). PMD

. -

. . . . .

PMD , , PMD. PMD , - , PMD. : JME PSA. - WDM . (-) .

4

118

JME , - PSA . EXFO PSA - , JME. , , , - . , - DGD ( ). JME , , PSA ( EXFO) . , / . . (.. ) . . , .. , . DGD ( ) , , . DGD , . - - ( ) ( ) , . 4.44. , .

. 4.44 DGD , JME PSA (-)

PMD DGD .

4

119

. PMD /

/ DGD (~0.01 ) - .

.

.

-. ,

. ( )

. PMD

( ) . -. PMD PDL . ,

- .

JME, - -. ., PSA - . . - DGD PSA , . - PMD -, .

4.5 - , , -, . DWDM-.

4

120

() , - . , . - , 60 . - . : , , , , , , , - , PDL. PDL - . - PDL . () . , - 32, 64 - . -. - . , , , /, (-) , DWDM-. : . ,

, . - .

. - . ( -) ASE.

WRM (Wavelength Reference Module). . : , , -, ORL.

. , WRM. , - WRM. -

4

121

. - OSA.

(PSA). PSA - (SOP). SOP , , PDL - . , PDL, .

. PDL . , .

. . , , . - .txt , . - , , - , , .

4.6 -, , : , , . - . -.- , -, - , . . . - : , , - - . - (, -), . , .

4

122

EDFA, , . , -. , -, . , , (, - ). , - , - , ASE, . - . -: OSA, . EDFA . , WDM, , . , , - - , , . , - , , . - . , , . . / - , .

4

123

4.7 , - . -, . , , , . , , . - . DWDM .4.7.1 Optical Loss Test Set (OLTS), DWDM, 1525 1565 . , , . OSC (Optical Supervisory Channel): 1480 , 1510 1625 , - . - DFB . 1625 , - , . , .4.7.2 (OTDR) - 1625 1. 1625 , - . , - 1625 , DWDM EDFA . , - 1625 , DWDM . - 1625 , , -, - , . 4.45.

1 , ITU 5- L- (Long) 1565-1625 , 6- U- (Ultra-long) 1625-1675 . (. .)

4

124

. 4.45

4.7.3 ORL . WDM . : , , , . ,, /, ORL . - , , , . DFB-, . , - ORL . - . . : ORL . ORL , , - . -, . , ( 0,1 ) / ORL. - OSA -. ORL: , ,. 4.46.

4

125

. 4.46 ORL

4.7.4 PMD , PMD - , . , , , , . PMD . , , PMD . , - DGD, PMD, PMD . - /, BER. PMD . , PMD , , . , - , . . -, - . -, - , / . :

4

126

PMD :

( ) 21222121 PMDPMDPMD +=+ 21+PMD PMD , 1PMD 2PMD - - PMD ., PMD 40 2,5 (0,4 /). 40- , PMD 1,5 (0,24 /), 3 (0,47 /), 80 3,35 (0,37 /). , , , - ., PMD 2 (0,32 /), - 4 (0,63/1/2), 80 4.47 (0,50 /), -, . , - . : , , ., PMD - , 10 / . PMD - , - , , , PMD. EDFA , - , PMD. PMD . ; - . - , PMD . . DWDM . . , , , . , , (, PDL). - , - , , . - , , .

5

, WDM

5, WDM

128

WDM . WDM . , , . WDM. WDM . , , , , . . , . WDM, , , . , , WDM, , , WDM.

5.1. WDM . , WDM , . , , , , . WDM : . , . , . . . , 40 2,5 / (STM-16) 100 /. . ITU-T 100 ( 0,8

5, WDM

129

). 50 ( 0,4 ) 25 . () 2,5 / (STM-16) 10 / (STM-64). . EDFA. EDFA ( 40 ) 30-40 . . , , . WDM, .5.1.1 BER (Bit Error Rate), 103 1012 . , BER. WDM BER . - , . 5.1. , ?

. 5.1 -

, . , BER. , , .

5, WDM

130

. 5.1.. 5.1 -

(P1)

3

-5 , ..

-

-1 ST-,

-0,25 -20

-1 ST-,

() -27,25

, (P2=P1-)

-24,25

(N) -40

(P2-N)

15,75

, , , , BER. , . 15,75 . 10 . , - ; , . , , . . BER . 5.2.

5, WDM

131

. 5.2 BER

5.1.2 . . ,, . . . .5.1.3 - , . , - , . , . . , . , DWDM, . , / . EDFA . .

5, WDM

132

. ORL (Optical Return Loss) - , . :

)/lg(10 refin PPORL = inP , refP . ORL . , ., , 1 , 1 , 30 . ORL ,, . (, . .)

)/lg(10 inref PPK = refP , ( !), inP . , , , . , , . , , 1 , 1 , 30 . , , .5.1.4 / BER , , WDM, /. / OSNR (Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio) WDM . OSNR, .

5, WDM

133

, BER / OSNR . OSNR BER. , OSNR, , BER. WDM OSNR. OSNR . 5.3. 40 . OSNR. OSNR , EDFA . EDFA OSNR 3-7 . OSNR 20 .

. 5.3. . SNR .

. , ( , ), EDFA . - ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission) EDFA. , EDFA , , . , . ASE / , . - , , ,, .

5, WDM

134

OSNR () WDM . . 5.3, :

[ ])/lg(10)/lg(10min rmiii BBNPOSNR +=: iP i - , rB ( ), 0,1 , iN ( ) mB i - :

2)]()([ ++= iii NNN

, . / . . / , .5.1.5 . EDFA , , . 5.4. / , . . , . .

. 5.4. EDFA

5, WDM

135

5.1.6 . . , , . . , , . 5.5.

. 5.5 50

DWDM , , . 100 ( 0,8 ). , . DWDM 50 . DWDM . DFB (Distributed Feedback), , . DWDM. , DWDM. SDH , . DWDM SDH. DFB ( ,

5, WDM

136

DWDM ). STM-16 DFB.5.1.7 . - . . 5.6 , 12 . , .

. 5.6

, . , . , .5.1.8 . . (, , ) . 4.4.1. , . 25 , . 5.7. 17 , 13 .

5, WDM

137

. 5.7 ( )

, , . , . , .5.1.9 , , . , 3.3.4. , .5.1.10 FWM, - . , , . 5.8.

. 5.8. -

5, WDM

138

FWM , . FWM , . FWM , . , , . , .5.1.11 , , PMD (Polarization Mode Dispersion) : - , , , .5.9. , PMD :

>

5, WDM

139

( L >> cL ), . PMD :

LKPMD PMD=

PMDK PMD, /. PMD PMD 1 . PMD , 80- . , , PMD . , , . PMD. , 80- , , STM-64.5.1.12 , . . , , .5.1.12 WDM - , : , :

(); ();

, : (); (); ();

, : DGD (); , PDL ();

/ (), , WDM;

3 4.

5, WDM

140

5.2. WDM WDM . WDM , . , WDM. , . SDH , , WDM, . , . /, , , WDM. - , . WDM , ,, , . : ; ( ); ; ; .5.2.1 - WDM. , . 1310 1550 , . . ( , ),

5, WDM

141

. (STM-64), , , - .5.2.2 - , . - , .. . , , . , , . , , , . / OSNR . OSNR DWDM OSA, OSNR . WDM , , , . , , . , , , /, , , , , , , () . 5.3.

5, WDM

142

5.2.3 , . , , / . WDM , , . () WDM (/) () (/), DCC (Data Communications Channel), LAN (Local Area Network) OSC (OpticalSupervisory Channel). , , 5.4. . , , . . , . RFTS (Remote Fiber Test System), 5.5.5.2.4 , , . , . , (, , ) . (ITU ) , , , , .5.2.5 . WDM -, SDH. , / OADM,

5, WDM

143

. , , -, . , , . . , , . WDM - . . WDM / , . , , , .

5.3 WDM , , . , WDM . . . , . , .. . , , . , , WDM.5.3.1 , OSA , . 5.10. : XY .

5, WDM

144

MWM (Multiwavelength Meter) ITU.

. 5.10.

5.3.2 BER. BER, , . 5.11. ITU, .

. 5.11 BER

. OSA ,.5.12, 5.13.

5, WDM

145

. 5.12 OSA .

. 5.13 (/-) Siemens.( Siemens)

5.3.3 EDFA , . 1550 , .5.14.

. 5.14 EDFA

, 1550 1 . EDFA 3 . OSA, . 5.15. EDFA 32 ( 1530 1562 ). EDFA.

5, WDM

146

OSA ( 980 , 1480 ).

. 5.15 OSA

ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission) . . ( : / /0,1 ).5.3.4 . . , . , . BER EDFA. BER, .5. 16. ( ). OSA. 3 , .

5, WDM

147

. 5.16. BER WDM ,

. 20 , . 5.17.

. 5.17.

. , , ( ) OSA, , . 5.18. , .

5, WDM

148

. 5.18 :) OSA ;b)

. . OSA ( OSA), . 5.19. ITU. ( 3 ) 0,2 .

. 5.19 :) ASE OSA ;) OSA

. OSA, . 5.20.

5, WDM

149

. 5.20 OSA

5.3.5 , . . DWDM , . DWDM / OSNR. OSA , . 5.21.

. 5.21 OSA

5, WDM

150

-, OSA OSNR . / ( ), . 18 .-, / . 2,5 / 21 . , . 5.22. . OSA ( ). OSNR ( 28 0,1 ), 2 .

. 5.22. OSA OSNR

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5, WDM

151

- . . ( ) MWM. 50 5 . . BER , . , 1 . , . . BER WDM , , . 5.23.

. 5.23.

5.3.6 , . . , . , . , , , .

5, WDM

152

, TEC (Thermo-Electric Cooler), . EDFA. , EDFA. . ( , , ). , - . , , - , . . EDFA. , ( ) .

5.4 WDM DWDM 90- , . , , WDM, , . 5.24. BER - DFB-, EDFA, EDFA . . , . , , . , .

5, WDM

153

. 5.24 ,

5.4.1 / OSNR / OSNR. , , . OSNR OSA. OSNR ( , ) . /.5.4.2 WDM . OSA., MWM. . , , ,

; . OSA, . . RFTS.

5, WDM

154

5.4.3 PMD - , . , PMD .5.4.4 , . . DWDM , . , , , BER.5.4.5 ( DWDM EDFA) - . . OSA, . EDFA, , . OSNR . .5.4.6 MWM, . DWDM 0,005 . MWM (30-40 ). , MWM OSA.

5, WDM

155

MWM .5.4.7 , OSA . , . , .

5.5 WDM WDM . , , , . , . DWDM, , , , .. , . , .5.5.1 . OSC (Optical Supervisory Channel). OSC , , . OSC , , . OSC, , EDFA. OSC : , . OSC , . . OSC , . OSC , .

5, WDM

156

OSC - ; . OSC 1510 1625 , EDFA , . 1510 , OSC 1480 1310 ( ). OSC - , . , OTDR. OTDR . OSC, EDFA. . DWDM. OSC, EDFA. SONET/SDH . EDFA , . RTU (Remote Test Unit) RFTS (Remote Fiber Test System) .5.5.2 RFTS . , MWM OSA. PMD, OTDR . RFTS . RFTS . , , . 5.25. RFTS , . : (

).

5, WDM

157

( DWDM (STM-16 STM-64) ).

.

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. 5.25 RFTS

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5, WDM

158

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5, WDM

159

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. 5.27 OSNR

5, WDM

160

2. , , . 5.28. 5 2 . , .

. 5.28. OSNR 3. ,

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. 5.29. DFB- WDM

5, WDM

161

4. EDFA. . 3 , . 5.30

. 5.30. EDFA ( )5. (SDH, SONET, IP .)

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, , DWDM . , . , , - , . , .

5, WDM

162

6

DWDM

6 DWDM

164

6.1 ? , - . , - , -. . , - . -, , . - - ; . - , . , - , -, , , , . SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) . , . SONET SDH - .

6.2 ? . ITU (InternationalTelecommunication Union), , IEC (InternationalElectrotechnical Commission), . - . - , - TIA (Telecommunications IndustryAssociation) , ETSI (European Telecommunication Standard Institute) TTC - (. . 6.1).

6 DWDM

165

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6 DWDM

166

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6 DWDM

167

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6 DWDM

168

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6 DWDM

169

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6 DWDM

170

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6 DWDM

171

:1. (IEC 61290-1):

a) -;

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c) -;

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6 DWDM

172

5. , . IEC61290-7-1 ( ).

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6 DWDM

173

0,1 . , 10 / - 0,2 , 2,5 / - 0,09. FO-6.3.5 - PMD , PDL, , WDM. FO-6.6.5 , -, -, PMD .. 6.3. TIAFO-2.1

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FO 2.2 -

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FO-6.3.5 -

FO-6.3.6 FO-6.3.8 -

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FO-6.6.2

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6 DWDM

174

6.4 ITU-T IEC. : ITU ( -

); ITU 100 50 25 ; DWDM (1528-

1602 ); ( ) 128 256 ; 22 25 ;

- 40-80 ; ITU ,

; +17 IIIb

( , 1 , IV ,