Fascism:◦ Advocates extreme

nationalism and a strong centralized government led by a dictator

Benito Mussolini

Communism:◦ Advocates one-party

rule and the elimination of private property, and does not tolerate opposition

Josef Stalin

Militarism:◦ Advocates extreme

nationalism, values military virtues and ideals, and takes an aggressive military approach to expanding its power

Hideki Tojo

Hirohito

Nazism:◦ Advocates extreme

nationalism, control of all industry by the state, the superiority of the Aryan race, and leadership by a dictator

Adolf Hitler

Democracy:◦ Government by the

people: supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by the people or their elected representatives

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Depression:◦ The entire worlds economy is bad and dictators

promise to provide more jobs for citizens Treaty of Versailles

◦ Germany forced to take blame, pay reparations ($32 billion), limited armed forces, and lose territory

Same 3 –isms◦ Nationalism◦ Imperialism◦ Backstabberism (secret alliances)

Factors Leading to the rise of Dictators

For girls, the organization prepared them for motherhood.

- The Hitler Youth catered for 10 to 18 year olds.

The task of the boys section was to prepare the boys for military service.

- There were separate organizations for boys and girls.

The Fuhrer Adolf Hitler Balder

Von Shirach

- Boys at 10, joined the Deutsches Jungvolk (German Young People) until the age of 13

- At 13 they transferred to the Hitler Jugend (Hitler Youth) until the age of 18.

- "military athletics" (Wehrsport) included marching, bayonet drill, grenade throwing, trench digging, map reading, gas defense, use of dugouts, how to get under barbed wire and pistol shooting.

- At the age of 10, joined the Jungmadelbund (League of Young Girls)

At the age of 14 transferred to the Bund Deutscher Madel (League of German Girls).

Girls had to be able to run 60 meters in 14 seconds, throw a ball 12 meters, complete a

2 hour march, swim 100 meters and know how to make a bed.

"A bomber aircraft on take-off carries 12 dozen bombs, each weighing 10 kilos. The aircraft takes off for Warsaw the international center for Jewry. It bombs the town. On take-off with all bombs on board and a fuel tank containing 100 kilos of fuel, the aircraft weighed about 8 tons. When it returns from the crusade, there are still 230 kilos left. What is the weight of the aircraft when empty ?"

"To keep a mentally ill person costs approximately 4 marks a day. There are 300,000 mentally ill people in care. How much do these people cost to keep in total? How many marriage loans of 1000 marks could be granted with this money?"

Anticommunist Fought in WWI for

Germany Went to jail

◦ Wrote Mein Kampf Called for unification of

Germans Aryan Race=Master

Race Slavic = Slaves Hated Jews

Worked to get Nazi party leaders elected

1933-Appointed Chancellor

1934 -Became President◦ Convinced other

parties to make him dictator (Fuhrer)

◦ Rebuilds Military

Hitler’s Rise to Power

Take over all of Europe◦ Blitzkrieg- “Lightening war”

Use a large number of tanks to break through Rapidly encircle enemy positions

Promote Germany and the Aryan Race◦ Unify all of the pure race◦ Rid Europe of Jews

Eventually he wanted to take over the world

Hitler’s Plan

Maginot Line: line of concrete bunkers built after WWI between France and Germany

Waited to be attacked ◦ Germany conquers Norway and Denmark

Invasion of France

Germany must go through Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxemburg◦ French/British go to Belgium◦ Hitler comes through Ardennes Mountains◦ Traps French/British in Belgium

Dunkirk◦ Last port not controlled by Germans

Invasion of France (continued)

Hitler orders troops to stop advancing◦ Gives French/British 3 days to evacuate◦ 338,000 troops make it to Britain◦ Forced to leave all supplies behind in Belgium

June 22, 1940 - France surrenders to Germany

Invasion of France (continued)

June 1940 – Fall 1940

German Luftwaffe vs British Royal Air Force

August 23, 1940 ◦ Germany accidently bombs London◦ Britain bombs Berlin◦ Hitler targets London (civilians)◦ British have Radar

October 12, 1940 – Hitler calls off invasion

Battle of Britain

Genocide:◦ the deliberate and systematic extermination of a

national, racial, political, or cultural group.

Holocaust:◦ Extermination of unwanted from European society◦ 11 million total◦ 6 million Jews◦ Shoah – Hebrew term for the Holocaust (Jews)

The Holocaust

September 1935◦ Took away German Jews citizenship◦ Banned marriage betweens Jews and Germans

November 1935◦ Jews= 1 Jewish grandparent◦ Cannot serve in public office or vote◦ Passports marked with large red J

Summer 1936◦ ½ Jews Jobless◦ Jobs Banned: civil servants, journalists, farmers, teachers, and

actors

1938 – Lawyers, Doctors, Business Owners Banned

Nuremberg Laws

“Night of broken glass”

November 9, 1938◦ Anti-Jewish crime spree ordered by Hitler

90 Jews killed Hundreds injured Thousands terrorized 7,500 Jewish businesses destroyed 180 synagogues wrecked

Jewish community forced to pay for damages

Kristallnacht

Anyone not of the pure master race (Aryan)◦ Jews◦ Communists◦ Gypsies (Roma) – Nomadic people (no country)◦ Poles and Slavic people◦ Christians◦ Homosexuals

Why couldn’t they flee?◦ Immigration quotas◦ Forced to leave all wealth in Germany

Undesirables

◦ 930 Jewish refugees sail to Cuba in 1939◦ Cuba refuses the ship, America refuses the

ship, ship goes back to Europe France, Holland, Belgium, and Britain

SS. St. Louis

Extermination of all Jews◦ Systematic murder

Wannsee Conference◦ January 20, 1942◦ 15 Nazi leaders meet to decide how to handle the

“Jewish Situation”

Final Solution

Sections of cities that would be designated for Jews to live in.◦ Jews forced to live here◦ overpopulated

Ghetto

Detention centers – worked until they die from exhaustion, disease, or malnutrition

Dachau – 1933 Buchenwald – 1937 – Weimar Germany

Concentration Camps

Camps designed purely for the execution

Auschwitz – Estimated 1,600,000 (1,3000,000 Jews)

Extermination Camp

Ghettoization◦ Over 800,000

Camps◦ 3,000,000

Death camps = 2,700,000

Open-Air Shootings◦ Over 1,300,000

Gas Chambers Gas vans Killing squads Starvation Exhaustion Disease Experiments

Nazi Killing Methods

Nye Committee◦ Documented huge profits arms companies made

off of WWI Increased desire to be isolationists

Neutrality Act of 1935◦ Illegal to sell arms to any country at war

Spanish Civil War◦ Cash and Carry policy

Pay for items in cash, pick them up on your own ship

America Stays Neutral

Destroyers-for-Bases Deal◦ 1940 – Britain wanted American Destroyers to

protect cargo ships from u-boats◦ 50 Destroyers – Bases on Newfoundland,

Bermuda, and Islands in the Caribbean

Lend-Lease Act◦ Could giver arms to any country considered “vital

to the defense of the US”◦ Country had to promise to return the arms or pay

rent for them

America Stays Neutral (Continued)

Hemispheric Defense Zone◦ Roosevelt declares western half of the Atlantic

Ocean neutral◦ US Navy patrols waters and sends location of U-

boats to Britain

Atlantic Charter◦ Churchill and Roosevelt

Postwar world of democracy, non-aggression, free trade, economic advancement, and freedom at sea

◦ German U-boats fire on US destroyers 115 American sailors killed

America Stays Neutral (Continued)

Why was Pearl Harbor attacked?◦ Export Control Act (July 1940)

Block sale of airplane fuel and scrap iron to Japan

◦ 1941 – Us Lend-Lease arms to China

◦ Freeze Japanese assets in America

◦ Cut back how much oil we sell Japan

◦ Send MacArthur to the Philippines (build forces)

Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor Yamamoto Plan

November 26th 1941◦ 6 aircraft carriers, 2 battleships, 24

supporting ships set sail for Pearl Harbor

Strike on US Soil

Deliver a Knock out Blow to the US

“I will show you an uninterrupted succession of victories, but if the war is prolonged 2 or 3 years I have no confidence in an ultimate victory”

Pearl HarborEffect of the Attack

Sinks 21 ships◦ 8 battleships◦ 3 cruisers◦ 4 destroyers◦ 6 other ships

Destroys 188 Airplanes

Killed 2,403

Injured 1,178

Converting Industries◦ Tanks replace cars

◦ Henry ford creates assembly line to build B-24 bombers

◦ Liberty ships

◦ All factories start making war materials

America Prepares for War

Victory Bonds◦ Lend money to

government, it gets paid back at a latter date

E-bonds $18.75-$25 (10 years)

Individuals $50 billion

Financial institutions $100 billion

America Prepares for War

Victory Gardens◦ Planting gardens to

produce more food during war time

Rationing◦ Limiting availability

of product to make sure there is enough to go around

America Prepares for War

Defeating the Nazi’s

Pinch Method: surround Hitler and close in on him from all sides~Russia from East~America from South~Britain/France from West

Soft Underbelly◦ Italy

Go through North Africa◦ Gives soldiers experience

September 8, 1943◦ Italy's king surrenders◦ Germans regain control◦ Fighting continues until

May 2, 1945

North African Campaign

As the Allies are attacking from the South and West Russia Attacks from the East

May 1942 – Stalingrad◦ Hitler orders men to take

control of the city to cut off Russian Supplies

◦ Results in 250,000 German troops being captured

◦ Turning point in the war

Russia in the East

Eisenhower heads mission

Use decoys to trick Germany

Attack planned for Normandy

Complications in planning:◦ Ships had to travel at night◦ Arrive at low tide◦ Paratroopers needed moonlit night◦ Needed good weather

Planning D-DAY

D-DAY

The Attack

Outcomes of D-day

June 6, 1944

Step 1: airborne attack to cause miscommunication

Step 2: beach invasion◦ 150,000+ men◦ 5,300 ships

9,000 allied troops killed

100,000 allied troops made it ashore

Mission was successful

Germany fighting 2 front war

Germany wanted to cut off Allied supplies coming through Belgium

Germany needed to capture Bastogne but allies got there first◦ Germany surrounds city

Allies bombed Germans and Patton broke though to the city (December 27th)

January 8th – Germans withdraw◦ 100,000+ casualties◦ Loss of tanks/aircrafts

Battle of the Bulge

By March 1945 – American troops fought their way to the Rhine river

March 7 – Allies captured Remagen◦ Germans did not destroy Ludendorf bridge

April 16 – Soviet troops broke through German defenses at Oder River

Germany agrees to unconditional surrender May 7, 1945

V-E Day May 8, 1945

1. Deception◦ Spies-misinformation◦ Normandy decoy

2. Hitler’s Mistakes◦ Overruns generals◦ Lack of supplies◦ Focuses too much on

Russia

3. Russian Winter◦ Pushed army to fight

Russia Not prepared for harsh

winter

4. Detroit◦ Industrial strength

Produce 1,000 bullets for every 1 bullet shot by Germany

Reasons Allies were Victorious in Europe

Bushido◦ Japanese fighting code of honor and no surrender

Why was fighting the Japanese different?◦ Race

Germans seen as good Soldiers Japanese seen as inhumane

◦ Fighting Technique Willing to kill themselves in battle to win

Fighting in the Pacific

To take down Japan the US needed to get close to the Japanese mainland

Had to hop from island to island capturing land and getting closer

Island Hopping

Japan is warned that if they do not surrender unconditionally they will face massive destruction

Japan refuses to surrender: US drops 2 atomic bombs on Japan

August 9, 1945 Soviet Union declares war on Japan

August 15, 1945 – Unconditional surrender

V-J DAY August 15, 1945

Creation of the Atomic Bomb

Manhattan Project: name of the American

project to create the atomic bomb

July 16, 1945:1st atomic bomb

detonated in New Mexico

Reasons for dropping the bomb

Reasons against dropping the bomb

Ends war quickly Leads to new technology

using nuclear power Symbol of Us power Minimize American death We don’t want to waste

the bomb

Damage to long-term relationship with Japan

Civilians would die Might hit wrong target Give other countries ideas

about atomic bombs Creates bad reputation Japanese may get mad

and fight back more (maybe they have a bomb)

Unknown effects of radiation

August 6, 1945

“Little Boy”

Hiroshima – important industrial city

120,000 die instantly◦ Thousands more

afterwards

Bomb 1

August 9, 1945

“Fat Man”

Nagasaki

35,000-74,000 killed

Bomb 2