١٨ EFFECT OF SALICYLIC ACID ON GROWTH, PHYSIOLOGICAL · 9th International Conference for...

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9th International Conference for Sustainable Agricultural Development 4-6 March 2019 Fayoum J. Agric. Res,&Dev.,Vol.33 No. 1(B) March,2019

EFFECT OF SALICYLIC ACID ON GROWTH, PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES AND YIELD OF MAIZE GROWN UNDER DROUGHT

STRESS Ibrahim, A. M., Abd El-Mageed, T. A., Abdou N. M. Abohamid Y. M.

Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, 63514 Fayoum, Egypt

To evaluate the effect of foliar spraying with salicylic acid (SA) on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays, hybrid 321) grown under drought stress, a field experiment was conducted during the two growing seasons of 2017 and 2018. The experiment was carried out in the experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University in a randomized complete block under split plot design with three replications. Three deficit drip irrigation regimes (100, 85 and 70% of ETc) were arranged as main plots and three foliar applications of salicylic acid (zero "sprayed with tap water as a control treatment", 140 and 280 ppm) as sub-plots. Results as average of two growing seasons concluded that, all maize growth parameters, physiological characteristics, grain yield and yield components of maize were significantly decreased and negatively responded to the most severed irrigation regime (70% of ETc). The highest grain yield as average (8.25 t ha-1) was obtained under irrigation with 100% of ETc combined with 140 ppm of salicylic acid. However applying salicylic acid at a rate of 140 ppm resulted in an increase of the above mentioned traits, where the maize yield was increased by 13% compared to zero SA application. Furthermore, the greatest WUE amounted 1.30 and recorded under the moderate irrigation regime I2 (85% of ETc) and decreased to its lowest value 1.19 under I100. Therefore, SA could be recommended as appropriate growth regulator for reducing the negative effect of moderate drought stress on maize plant productivity and increasing WUE under water shortage conditions. Key word: deficit irrigation, maize yield, physiological response, water use

efficiency.

INTRODUCTION: Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the main field crops cultivated and grown

around the world. The global production of maize about 7,100 million tons according to (forecast 2017). Maize is a principal crop for human consumption, especially in developing countries, it represents up to 65% of the total calories and about 53% of the protein intake (Bressani, 1991). Therefore, it plays an essential role in human and animal feeding. Furthermore, corn enters in many manufacturing processes of some important products such as corn oil, starch and fructose. Maize after wheat occupies the second rank and equivalent to rice.

Drought stress, salinity, high and low temperatures and oxidative stress it classified as abiotic stresses which adversely affects the growth and development of plants (Yamaguchi and Shinozaki, 2005). Over the world about 20-25% of the maize cultivated area is affected by drought (Golbashy, etal., 2010) Drought stress negatively affects the crop physiology at the cellular stage (Lesley, etal., 2003) and constrains crop production (Iraj etal., 2011). Maize has a high sensitivity to the drought stress (Farre, etal., 2000) which its productivity could be decreased by

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more than 50 % (Cakmak, 2005). Many studies were indicated that, photosynthesis processes, stomatal conductance, and stomatal closure negatively affected by drought (Sultana, etal., 1999). According to He, etal., (2005) plant-nutrient relations and plant transportation were affected by drought. Therefore the negative effect of drought on crops is decreasing in fresh and dry biomass production (Farooq, etal., 2009).

Salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid), is a natural plant hormone (Khan, etal., 2010) regulates different plant physiological processes (Wang, etal., 2010) and mitigate plant response to environmental stresses (Jing, etal., 2007). SA develops the resistance capacity of plants to different stresses (Kolupaev, etal., 2011) improves seed germination, growth of plants, enzyme activities, activate uptake and transport of ions (Khan, etal., 2010) ethylene synthesis, seed germination, fruit yield, glycolysis .Khodary, (2004) application of salicylic acid increased the fresh and dry weight of shoot and roots of stressed maize plants Senaratna, etal., (2000) enhanced nutrient content and photosynthesis (Khan, etal., (2010). Foliar application of SA increased soluble carbohydrate content and proline in maize genotypes under drought stress Saruhan et al. (2012). Exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) at lower concentrations within the range of 0.1–0.5 mM improves photosynthesis, growth and various physiological and biochemical processes, whereas in higher concentrations more than 1 mM, SA may cause stress in plants (Hayat et al. 2010). However its mechanism in enhancing the tolerance of plants to drought stress is not completely clarified. The effectiveness of SA application depends upon different factors such as plant species, progressive of growth stage, technique of application and concentration range of SA (Bidabadi, etal., 2012).

Therefore, the present experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of exogenous SA application in improving of growth and yield of maize under deficit water conditions, based on assessing grain yield, yield components and some morphological and physiological traits of maize crop. MATERIALS AND METHODS

To evaluate the effect of foliar spraying salicylic acid (SA) on plant water relations, growth and yield of maize (Zea mays, hybrid 321) was grown under drought stress, a field experiment was conducted during two growing summer seasons (2017 and 2018). The experiment was carried out in the experimental Farm (Demo Farm), Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University in a randomized complete block under split plot design with three replications. Three deficit drip irrigation regimes (100, 85 and 70% of ETc) were arranged as main plots and three foliar application rates of salicylic acid (zero "sprayed with tap water as a control treatment", 140 and 280 ppm) as sub-plots. Metrological conditions and soil properties of the experimental site

According to the meteorological data represented in table (1) the climatic conditions of the experimental site, can be classified as arid climate (Ponce etal., 2000). Table (2) demonstrates some physical and chemical properties of experimental site. The laboratorial analysis of soil samples were collected from (0.0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm depths) concluded that the soil of experimental site is

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classified as newly reclaimed soils, sandy loam in texture (74.8% sand, 11.46 % silt and 14.76% clay), non-saline (EC= 3.67 dS m1) and non-calcareous soils (CaCO3%= 8.45 ). With pH (7.49), bulk density (1.51 kg m−3), hydraulic conductivity (1.72 cmh-1) and maintain available water by 12.70%. Table 1. Weather data at Fayoum area, Egypt during as average for two

seasons.

Month Main temperatures (◦C)

RHavg %

U2 ms−1

Ep mmd−1

day Night May 37.36 21.43 41.68 1.90 6.49 June 39.48 23.43 42.73 1.50 8.30 July 40.92 25.07 41.22 2.00 7.50 August 38.10 25.20 49.50 1.60 6.80 September 36.6 23.60 43.70 2.10 5.80

RHavg is average relative humidity, U2 is average wind speed, and EP is average of measured pan evaporation class A. Table.2. Physical and chemical properties of the studied soils.

Layer (cm)

Particle size distribution Bulk density g cm-3

Ksat cm h-1 pH ECe

dS m-1 CaCO3

% Sand %

Silt %

Clay %

Texture class

0-20 74.8 11.1 14.1 S.L. 1.41 2.21 7.43 4.99 9.18 20-40 74.1 11.4 14.5 S.L. 1.47 1.43 7.49 4.01 8.8 40-60 72.4 11.9 15.7 S.L. 1.5 1.01 4.56 4.02 8.39 S.L. = Sandy loam and Ksat = Hydraulic conductivity. Deficit Irrigation regimes treatments

Drip irrigation system used to deliver irrigation water to the cultivated area. Irrigation water was provided through PVC pipe. The distance between lateral linens was kept at 70 cm and the emitters spaced 30 cm. The emitters discharge rate 2 Lh-1 was achieved under pumping pressure 2 par. According the applied irrigation regimes, the required amount of irrigation water for each irrigation regime was expressed by equation of Allen etal., (1998);

Where, IWR: irrigation water requirements (m3), A: irrigated plot area (m2), ETc: water consumptive use (mm day−1), Ii: intervals between irrigation (day), Ea: efficiency of application (%) and LR: leaching requirements. Where: ETc = ETo x Kc Where: ETo is the "Reference ET" (the amount of full water use by a well irrigated, mowed grass), ETo varies daily with changes in temperature, relative humidity,

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solar radiation and wind speed, Kc is "Crop Coefficient" (A factor that is used to convert ETo to potential vineyard (ETc). Exogenous antioxidant treatments

Salicylic acid used as antioxidant material and applied as foliar spraying treatments with three different rates (zero "sprayed with tap water as control treatment", 140 and 280 ppm). The foliar applications of SA were applied at three times 30, 45, and 60 days after sowing of maize crop. The area of each sub plot was 10.5 m² includes 4 ridges (3.5 m length x 0.7 m width) with holding 0.3 m space between hills. Agricultural management practices

On May, 5st 2017 and 3th 2018, seeds of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid (321) were sown in hills (plant hill-1) 30 cm apart from each other and 70 cm distance kept between rows. Fertilization program was applied as which recommended for maize crop by Ministry of the Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Egypt. The recommended amount of mineral fertilizers N: P: K (200: 100: 75, kg. ha-1) was applied. Forms of the used mineral fertilizers were: urea (46% N), super phosphate (15% P2O5), and potassium sulphate (48% K2O). At sowing, the half amount of N and full amount of P and K were applied, while the remaining half amount of N was applied with the second irrigation. Corn plants harvested after 120 days from planting for each season. Measurements

After 70 days from sowing samples of ten plants were taken from each plot to measure plant physiological parameters: Relative water content (RWC %) was estimated according to (Hayat etal., 2007). RWC (%) = (FW – DW) × 100/ (TW – DW), where: FW: Fresh weight was determined within two hours after excision of leaves. Then turgid weight (TW) was estimated by soaking leaves in distilled water at room temperature for 16-18 hours then soaked leaves rapidly and carefully blotted dry by tissue paper to express turgid weight. DW: Dry weight obtained after oven dry for 72 hours at 65 °C. Leaf Membrane Stability Index (MSI): was determined by method developed by (Rady, 2011). The leaf strips (0.2 g) of uniform size were taken in two sets of test tubes containing 10 ml of distilled water. Test tubes in one set were kept at 40 ºC in a water bath for 30 min and electrical conductivity of the water containing the samples were measured (C1). Test tubes in the second set were incubated at 100 ºC in the boiling water bath for 15 min and electrical conductivity (C2) was measured. MSI was calculated by following formula: MSI = [1-(C1/C2)] × 100 C1 = Electrical conductivity of water containing the sample in test tube of set 1. C2 = Electrical conductivity of water containing the sample in test tube of set 2. SPAD-values; determined by SPAD 502, KONICAMINOLTA. Inc., Tokyo). According to Maxwell and Johnson, (2000) and Spoustová etal., (2013) Chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) was determined by using a portable fluorometer (Handy PEA, Hansatech Instruments Ltd, Kings Lynn, UK). Performance index (PI) of photosynthesis based on the equal absorption (PIABS) was determined as revealed by Clark et al. (2000). At harvesting stage; 120 days from sowing 10 plants from each plot were collected to determine plant height (cm), stem diameter

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(cm), leave number/plant, Flag leaf area, cob length (cm), cob diameter (cm), cob weight (gm), shelling ratio, 100 grains weigh (gm), grain yield (ton/ha) and biological yield (ton/ha) . Water use efficiency (WUE): water use efficiency was expressed as kg grain m-3 of water consumed. The values have been used to evaluate the variation between different treatments in producing maximum yield from water unit consumed by the grown maize plants. The WUE values were calculated according to Jebsen et al. (1990) as following equation:

WUE =

Statistical and data analysis The experimental work data were statistically analyzed. The Statistical

analysis was performed through the GLM procedure of Gen STAT. The least significant difference (LSD) at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level was used as mean separation test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 1. Maize growth parameters

Statistical analysis of the data presented in table (3) showed that drought stress, salicylic acid application and their interaction were significantly (p<0.05) affected all the measured growth parameters of maize plants. Regarding the effect of drought stress, it was observed that, the greatest means values of all growth characteristics (216.82 cm, 2.51 cm 16.65 and 135.25 cm2) for plant height (cm), stem diameter (cm), leave number/plant, Flag leaf area, respectively were recorded for well-watered maize plants. While, the lowest mean values for these traits observed under the most severed irrigation regime (irrigation at 70% of ETc). Comparing with control ( irrigation at 100% of ETc) water stress significantly reduced plant height (cm), stem diameter (cm), leave number/plant, Flag leaf area by 19.20, 26.69, 11.23 and 14.24% for, respectively. The negative effect of water stress on maize plant growth parameters could be refer to the decrease in leaf water content and the reduction in the nitrogen compounds assimilation (Reddy etal., 2004). Drought stress also decreased photosynthetic capacity, the uptake of essential elements and increased the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (Khalifa etal., 2002 and El-Sobky etal., 2014), that leads to oxidative damage to DNA, proteins and lipid, consequently a reduction in plant growth. Water stress induces abscisic acid accumulation which leads to growth inhibition (Araus et al. 2012).

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Table (3) the influence of irrigation treatments and salicylic acid and their interactions on some growth parameters of maize crop.

treatments Plant height (cm)

Stem diameter (cm)

Leaves number/plant

Flag leaf area

I (100% of ETc)

SA0 202.70 2.46 16.11 129.35 SA140 228.17 2.58 17.51 139.81 SA280 219.58 2.48 16.33 136.60

Mean 216.82 2.51 16.65 135.25

I (85% of ETc)

SA0 188.42 2.12 15.78 118.95 SA140 196.56 2.39 17.01 137.81 SA280 195.22 2.26 16.11 132.94

Mean 193.40 2.26 16.30 129.90

I (70% of ETc)

SA0 169.36 1.73 13.89 106.50 SA140 181.22 1.96 15.77 126.21 SA280 174.98 1.84 14.67 115.25

Mean 175.19 1.84 14.78 115.99 LSD 5%

I 1.678 0.09 0.50 0.55 SA 0.764 0.04 0.31 0.25

I× SA 1.749 0.09 0.58 0.57 Referring, the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid on the studied

maize growth traits, it was observed that, increasing application rate of SA from zero addition (control) to 140 ppm resulted in an significant increase in corn growth characteristics. Concerning, the interaction effect of water stress treatments and foliar application of SA on plant growth parameters of maize crop, the obtained results concluded that; among all the studied treatments, the combination (I100 x SA140) is the best treatment which realize the highest means values for all maize growth parameter (228.17 cm, 2.58 cm, 17.51 and 139.81) for plant height (cm), stem diameter (cm), leave number/plant, Flag leaf area, respectively. Physiological responses 1- Relative Water Content and membrane stability index (MSI): Results demonstrated in table (4) revealed that all the applied treatments (irrigation levels x salicylic application rates) had significantly (p<0.05) affected on RWC% and MSI%. Application (SA) with its moderate concentration rate (140 mgL-1) for non- stressed maize plants resulted the highest RWC and MSI% values by 79.01 % and 74.4%. On the other hand for non-sprayed plants by (SA) and subjected to the most severed irrigation regime these traits declined to its lowest values by 69.15 and 60.52% respectively.

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Table (4) the influence of irrigation treatments and salicylic acid and their interactions on physiological response of maize crop grown under drought.

treatments RWC% MSI% SPAD PI Fv/Fm

I (100% of ETc)

SA0 77.24 68.89 43.50 2.81 0.75 SA140 79.01 74.40 46.11 2.89 0.77 SA280 78.73 70.57 44.16 2.84 0.76

Mean 78.33 71.29 44.59 2.85 0.76

I (85% of ETc)

SA0 73.39 65.56 38.78 2.09 0.73 SA140 75.58 69.46 42.88 2.60 0.76 SA280 74.81 68.55 40.80 2.14 0.75

Mean 74.59 67.86 40.82 2.28 0.75

I(70% of ETc)

SA0 69.15 60.52 34.75 1.97 0.69 SA140 72.11 64.87 36.08 1.99 0.73 SA280 71.02 63.80 35.42 1.83 0.70

Mean 70.76 63.06 35.42 1.93 0.71 LSD 5%

I 0.43 0.58 0.44 0.01 0.02 SA 0.25 0.36 0.36 0.01 0.03

I× SA 0.49 0.67 0.59 0.02 0.04 Applying SA may regulate stomatal openings system to decrees water loss

by transpiration which enhancing stressed- plants to be more turgor and productive under drought conditions. He etal., (2005) and Sakhabutdinova etal., (2003) noted that salicylic acid enhanced photosynthetic activity which resulted in maintenance of RWC in leaf and better growth. Membrane stability is a reliable trait to estimate drought tolerance of plants under osmotic stress. Lower ion leakage amount (high MSI) indicates the stability of leaf membrane (Jaleel etal., 2007). Salicylic acid application enhances Ca+2 accumulations which play an essential role in maintaining membrane integrity (Khan etal., 2010). SA addition alleviates the harmful effect of abiotic stress by improving antioxidant system required for reducing oxidative damage and leakage of ions from membranes (Yusuf etal., 2008).

Drought stress caused a significant reduction in mean values of SPAD, PI and Fv/Fm. With increasing stress severity in I3 these attributes recorded their lowest values by 35.42, 1.93 and 0.71 respectively. However, comparing with untreated maize plants foliar application of 140 ppm SA resulted in an increase for these traits by 6.87, 8.87 and 4.14% respectively. Salicylic could be mitigated the adverse effects of drought through consequently increased the photosynthetic pigments. 2. Maize shilling ratio and yield components Shelling ratio (SR): The applied irrigation regimes and salicylic acid rates significantly affected maize shelling ratio (SR) (Table 5). The highest SR (0.82) recorded with irrigation treatment (I100) while the lowest SR (0.75) resulted under (I70). That increase of shelling ratio with increasing irrigation levels could be

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attributed to the increase in grains weight ear-1 and 100 grains weight. These results are in agreement with Hussain, S. (2015) who reported maximum shelling ratio for different irrigation frequencies. Aguilar (2007) indicated that the increase in irrigation levels has been resulted in an increase by shelling ratio. Table (5) the influence of irrigation treatments and salicylic acid and their

interactions on shilling ratio and maize yield components.

treatments Cob length (cm)

Cob diameter

(cm)

Cob Weight

(gm)

shelling ratio

100 grains weigh (gm)

I (100% of ETc)

SA0 16.22 7.44 136.11 0.81 28.76 SA140 18.22 8.97 143.20 0.83 31.85 SA280 17.62 8.11 139.06 0.82 30.22

Mean 17.35 8.17 139.46 0.82 30.28

I (85% of ETc)

SA0 15.67 6.56 129.64 0.76 27.00 SA140 17.21 8.05 133.89 0.79 30.15 SA280 16.78 7.14 130.27 0.77 28.31

Mean 16.55 7.25 131.27 0.77 28.49

I(70% of ETc)

SA0 14.69 4.67 124.66 0.72 25.87 SA140 16.11 6.94 129.73 0.77 27.55 SA280 15.32 5.83 126.71 0.75 26.34

Mean 15.37 5.81 127.03 0.75 26.59 LSD 5%

I 0.13 0.05 0.53 0.01 0.15 SA 0.19 0.03 0.17 0.01 0.12

I× SA 0.28 0.06 0.52 0.02 0.21 Yield components parameters; regarding the effect of the studied water regimes, salicylic acid as foliar application and their interactions on maize yield and yield components; cob length (cm), cob diameter (cm), cob weight (gm) , 100 grains weigh (gm), is presented in Table (5). Results showed that all the above mentioned parameters were significantly differed at p ≤ 5%. the highest means of these traits 17.18, 7.99, 135.61and 29.85 respectively, obtained when salicylic acid applied with 140 ppm concentration rate and recorded their lowest means values under control (SA) treatment. However the interaction effect of SA and drought stress showed, that the maximum and minimum estimations of the above mentioned traits were recorded under (I100 x SA 140) and (I70 x SA0) respectively. All yield components decreased with increasing water stress levels. Water deficit negatively affected all growth parameters and development, therefore, yield and its components were significantly decreased. The positive effect of SA on maize yield components might be attributed to its role as a cofactor for enzymes involved in photosynthesis, hormone biosynthesis, and the regeneration of antioxidants (Yaghoubian etal., 2014). 3. Grain yield (GY), biological yield (BY) and water use efficiency Grain yield and Biological yield: Regarding grain yield and biological yield (ton ha-1) of maize crop as influenced by irrigation levels, SA spraying rates and their

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interactions is given in (Table 6). Statistical analysis of the obtained results showed that both irrigation regimes and SA application rates significantly affected maize grain and biomass yields. Means value showed that supplying irrigation water according to I100 produced the maximum (GY) and (BY) by 7.98 and 39.9 ton ha-1 respectively, while it reduced by 6.10 and 32.6 ton ha-1 with increasing drought level to (I70). Table (6) the influence of irrigation treatments and salicylic acid and their

interactions on maize grain yield, biological yield and water use efficiency.

treatments Grain yield (ton/ha)

Biological yield (ton/ha)

WUE (kg/m3)

I (100% of ETc)

SA0 7.71 37.8 1.15 SA140 8.25 42.14 1.23 SA280 7.98 39.76 1.19

Mean 7.98 39.9 1.19

I (85% of ETc)

SA0 6.97 34.11 1.22 SA140 7.83 36.96 1.38 SA280 7.43 35.88 1.3

Mean 7.41 35.65 1.30

I(70% of ETc)

SA0 5.87 29.07 1.19 SA140 6.40 34.86 1.33 SA280 6.03 33.89 1.30

Mean 6.10 32.60 1.27 LSD 5%

I 0.03 0.09 0.02 SA 0.02 0.06 0.01

I× SA 0.03 0.01 0.01

These findings are in agreement with Saif (2003) and Anjum et al. (2014) who indicated the highest biomass yield of maize produced at highest level of irrigation. Among SA application levels, the greatest GY and BY were recorded with SA application rate (140 ppm) and the lowest obtained at non sprayed plots by SA. The ameliorative effect of SA on maize productivity it could be attributed to that SA activated growth of maize plants under limited irrigation supply. However the obtained results are in line with those reported by Babar et al. (2015) and Ahmad et al. (2014) who observed increase in GY and BY of maize with increasing application of SA under deficit irrigation regimes. Water use efficiency (WUE): According the obtained results it was observed that the greatest WUE amounted 1.30 and recorded under the moderate irrigation regime I2 (85% of ETc) and decreased to its lowest value 1.19 under I100. CONCLUSION:

Overall, it can be concluded that water stress affects significantly and negatively growth and yield of maize crop. Foliar application of SA seems to be an effective tool to alleviate the adversely effects of drought stress on maize crop production. The highest growth attributes and yield of maize were produced under

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irrigation level 100% of ETc, and the lowest values were obtained under the most severe irrigating regime (I- 70% of ETc). The exogenous application of SA at a rate of 140 ppm improved all morphological and physiological parameters as well as yield and yield components of maize crop. Among the studied irrigation regimes, applying irrigation water according to the second irrigation regime resulted in the highest WUE value. Therefore, it could be concluded that, among all the studied treatments, the best and recommended treatment is I 85% of ETc x SA 140 which enhanced maize productivity and save irrigation water by approximately 15% comparing with the other treatments especially under the moderate water shortage condition. REFERENCES: Aguilar, M., Borjas, F. and Espinosa, M. (2007). Agronomic response of maize to

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الذرة النامیة تحت أجهاد الجفاف محصول تأثیر حمض السالیسیلیك على النمو واالستجابات الفسیولوجیة و یاسمین ممدوح ابوحامد –نصر محمود أحمد -طایع على عبدالمجید –عبدالعاطى محمد ابراهیم

الفیوم ، مصر ٦٣٥١٤قسم االراضى والمیاه ، كلیة الزراعة ، جامعة الفیوم ،

النامیة ) ٣٢١ھجین ثالثى (تقییم تأثیر رش حمض السالیسیلیك على نمو محصول الذرة الشامیھ ل وقد أجریت التجربة في . ٢٠١٨و ٢٠١٧تحت إجھاد الجفاف ، أجریت تجربة حقلیة خالل موسمین متتالیین

التامة العشوائیة قى ثالثة مزرعة التجارب بكلیة الزراعة جامعة الفیوم في بتصمیم القطاعات الكاملة المنشقة مع االضافھ ) ٪ من االستھالك المائى٧٠و ٨٥و ١٠٠(تم تطبیق ثالثة معامالت للري بالتنقیط . مكررات

٢٨٠و ١٤٠رش بماء الصنبور ، "صفر ( ورقى على النباتات بالمعدالت االتیة لحمض السالیسیلیك كرش ا في الملیون لزراعة إلى أن جمیع معامالت نمو الذرة والصفات ا ىسممولوقد خلصت النتائج ). جزء

) طن للھكتار( ومكوناتھ الحبوب وكذلك محصولالفسیولوجیة كبیرا استجابة وأظھرت قد انخفضت انخفاضا ٨.٢٥(تم الحصول على أعلى إنتاجیة للحبوب كمتوسط . )البخر نتح٪ من ٧٠( اجھاداسلبیة لنظام الري األكثر

جزء في الملیون من حمض ١٤٠معدل الرش مع ) البخر نتح٪ من ١٠٠(الري معاملھ تحت )للھكتارطن ا في الملیون أد ١٤٠بمعدل ایضا حمض السالیسیلیك أضافة . السالیسیلیك إلى زیادة في الصفات تجزء

ر صف بالضافھ عند المعدل٪ مقارنة ١٣بنسبة ) طن للھكتار(المذكورة أعاله ، حیث زاد محصول الذرة لالجھاد كمنظم نمو مناسب لتقلیل التأثیر السلبي یعمل حمض السالیسیلك بأن لذلك ، یمكن التوصیة ). الكنترول(

.الشح المائىتحت ظروف كفاءة استھالك المیاهوزیادة الشامیة على إنتاجیة نبات الذرة المائى

.ابات الفسیولوجیة ، كفاءة استخدام المیاهالرى المتناقص ، محصول الذرة الشامیة، االستج :الكلمات الدالة

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