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ta't,a'tia mS' w;m;a;= fu'ú' - iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j"

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

fjí wvúhfjí wvúhfjí wvúhfjí wvúhfjí wvúh ((((( www.nie.lk

úúO iydhúúO iydhúúO iydhúúO iydhúúO iydh

wd¾'tï'rEmisxy uhd - iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

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rdcH m%;sm;a;s úoHdj by; wxY foflkau rdcH m%;sm;a;s yodrkq ,nhs' m

3



• rdcH m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh uQ,sl jYfhka foaYmd,k úOdhlfhaj.lSuls' wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sh" iqN idOl m%;sm;a;sh" fi!LH m%;sm;a;sh"úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh hkd§ jYfhka tla tla fCIa;%hg wod< uQ,sl u`.fmkaùï isÿ lrk l%fudamdhhka rdcH m%;sm;a;shg wod< fõ'

• rdcH m%;sm;a;sfha uQ,sl ,CIK jYfhka"- ksYaÑ; wruqKq i|yd b,lalhka ;sîu'

fmdÿ hym; ie,iSu wruqKq lr.;a rdcH m%;sm;a;s ck;d b,a,Sïj,g wkql+, úh hq;=ùu'

- rdcH m%;sm;a;s kS;sh u; mokï fõ' tajd wêlrK ksÍCIKhghg;aj f.dv kxjd we;'

- m%;sm;a;s úoHdjg wkqj rdcH m%;sm;a;s m%Odk wjê lsysmhlamiqlr hd hq;=h'

1' m%;sm;a;s m%drïNkhfuys§ m%uqL;dj wkqj .eg`M y÷kdf.k tajd w¾: ksrEmkh lsÍu"fm< .eiaùu hkd§ lghq;= bgq lrñka m%;sm;a;s kHdh m;%h ms

4



m%;sm;a;s l%shdoduh m%;sm;a;s l%shdoduh m%;sm;a;s l%shdoduh m%;sm;a;s l%shdoduh m%;sm;a;s l%shdoduh (Policy Process)^m%;sm;a;s Ôjk pl%h&Policy Life Circle

l

5



• Æo¾ .=,slaa fuh ;j ÿrg;a jeä ÈhqKq lf

6



uQ,dY%

1' Public Administration in Theory and PracticeM.P. Sharma

Kitabmahal - Alahabad India _ 1998

2' Public Administration Conception TheoryRumkaibasu

Starling Publisher Pvt Ltd

New Delhi - 2001

3' rdcH m%;sm;a;s úYaf,aIKwd¾' ,,s;d tia' m%kdkaÿ§mdks uqøK m%ldYk fm!oa.,sl iud.u'

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8



ir, .egqula hkq mqoa.,hska fofofkl= fyda jeä.Kkla w;r ke;fyd;amd¾Yj folla fyda lsysmhla w;r fyda rdcH folla fyda jeä.Kkla w;rolakg we;s fkdtl`.;djhla iy l

9



fuu idOl we;eï wjia:dj,§ fjka fjka jYfhka fukau tlg iïnkaOjomj;S' fuys§ ikao¾Nh hkafkka woyia lrkqfha .egqug uq,ajk ;;a;ajhhs' fuu ;;a;ajhfrdnÜ ñfp,ag wkqj iudc jákdlï yd iudc jHqyfha fkdukd .e,mSula u.ska we;sfjhs'fojk wxYh f,i wdl,am u.ska .egqï ks¾udKh lrkq ,nk ufkdaúoHd;aul idOlflfrys wjOdkh fhduqlr we;' .egqï yd iïnkaO f;jk wxYh f,i p¾hdjka i`oykal< yel' .egqï yd iïnkaO lKavdhï úiska tlsfkldg wk;=re lsÍu wdrïNlrk úg§.egqï p¾hdjka m%lgj fmkakqï lrk .egqï ms

10



4' ixialD;sl fjkia lsÍfï m%Yak iys; lKavdhïj, b;sydihka'j¾;udkfha mj;sk .egqï w;ßka fndfyduhla jd¾.sl;ajh" NdIdj"

b;sydih" whs;sjdislï hk lreKq uq,alrf.k mekke.S we;s w;r fujeks .egqï rdcHwNHka;r .egqï f,i i,lk w;r tajdhska fndfyduhla È.a.eiqkq iudc w¾nqo njg m;aùwe;' tâjâ wid¾ ^ Edward Azar & olajk wdldrhg È.a.eiqkq iudc .egqï j, wys;lrm%;sM, cd;sl uÜgfï isg cd;Hka;r uÜgu olajd úys§ f.dia we;'

uq,sl jYfhka .egqï we;sùug n,mdk idOl lsysmhla y`ÿkd.; yelsh'• idOl - fM;sydisl ms

11



by; rEm igyfka oelafjk wdldrhg .egqï m%Njh ùfï idOl tlsfklg fjkiajk w;r tu idOlhkaf.a n,mEu u; mqoa., wNHka;r .egqï" mqoa., .egqï" rdcH wNHka;r.egqï iy wk;¾ rdcH .egqï j¾Okh úh yel' tfia jqj;a foaYmd,k úoHdj yodrkakkajk wm" wjOdkh fhduqlrkafka lKavdhï uÜgfï" rdcH iy wka;¾ rdcH uÜgfï .egqïiïnkaOfhks'

.egqï y`ÿkd.kakd wdldrh iy .egqï j¾.SlrKh^Nature of Conflict and Classification &.egqïys iajdNdjh (

.egqula tys wfmalaIdjka wkqj ;=ka wdldrhg fnod oelaúh yelsh'1' wdYdjka ms

12



.egqï ksrdlrKh ms

13



w;r;=r .egqï md¾Yj kej;;a m%pKav l%shdjkag fhduqùug we;s YlH;djhla mej;Suhs'flfia fj;;a .egqu iu:kh msld,Sk .egqï ksrdlrKhl wdrïNlwjia:djla f,io ie,lsh yelsh' fndfyda úg fuys iuia:h i`oyd .kq ,nk l%shdud¾.u.ska .egqï l

14



tkï (w' .egqug iïnkaO yd mokï ù we;s idOl uq,ska Wÿrd oeóug

l%shdlsÍuh'wd' .egqï md¾Yj w;r kj iïnkaO;d f.dvke.Sug ls%shdlsÍu'we' Okd;aul wdl,am cks; lsÍu'wE' m%pKav;ajh kej; W;aikak ùug we;s bvlv bj;alsÍu'

.egqï ksrdlrKfha§ i,ld n,kq ,nk jeo.;a wxYhla jkafka .egqug ;=vq§ we;sfya;= idOl .eUqßka wOHhkh fldg tajd úi`§ug l%shdlsÍuhs' fï wkqj .egqï md¾Yjhw;r ì`§.sh iïnkaO;d m%;sIaGdmkh lsÍug;a kej; .egqula mek ke.Sug we;s YlH;djhj

15



- .egqu yd idu wOHdmkh• f;dr;=re tal rdYs lr.ekSu i|yd ksYaÑ; ld,hla ,nd fokak'• tla tla lKavdhu úiska iïmdokh lr.kakd ,o f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍug

wjia:djla ,nd fokak'• nqoaê uKav, idlÉPdj ;=

16



wka;¾cd;sl foaYmd,kh

ksmqK;dj 11 (- wka;¾cd;sl foaYmd,kh ms

17



wka;¾cd;sl foAYmd,kh z hqoaOh yd iduh Z ms

18



úksúo hdu iy ueÈy;a ùurdcHhka m%;súreoaO rdcHhl wNHka;rhg ryia l%u yryd úksúo hñka

úúO n,mEï lrñka tu rdcH ;ukag wjYH wdldrhg yiqrejd .ekSug l%shdlsÍuúksúo hdu f,i o m%;súreoaO rdcHhl foaYmd,k l%shdj,shg n,mEï lsÍu u.ska rdcHfhayeisÍu fjkia lrjd .ekSu ueÈy;aùu hkqfjka o ye`Èkafõ' fï iòyd rdcHhka Ndú;hg.kafka wdjD; l%uhkah tkï" ryia T;a;= fiajd" m%pdrKh iy fjk;a wdjD; Wml%uhkah'

hqoaOhby; oelajq Wmdh ud¾. ;=k yryd rdcHhkag ;u wruqKq bgqlr .ekSug

fkdyels jq úg rdcHhka wjidk jYfhka Ndú;hg .kakd WmlrKh hqoaOh fõ' tkïwú wdhqO u.ska i;=rdg myr § tlaflda i;=rd uq̀:ukskau úkdY lsÍuh' ke;skï i;=rd ÿn,fldg ;ukag wjYH wdldrhg yiqrejd .ekSuh'

rdcHhka ;u wruqKq bgqlr .ekSu iòyd fhdod .efkk Wml%u w;=ßkajvd;a úhoï iy.; iy jvd;a úkdYldÍ Wml%uh hqoaOh fõ'

hï w¾nqohla úiòd .ekSu iòyd hqoaOh Ndú;hg .ekSug m%:ufhkardcHhka úiska wkq.ukh l

19



cd;sl n,hyEkaia fÊ' fud¾.kaf;da olajk wdldrhg rdcHhlg ;j;a rdcHhlf.a

uki yd l%shdjka md,kh lsÍug we;s yelshdj cd;sl n,h hkafkka w¾:j;a fõ'fjk;a wdldrhlg lshkjd kï hï rdcHhl leue;a; ;j;a rdcHhla u; m;s;lrjñka ;ukag wjYH wdldrhg yiqrejd .ekSug yd thg wjk; fkdjk úg n,mEïlsÍu u.ska wjk; lrjd .ekSug we;s yelshdj n,h hkafkka woyia fõ' fuuyelshdj ;srKh jkafka ta ta rdcH i;= cd;sl n,fha m%udKh u;h' rdcHhka cd;sln,h l%shdjg kxfjkafka my; oelafjk Wml%u yrydh'

1' n,mEï lsÍu'2' m%;sodk §u'3' o`vqjï lsÍu'4' n,h fhoùu'

n,mEï lsÍun,h l%shdjg kexùu iòyd wka;¾cd;sl foaYmd,kh ;=< fnfyúk au

m%fhdackhg .efkkafka fuu l%uhhs' ksoiqkla f,i A keue;s rdcHh úiska B keue;srdcHhg n,mEï lsÍug wjYH kï th tlaflda ;¾l ú;¾l u.ska ke;skï by< uÜgfï;d¾lsl Wml%u u.ska fyda tfia;a ke;akï m%ia;+; lreK uq̀:ukskau h,s w¾: l:kh lsÍuu.ska B rdcHhfha uki iy l%shdjka md,kh lsÍu fmkajd Èh yel' rdcH Wml%u u.skam%Yak úi`§u iòyd rdcHhka fhdod .kafka fuu l%uhhs'

m%;sodk §uúúOdldr m%;sodk ,nd§u u.ska tla rdcHhla ;j;a rdcHhl yeisÍu ;ukag

wjYH whqßka yiqrejd .ekSug W;aidy oeÍu fuhska woyia fõ' ksoiqkla f,i wd¾ÒlwdOdr §u" foaYmd,k jYfhka lrk iydh §ï" ñ,sgß wdOdr" øjHd;aul wdOdr lsÍï fïiòyd fhdod .kS'

o`vqjï lsÍufuhska woyia lrkafka m%;sodk §u k;r lsÍuh' fï wkqj m %; sodk §u

iy o`vqjï lsÍu wfkHdakH jYfhka tlg ne`§ mj;S' fuhg wu;rj i;=rdg tfrysj lrkúúO m%pdrK" m%fldamldÍ l%shdjka" i;=rdg tfrys fjk;a rdcHhkag újD;j wdOdr lsÍïhkd§ Wml%uo fï iòyd fhdod .kS'

n,h fhoùuil%Sh f,i n,h l%shdjg kexùu fuhska woyia fõ' tkï hqoaO l%shdud¾.

;=

20



5' ndysr iy fjk;a idOl - rfÜ lS¾;sh yd kïnqj" úfoaY iydh,nd.ekSfï yelshdj" ryia T;a;= fiajdjkays ld¾hlaIu;dj'

by; oelajq lreKq j,ska fmkS hkafka wka;¾cd;sl iudch ;=< mj;sk wkêldÍiajNdjh fya;=fldg f.k rdcHhkag ;uka leu;s wdldrhlg ksoyfia yeisÍug wka;¾cd;sliudch ;=< yelshdj ,eî ;sfnk njh' fuys m%;sM,h ù we;af;a rdcHhka w;r iduhg jvdhqoaOuh ;;ajhla ksrka;rfhkau we;sjk njh' fuu ;;ajh md,kh fkdl< fyd;awka;¾cd;sl iduh lsisÿ Èkhl

21



• kuq;a" ixúOdk folu wfmalaId l< whqßka iduqysl iqrlaIs;;dixl,amh l%shdjg kexùug fkdyels úh'

• fya;=j tu ixúOdkj, idudðl rdcHhka iduqysl iqrlaIs;;djl%shdjg kexùu i`oyd wjYH fmdÿ wNsu;hlg f.k taug fkdyelsùuh

• flfia jqjo n, iu;=,s;;djg jvd iduqysl iqrlaIs;;djm%dfhda.sl jYfhka l%shdjg kexúh yels Wml%uhla fõ'

wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh• wka;¾ rdcH iïnkaO;d fmdÿfõ ms

22



f,dal wdKavqj• rdcHhkaf.a ndysr yeisÍu md,kh lsÍu iòyd úOdhl" jHdjia:dodhl iy

wêlrK n,hla iys; f,dal wdKavqjla msysgqúh hq;= nj fuu ixl,amfhkawjOdrKh flf¾'

• fuh yqÿ ixl,amhla muKs' m%dfhda.sl jYfhka tjeks wdKavqjla msysgqùuisyskhla nj úpdrlhskaf.a woyi fõ'

• fya;=j f,dal uÜgfï iajdêm;s n,hla iys; f,dal wdKavqjlaf.dvke.Su i|yd rdcHhka ;ukaf.a fm!oa.,sl iajdêm;s;ajhw;yeÍug wlue;s ùuh'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlu

• iaj ks¾udKhla ieliSu'• l%shdldrlug wod, f;dr;=re my; iòyka YS¾I Tiafia ,nd.kak'

- wkA;¾cd;sl foaYmd,kh y`ÿkd .ekSu'- wka;¾cd;sl iïnkaO;d meje;aùfï úêl%u'

1' úfoaY m%;sm;a;s yd ;dkdm;s Wml%u'2' wd¾Òl n,h'3' hqoaOh'

- wka;¾cd;sl iïnkaO;d md,kh lsÍfï Wml%u'1' iduqysl iqrlaIs;;djh we;slr .ekSu'2' n, ;=,kh'3' wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh'4' ksrdhqOlrKh'5' f,dal wdKavqj'

• by; iòyka ud;Dldj,g wod, uq,dY% isiqkag imhd fokak'• iEu isiqfjl=gu by; ud;Dldj,g wod,j ;ks ;ksj lreKq /ialr iaj

ks¾udKhla lsÍug u`. fmkajkak' ^ iaj ks¾udKh ì;a;s mqj;am;lg imhk

,smshla f,i ilia lrjkak' &

• isiqkaf.a iaj ks¾udK we.hSug ,lalr ì;a;s mqj;a mf;a m%o¾Ykh lrkak'

uQ,dY%

Ref :

1. Rama S. Melkote - International Relationship

2. Palmer & Perkins - International Relationship

3. John T. Rouke - International Politics on World Stage

23



f;dard.;a wdKavql%u wdlD;s

ksmqK;dj 12 (- WÑ; md,k l%uhla we;s lsÍu i|yd wdKavql%u wdlD;s ms

24

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25

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rdcH iNdj

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® fmdÿ OQr ld,h jir03 ls

26

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® rdcdik l:dj wkqu; lsÍu® kS;s iïmdokh lsÍu® uQ,H md,kh lsÍu® úOdhlh md,kh lsÍu® uyck ÿla.ekú,s bÈßm;a lsÍu® wkd.; kdhlhka mqyqKq lsÍu® úOdhl ldrl iNd m;a lsÍu® úksYaphldrjreka bj;a lsÍuidñ uka;%S uKav,h

® idudkH mk;a wdrïN lsÍfï n,h

wefußldj

ksfhdað; uka;S%uKav,h

® kS;s iïmdokh lsÍu® uqo,a iïu; lsÍu® ckdêm;sg tfrysj fodaIdNsfhda. wdruN lsÍu

fifkaÜ iNdj^1& jHjia:dodhl n,;,® idudkH mk;a wdrïN lsÍu® uqo,a mk;a ixfYdaOkh lsÍu® mk;la iïu;ùug fifkaÜ iNdfõ wkque;sh wjYH ùu® fodaIdNsfhda.úksYaph

lsÍu^11& m;a lsÍfï n,;,® ckdêm;s úiska l lsÍugwkque;sh §u

® .súiqï" iïuq;Ska i|ydwkque;sh §u

® fldñIka iNdmsysgqùu

bkaÈhdj

f,dala iNdj

® kS;s iïmdokh lsÍu® uqo,a iïu; lsrSu® úOdhlh md,kh

lsÍu yd fufyh ùu® úOdhlhg wjYH

nyq;rh iemhSu

rdcH iNdj® uqo,a mk;a wdrïN l<

fkdyelsùu ydixfYdaOkh lsÍuol< fkdyels ùu

® rdcH .sKqïldrliNdfõ iy rdcHjHjidh ldrliNdfõ iudðl;ajhthg ysñùu

® idudkH mk;a wdrïNl< yels ùu

iaúÜi¾,k;h

ikaëh uyd uKav,h® uKav, folgu úfYaI

m%uqL;d whs;shla ke;® uqo,a flgqïm;a

uKav, foflkauwdrïN lsÍu

® uKav, folguysñjk mQ¾Kiudkd;au;dj

® uka;%S uKav, folguj.lsjhq;= ùu

ikaëh uKav,h fj;mejfrk n,;, ydld¾hh

jHjia:dodhl(-® ikaëh kS;s yd wd{d

mk; iïu; lrhs® jd¾Isl whjeh

f,aLkh iuu; lrhs

27

13 jk

fY

%aKsh

foaY

md,

k ú

oHdj

.=r

e ud¾

f.

damf

oaY i

x.%y

h

®uyck uka;%S uKav,hg iïu;fldg wkque;sh i|yd

tjk mk;a iïu; lsÍsu®mk;a m%udo lsßu-uqo,a mk;la udihlld,hla iy idudkHmk;la jirl ld,hlam%udo l< yel'

®ì%;dkH wêlrKfCIA;%h ;=< by

28

13 jk

fY

%aKsh

foaY

md,

k ú

oHdj

.=r

e ud¾

f.

damf

oaY i

x.%y

h

f,dala iNdj yd rdcHiNdj yjqf,a N=la;sú`Èk n,;,

® ckdêm;sjrhd m;alsÍu iy ckdêm;sjrhdg tfrysjfodaIdNsfhda. f.ktau

® Wm ckdêm;sjrhdfY%AIAGdêlrKfhaúksYaph lrejkA iybkaÈhdfõú.Kldêm;sjrhd;k;=rska bj;a lsÍu

® yÈis kS;sh m%ldYhgm;a lsÍu wkqu; lsÍu

® fiiq ks,OdÍka f;dardm;alr .ekSfï fydAiaÒrlÍfï whs;sh

® isú,a fiajfha lghq;=wëCIKh

® ikaëh yuqodj md,khlrhs

® hqoaO m%ldY lsÍu ydidu .súiqï w;aikalsßu

® ikaëh úksYaph iylghq;= wëCIKh

wêlrK® ikaëh n,OdÍka w;r

ld¾h iSud iïnJO.egqï ksrdlrKhlsÍu

® ikaëh úksYaphiNdfõ úksYAphlrejka m;a lrhs'

® iudj yd fmdÿ iudj§fï ld¾hfhys omrudêm;s n,hl%shd;aul lrhs'

29

13 jk

fY

%aKsh

foaY

md,

k ú

oHdj

.=r

e ud¾

f.

damf

oaY i

x.%y

h

wdKavql%ujHjia:d

ixfYdaOkh

® md¾,sfïka;=fõ idudkH nyq;rhlsks'

® uOHu wdKavqfõ uKav, fofla 2$3 nyq;r wkque;sfhka iy m%dka; rcH iïfï,khl§ m%dka; rdcH 2$4 l wkque;sfhka

® uka;%S uKav, foflawkque;sh iy cku;úuiqulska wkque;sh,nd.; hq;=ùu'

® uKav, foflataldnoaO /iaùul§3$5 l wkque;sh

ixfYd aOkh l

30

13 jk

fY

%aKsh

foaY

md,

k ú

oHdj

.=r

e ud¾

f.

damf

oaY i

x.%y

h

f;dard.;a wdKavql%u wdlD;sj, úOdhlh

úOdhlfhaixhq;sh

m;alsÍu yd ks,ld,h

ì%;dkHh

fldgia 2ls1' kdñl úOdhlh

® rcq$ /ðk úh yelsh'® mdrïmßlj m;a fõ'

2' i;H úOdhlh w.ue;s w;=`M leìkÜ uKav,h® ue;sjrKhlska miq

nyq;r wdikixLHdjla Èkd.;amCIfha kdhlhdrcq$/ðk úiskaw.ue;s f,im;aflf¾'

wefußldj

úOdhl ckdëm;s

® fjku ue;sjrKhlskatkï Pkao úoHd,hlau`.ska m;a lsÍu'

® ks,ld,h jir 4ls'® ue;sjrKh mshjr

lsysmhlska isÿfõ'1 kdu fhdackd ,shd

mÈxÑ lsÍu2 mCI kdu fhdackd

,nd .ekSu3 Pkao úoH,hlg

ksfhdað;hka f;dardm;a lsÍu

4 Pkao úoHd,ksfhdað;hkackdêm;sjrhd f;dardm;a lsÍu i|ydPkaoh m%ldY lsÍu'

m%xYh

uKav, follskaiukaú; fõ

1' ckdêm;s2' w.ue;s weu;s uKav,hckdêm;s® oaù Pkao l%uh u;

iDcq uyckPkaofhka f;dardm;alsÍu

® m

31

13 jk

fY

%aKsh

foaY

md,

k ú

oHdj

.=r

e ud¾

f.

damf

oaY i

x.%y

h

® w.ue;sf.a Wmfoiau;leìkÜ uKav,h m;alsÍu'

® ks,ld,h jir 5lafyda jHjia:dodhlfhanyq;r úYajdihmj;sk f;la'

5 '5 '5 '5 '5 ' Pkao .Kka lsÍu iyckdêm;sjrhd Èjqreï§ jev Ndr .ekSu'

Wm ckdêm;s® ckdêm;sjrKfha§u

Wm ckdêm;sjrhdm;alr .kS'

® ckdêm;sjrhdgiydh ùug leìkÜuKav,hla m;alr.kS'

® leìkÜ uKav,fhaidudðlhkam;alr.kq ,nkafkardcH fiajdks,Odßka w;ßkah'

w.ue;s

® ckdêm;s úiska m;alrhs'

weu;sjre

® w.ue;s ;SrKh lrckdêm;s úiska m;alrhs'

® w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia u; leìkÜ uKav,h m;a lsÍu'® ks, ld,h wjqreÿ 5 ls

® isõ jirlks,ld,hlg m;a l<o ;ukag mejÍ we;sld¾hhka yDo idCIshgtl`.j lrkafkakïks,;, j,ska bj;afkdlrhs'

® fndfydaúg iaúiaikaëh iNslhkaf.aks,ld,h jir 10blaujhs'

n,;, yd

ld¾hhka

kdñl úOdhlh^rcq$ /ðk&® rdcH kdhlhd

ikakoaO fiajdjkaysfiakdêkdhlhd

ckdêm;sckdêm;s i;= n,;,ld¾hhka uQ,dY% 3lskaW;amdokh fõ'

ckdêm;srdcHfha" wdKavqfõ iyúOdhlfha kdhlhd jkw;r ikako aOfi ajdjkay s m %OdkwKfok ks,Odßhd fõ'

ckdêm;sjHjia:dodhl n,;,® md¾,sfïka;= /ia lsÍu"

ieisjdr l,a ±ñu ydúiqrejd yeÍu

ikaëh iNdj® jHjia:dodhl"

úOdhl"wêlrK yd uQ,Hhkqfjka ±laúh yel'

32

13 jk

fY

%aKsh

foaY

md,

k ú

oHdj

.=r

e ud¾

f.

damf

oaY i

x.%y

h

® jHjia:dodhlld¾hhka

® úOdhl ld¾hhka

® wêlrK ld¾hhka® pdß;%dkql+, ld¾hhka

i;H úOdhlh^w.ue;s - leìkÜuKav,h&

w.ue;s

® leìkÜ uKav,h m;alsÍu yd wud;H OQrfnod yeÍu'

® leìkÜ uKav,hkej; ilia lsÍu

® wud;H uKav,fhauq,iqk ±Íu

® ksfhdað; uka;S%uKav,fha m%Odkshdùu

® ksfhdað; uka;S%uKav,h úiqrejdyeÍu

1' wdKavql%ujHjia:dfjka ysñù;sfnk n,;,

® ckdêm;sg ;ksjl%shdjg kexúh yelsn,;,

® fifkaÜ iNdj iu`.yjqf,a l%shdjg kexúhyels n,;,

® fldka.%ih iu`.yjqf,a l%shdjg kexúhyels n,;,

2' wjOdß; lsÍu hgf;aysñù ;sfnk n,;,

3' wêlrK ;Skaÿ u`.skaysñù ;sfnk n,;,

Wm ckdêm;s® fifkaÜ iNdfõ

iNdm;s fõ'

® ;Srl Pkaoh §fïn,hysñùu'

1' rdcH kdhlhd f,i® m%xY ckrch

ksfhdackh® cd;sl W;aijj,g

iyNd.s ùu

® rdcH mKsjqv iyksfõok ksl=;a lsÍu

® kïnqkdu msß keóu'

® rdcH uødj mßyrKhlsÍu

2' wdKavqfõ kdhlhdf,i

®w.ue;s m;a lsÍu®wud;H uKav,h m;a

lsÍu® wud;H uKav,fha

uq,iqk ±Íu iywud;H uKav,hms

33

13 jk

fY

%aKsh

foaY

md,

k ú

oHdj

.=r

e ud¾

f.

damf

oaY i

x.%y

h

® rcqf.a WmfoaYl ydiïnJëldrl f,ilghq;= lsÍu

® rfÜ ixj¾OkhgwjYH ie,iqï ilialsÍu yd wkqu; lrjd.eksu

® cd;sl wdrCIdj ;yjqrelsÍu

leìkÜ uKav,h1' fm!oa.,sl ld¾hhka® weu;sjrfhl= f,i

mejfrk ishfomd¾;fïka;=mßmd,khg wh;ald¾hhka

2' iduQysl ld¾hhka

® m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh® wdKavqj fufyhùu yd

kdhl;ajh §u

® OQr ld,h wjikaùug fmr ckdêm;s QOQrh ysiajQjfyd;a b;sßks, ld,h i|ydckdêm;s OQrhg m;alrkq ,nhs'

® m%dfhda.slj fuu;k;=rg jeo.;alulaysñ fkdfõ'

leìkÜ uKav,h

® iDcqju ckdêm;sghg;a wdh;khla jkw;r ckdêm;sf.aiydhl wdh;khlaùu

® ckdêm;sf.a leue;a;we;s;dla n,fha isáhyelsh'

® leìkÜ uKav,hj.lshkq ,nkafkackdêm;sjrhdgmuKs'

3' úOdhlfha kdhlhdf,i

4' ikakoaO fiajdjkayswKfok ks,Odßhdf,i

by; n,;, yereKqúg wdKavql%ujHjia:dfjka mjrdwe;s n,;,1' cd;sl iNdj úiqrejd

yeÍfï n,h2' md¾,sfïka;=fjka

iïu; fldgl%shdjg kexùu i|ydckdêm;sjrhdgbÈßm;a lrk mk;ams

34

13 jk

fY

%aKsh

foaY

md,

k ú

oHdj

.=r

e ud¾

f.

damf

oaY i

x.%y

h

yÈis wjia:d n,;,3ka wdldrhls1' rdcH yÈis wji:d2' m%dka; rdcHhl

jHji:dkql+,md,kh ì|jegqKqúgl mkjk yÈiswjia:d

3' uqo,a yÈis wjia:d

Wm ckdêm;s® ks, n,fhka rdcH

iNdfõ uq,iqk orhs'® Oqr ld,h wjik ùug

fmr ckdêm;sOQrh ysiajQjfyd;aa b;sßks,ld,h i|ydckdêm;sOQrhgm;alrkq ,efí'

w.ue;s® weu;s uKav,h m;a

lsÍu® weu;s uKav,fha

uq,iqk oeÍu

® mrudêldÍ cd;slúOdhlh f,i lghq;=lsÍu iyfomd¾;fïka;= lghq;=iïnJëlrKh

® uqo,a ;SrKh lsÍu

4' md¾,sfïka;=j mkjkkS;s m%ldYhg m;alsÍfï n,h'

5' wêlrK n,;,6' fjk;a úfYaI n,;,

i) yÈis wjia:d n,;,ii) cku; úpdrK

meje;aùfï n,hiii)md¾,sfïka;=j mkjk

wKmk;aj,jHjia:dkql+, NdjhmÍCId lsÍfï n,h

iv)úfoaY lghq;= ms

35

13 jk

fY

%aKsh

foaY

md,

k ú

oHdj

.=r

e ud¾

f.

damf

oaY i

x.%y

h

® ckdêm;s yd weu;suKav,h w;riïnJëlrKh

® rcfha lghq;=iïnJëlrKh

® f,dala iNdfõ iycd;sfha kdhl;ajhoeÍu'

weu;s uKav,h® rfÜ ixj¾Okhg

wjYH m%;sm;a;sieliSu'

® w.ue;sf.a u`.fmkaùuhgf;a úOdhl lghq;=fufyh ùu'

® jHjia:dodhl lghq;=fufyhùu'

® whjeh f,aLkhieliSu we;=`M uQ,Hlghq;=

® foaYmd,k yd cd;slwjYH;djh iqrlsñkabkaÈhdfõ talSh;ajh;yjqre lsÍu'

36

13 jk

fY

%aKsh

foaY

md,

k ú

oHdj

.=r

e ud¾

f.

damf

oaY i

x.%y

h

wdKavql%u wdlD;sj, wêlrKh

jHqyh ì%;dkHh

fldgia 2ls1' isú,a wêlrKh2' wmrdO wêlrKh

isú,a wêlrK wdh;k

weußldj

by

37

13 jk

fY

%aKsh

foaY

md,

k ú

oHdj

.=r

e ud¾

f.

damf

oaY i

x.%y

h

wmrdO wêlrKwdh;k wmrdO Widú

fmd,sia Widúh ^1&

wNshdpkd Widú ^2&

weihsia Widú ^3&

oKavdêlrKh ̂ 4&

mßmd,k Widúh1' m%dfoaYSh iNd2' rdcH iNd

wêlrK lghq;=ms

38

13 jk

fY

%aKsh

foaY

md,

k ú

oHdj

.=r

e ud¾

f.

damf

oaY i

x.%y

h

f;dard.;a wdKavql%u wdlD;sj, mCI l%uh

uQ,sl ,CIK ì%;dkHh

® oaú mCI l%uhls'® §¾> úldYkhl

m%;sM,hls'® oeä ixúOdkd;aul

nj® uQ,sl m%;sm;a;s

iïnJOfhka m%OdkfoaYmd,k mCIfol w;r mj;sktl`.;djh'

® m%n,wdKavq mCIhlafukau úmCIhlamej;Su'

® ld,Sk wjYH;dwkqj mCI m%;sm;a;silia lsÍu'

m%xYh

® nyq mCI l%uhls'nyq mCI l%uhlamej;Sug fya;=(-

i m%xYfha ft;sydislfoaYmd,k fYaIhka

ii m%xY ck;djf.audkisl iajNdjh

iii ck;d úúO;ajh iv m%foaY jdoh v u;jd§ úúO;ajh vi ksfhdack l%ufha

iajNdjh® mCI w;r uQ,sl

tl`.;djlafkdmej;su'

® ks;r fjkia ùfïiajNdjh

® foaYmd,km%jK;dj,ia:djr;ajh

bkaÈhdj

® nyq mCI l%uhls'® iudc nyqúO;djh

ksrEmKh lrktkï" NdId" wd.u;=< m%dfoaYSh fn§uiys; mCI l%uhla;sîu'

® 1948 - 1970 .Kkaolajd foaYmd,kmCI ;=< kdhl;ajwdêm;Hh oerefõfldx.%ia mCIh jQjo1970 kamiq tu;;a;ajh msßyShdu'

® kuq;a fldx.%ia mCIhyereKqúg cd;sltlai;aNdjhf.dvkef.ko¾Ykhla iys;cd;sl uÜgfïfoaYmd,k mCIhlabkaÈhdkq foaYmd,kl%uh ;=< fï olajdìys fkdúu'

iaúÜi¾,ka;h

® m%Odk mCI yd iq`MmCI lsysmhla mej;Su'

® wfkla rgj,foaYmd,k mCI i;=ld¾hNdrhg jvd wvqjeo.;alula iqúiafoaYmd,k mCIj,gysñùu'

tfia jeo.;aluwvqùug fya;=(-

® È.= l,la ;siafiaulsisÿ jeo.;a m%Yakhlatu mCI fj; bÈßm;afkdùu'

® wd¾Ól ;;= ms

39

13 jk

fY

%aKsh

foaY

md,

k ú

oHdj

.=r

e ud¾

f.

damf

oaY i

x.%y

h

® wd.ñl úfrdaOhlafkdmej;Su'

® jHjia:dodhlfhaiNdjka fláùu'

® mCI ,sys,a f,iixúOdkh ù ;sîu'

® ch.%dyS ye.Sfukaf;drùu'

® ck iïu; Pkaoh'® mka;s fNao ke;s nj'® tla mCIhla È.= l,la

;siafia m%n,j ke.Sisàu'

® jdis fnod .ekSfïl%uhla ke;snj'

® foaYdkqrd.h'

40



bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï® m%Yafkda;a;r ix.%yhla ilia lsÍu'® f;dard.;a wdKavql%u ;=< foaYmd,k wdh;k ms

41



ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavql%u jHjia:dj, úfYaIs;úêúOdk yd wdh;k

ksmqK;djh 13 (- ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavql%u jHjia:dj, úfYaIwdKavql%u wdh;kj, yd úêúOdk j, iajrEmhka y`ÿkd.kS'

ksmqK;d uÜgu(- ld,Éfþo 6013'1 ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavql%u jHjia:dj, úfYaIs;

wdKavql%u úêúOdk ;=,kd;aulj újrKh lrhs'13'2 ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavql%u jHjia:dj, úfYaIs;

wdKavql%u wdh;k ;=,kd;aulj újrKh lrhs'bf.kqï M, (-

• ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavql%u jHjia:dj, úfYaIfhka i`oykajq wdKavql%u úêúOdk yd tys iajrEmhka y`ÿkd.kS'

• ta wkqj tu úêúOdk f,i uq,sl whs;sjdislï" NdId whs;sjdislï"iq`: ck fldgiaj, whs;sjdislï" ue;sjrK l%u" ksfhdack l%u"uq,H wdh;k ms

42



úIh lreKq meyeÈ,slr .ekSu i`oyd w;aje,la (-nyqjd¾.sl ck iudch ;=< wdKavql%u jHjia:djl tla ld¾hhla jkqfha cd;sh

f.dvke.Su i`oyd il%Sh l%shdl,dmhka bgq lsÍuh' úfYaIfhkau úYd, tla ck j¾.hlaiy l=vd jd¾.sl ck fldgia lsysmhlska hq;a Y%S ,xldj jeks nyqjd¾.sl ck iudchl ish`:ck fldgiaj, whs;sjdislï iudkj wdrlaId lsÍug .;a W;aiyhka furg ksoyiska miql%shd;aul jq wdKavql%u wOHhkfha§ fmkS hkafkah' fufia l%shd;aul jq wdldrh wxY 02 lahgf;a fmkajd Èh yelsh'1' wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ;=, úfYaI úêúOdk fh§uh'

Wod ( -• 1948 jHjia:dj ;

43



m%dfoaYSh wdKavqlrKh 1948 - fï olajdfuu tallh hgf;a i,ld n,kqfha 1948 isg fï olajd Y%S ,xldfõ m

44

13 jk

fY

%aKsh

foaY

md,

k ú

oHdj

.=r

e ud¾

f.

damf

oaY i

x.%y

h

1947 - 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:d úfYaI

úêúOdk iy msysgqjk ,o wdh;k y`ÿkd .ekSu

1948 fida,anrs jHdjia:dj

01' úêúOdk

iq`: ck fldgia i`oyd fhdod ;snq

wdrCIl úêúOdk (

w' 29 jk j.ka;sh

wd' 11 jk j.ka;sh - ksfhdað; uka;%S

uKav,hg idudðlhska 06 fofkl= m;alsÍu'

we' 8 jk j.ka;sh - fifkaÜ iNdjg

idudðlhska 15 fofkl= m;alsÍu'

wE' 41(5 j.ka;sh - nyq uka;%S Pkao

fldÜGdY msysgqùu'

b' 48 j.ka;sh - wêlrK weu;sjrhd

fikÜ iNdfjka f;dard .ekSu'

02' wdh;k

w' 58(1 j.ka;sh - rdcH fiajd fldñiu

wd' 53 j.ka;sh - wêlrK fiajd

fldñiu

we' 40 j.ka;sh - iSud ks¾Kh lsÍfï

fldñiu

wE' wêlrK weu;sjrhd m;al< wdldrh

1972 wdKavql%u jHdjia:dj

01' úêúOdk

^w& 6 jk jHjia:dj - nqoaOd.ug

m%uqLia:dkh §u

^wd& NdId úêúOdk

i' 7 jk jHjia:dj - rdcH NdIdj isxy,

NdIdj úhhq;= nj

ii' 8 jk jHjia:dj - rdcH md,kfha§

fou< NdIdj fhdod.; hq;= wdldrh' 1958 wxl

28 orK fou< NdId Ndú;h ms

45

13 jk

fY

%aKsh

foaY

md,

k ú

oHdj

.=r

e ud¾

f.

damf

oaY i

x.%y

h

wjOdkh fhduql, hq;= lreKq

^w& iq`: ck fldgia iòyd fhdod ;snq

wdrlaIK úêúOdk j,(

i'' iajNdjh

ii'' m%dfhda.sl l%shdldß;ajh

iii' fhdod ;snq wdrlaIl úêúOdkj,

id¾:l - wid¾:l Ndjh

iv' fhdod ;snq úêúOdk m%udKj;ao@ keoao@

hkak

^wd& 2"3"4 hk wdh;khkays"

i'' ixhq;sh

ii' idudðlhska m;al< wdldrh"

ks,ld,h" OQrfhka bj;alsÍu

iii' f.ùï iy wfkl=;a §ukd

iv' iajdëk;ajh wdrlaId lsÍu iòyd

fhdod ;snq úêúOdk

v' iajdëk rdcH fiajdjla iy wêlrK

fiajdjla mj;ajdf.k hdu iòyd 2 iy

3 wdh;k foflka jq odhl;ajh

úu¾Ykh lsÍu'

vi'' wfmalaIs; b,lal bgqjQjdo keoao hkak

úNd. lsÍu

wjOdkh fhduql, hq;= lreKq (

i' zwZ iy zwdZ úêúOdk l%shd;aul jq

wdldrh iy tajdfha idudðh iy

foaYmd,k m%;sM,

ii' zwZ iy zwdZ úêúOdk u.ska iudk

mqrjeishka yd iudk bv m%ia:djka hk

isoaOdka;hg jq n,mEu

iii' zwZ iy zwdZ úêúOdk cd;sh f.dvkexùfï

l%shdoduhg jq n,mEu

iv' zweZ úêúOdkfha oelafjk uq,O¾uj,

iajdNdjh yd tajdfha m%dfhda.sl

l%shdldß;ajh

v' zwEZ úêúOdkh hgf;a m%odkh l< uq,sl

whs;sjdislï j, iajdNdjh iy m%dfhda.sl

l%shdldß;ajh

vi' rdcH uq,H yd md,kh l%shdjg kexfjk

wdldrh" ú.Kldêm;s ;k;=r" m;alrk

yd bj;alrk wdldrh" n,;, yd ld¾hhka

wjOdkh fhduql, hq;= lreKq (

zwZ iy zBZ olajd we;s lreKq flfrys

wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ olajd ;sfnk(

i' úêúOdk j, iajrEmh

ii. kS;suh moku iy m%dfhda.sl

l%shdldß;ajh

iii' tu lreKq yd iïnkaO

jHjia:dkql+, iSudjka

02' wdh;k

^w& wdKavql%u jHdjia:d iNdj

• ixhq;sh

• idudðlhska m;alrk wdldrh

• n,;, yd ld¾hhka

46

13 jk

fY

%aKsh

foaY

md,

k ú

oHdj

.=r

e ud¾

f.

damf

oaY i

x.%y

h

my; oelafjk wdh;khkays m;alsÍï

l,hq;= wdldrh"

i' ue;sjrK fldñIka iNdj

ii' rdcH fiajd fldñIka iNdj

iii' cd;sl fmd,ssia fldñIka iNdj

iv' Y%S ,xld udkj ysñlï fldñIka

iNdj

v' w,a,ia fyda ÿIK fpdaokd

úu¾Ykh lsÍfï ks;H fldñIka

iNdj

vi' uqo,a fldñIka iNdj

vii' iSud ks¾Kh fldñIka iNdj

fuu wdh;khkays (

i' ixhq;sh

ii' Oqr ld,h

iii' jegqma iy wfkl=;a §ukd

iv' n,;, yd ld¾hhka flfrys

wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu l

47

13 jk

fY

%aKsh

foaY

md,

k ú

oHdj

.=r

e ud¾

f.

damf

oaY i

x.%y

h

b' idudkH mk;a iy yÈis mk;a ms

48

13 jk

fY

%aKsh

foaY

md,

k ú

oHdj

.=r

e ud¾

f.

damf

oaY i

x.%y

h

03' ue;sjrK flduidßiajrhd

w' wdKavql%u jHdjia:dfõ 82 iy 83

jHdjia:d u.ska olajd ;sfnk wdldrhg m;alrk

wdldrh" ;k;=r ysiajk wdldrh" jegqma iy wfkla

§ukd" Oqr ld,h" n,;, yd ld¾hhka

wd' udkj ysñlï wdrlaIdlsÍfï

hdka;%Kh (

i' fY%aIaGdêlrKfha ld¾hNdrh

ii' udkj ysñlï fldñIka iNdfõ

ld¾hNdrh

iii' Tïnqâiaukajrhdf.a ld¾hNdrh

fuu wdh;k ms

49



bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlu

• ixl,am is;shula ksuùu'

• mx;s ldurfha isiqka WÑ; mßÈ lKavdhï lr ,xldfõ wdKavql%u jHjia:dj,úfYaIs; úêúOdk yd wdh;k hk ud;Dldj hgf;a my; oelafjk lafIa;%yryd ixl,am is;shula ksuùug Wmfoia ,ndfokak'

- ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavql%u jHjia:dj, úfYaIs; úêúOdk

1' uQ,sl yd jd¾.sl whs;sjdislï'2' ue;sjrK l%u yd ksfhdack l%u'3' uQ,H md,k Wml%u'

- ksoyiska miq ,xldfõ wdKavql%u jHjia:dj, f.dvke.= úfYaIs;wdKavql%u wdh;k'

1' 1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:d wêlrKh'

2' md¾,sfïka;= uy flduidßia OQrh'

3' wdKavql%u jHjia:d iNdj'4' ue;sjrK fldñIka iNdj'5' 1948 ka miq fï olajd Y%S ,xldfõ m%dfoaYSh wdKavqlrK Wml%u'

• ixl,am is;shula f.dvke.Su iïnkaO fjk;a iduQysl mQ¾j wNHdihlfhfokak'

• iïnkaOjdÖ mo u`.ska tlsfkl iïnkaOjk wdldr ms

50



1978 jHjia:dj hgf;a ckdêm;sjrhdf.an,;, yd ld¾hhka

ksmqK;dj 14 (- 1978 jHjia:dj hgf;a ckdêm;sjrhdf.a n,;, yd ld¾hhkay`ÿkd .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu (- (- (- (- (- ld,Éfþo ^40&14(1 1978 wdKavq l%uh ;=< wfkla wdh;k yd iïnkaOjckdêm;sjrhdf.a n,;, yd ld¾h ú.%y lrhs'

bf.kqï M,h (-• leìkÜ uKav,h yd iïnkaO ckdêm;sjrhdf.a n,;, yd

ld¾hhka ú.%y lrhs'• jHjia:dodhlh yd iïnkaO ckdêm;sf.a n,;, yd ld¾hhka

,shd olajhs'• wêlrKh yd iïnkaO ckdêm;sjrhdf.a n,;, yd ld¾hhka

wëlaIKh lrhs'• rdcH fiajh yd iïnkaO ckdêm;sjrhdf.a ld¾hh yd n,;, j.=

.; lrhs'ye`Èkaùu (-

fojk ckrc jHjia:dj hgf;a ckdêm;sjrhdf.a n,;, yd ld¾hhka yd;;a;ajh ms

51



• leìkÜ uKav,h iïnkaOfhka ckdêm;sjrhd i;= ld¾hNdrh mgka.efkkafka 43'3 jHjia:dfõ oelafjk mßÈ w.ue;s ;k;=rg wfhl= m;alsÍfuks'md¾,sfïka;=fõ Wmßu úYajdih we;ehs ckdêm;sjrhd l,amkd lrk uka;%Sjrhdw.ue;s ;k;=rg m;al< hq;=h'

• leìkÜ uKav,fha idudðlhska ixLHdj o wud;HdxY ixLHdj owud;Hjrekag mjrkq ,nk úIhhka iy ld¾hhka o ;SrKh lrkafka ckdêm;sjrhdh'tfia ;SrKh l,miq wud;HdxY Ndrj lghq;= lsÍu iòyd md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjrekaw;ßka wud;Hjreka m;alsÍu lrkq ,nkafka ckdêm;sjrhdh' fï iòyd wjYH kïw.ue;sjrhdf.a woyia úuish yel'

• wud;H uKav,h m;alsÍfï § ;uka fj; ròjd.; hq;= hehsckdêm;sjrhd l,amkd lrk ´kEu wud;HdxYhla fukau wud;Hjrekag mjrdfkdfok ,o hï úIhhla fyda ld¾hhla ckdêm;sjrhd hgf;a ;nd.; yel' fï wkqjckdêm;sjrhd hgf;a ;nd.; yels wud;HdxY ixLHdj fldmuK o hkak .ek iSudjlafkdue;s w;r th ckdêm;sjrhdf.a wNsu;h wkqj ;SrKh fõ' wud;H uKav,fhaixhq;sh fukau wud;Hjrekag wh;a úIhhka iy ld¾hhka ;ukag wNsu; whqßkafjkia lsÍfï n,h ckdêm;sjrhd i;=fõ' fï wkqj w.ue;sjrhd we;=`: ´kEuwud;Hjrfhl= ;k;=frka bj;alsÍug ckdêm;sjrhdg yelsjk w;r tfia fjkia lsÍuleìkÜ uKav,fha wLKav;dj fukau leìkÜ uKav,h md¾,sfïka;=j fj; orKj.lSfï wLKav;djg o n,mdkq fkd,efí' fufia lrkq ,nk lsisÿ fjkia lsÍulackdêm;s ;k;=f¾ meje;au flfrys n,mdkq fkd,efí'

• leìkÜ uKav,fha kdhlhd jkafka ckdêm;sjrhdh' ta wkqj leìkÜuKav,fha /iaùï leòùu" uq,iqk oeÍu" leìkÜ uKav, /iaùïj, kHdh m;%h ilialsÍu ckdêm;s úiska isÿlrhs' jeo.;a m%;sm;a;suh lreKla leìkÜ uKav,fhawkque;sh iòyd bÈßm;alsÍug hï weu;sjrfhla woyia lrkafka kï tu lreKm%:ufhkau ckdêm;sjrhd fj; bÈßm;afldg ckdêm;sjrhdf.a woyia úuish hq;=h'

• ckdêm;sjrhd leìkÜ uKav,fha kdhlhd jqjo leìkÜ uKav,hmd¾,sfïka;=jg iduqyslj j.lsj hq;= jqjo ckdêm;sjrhd tu wjYH;djfhka ne`§fkdue;' tfukau wud;Hjrekag tfrysj wêlrKh bÈßhg hd yels jqjockdêm;sjrhdg tfrysj tfia l, fkdyel'wfkla w;g wdKavqjg tfrysjbÈßm;alrk úYajdi Nx. fhdackdjla iïu; ùfuka wdKavqfõ m%;sm;a;s m%ldYh fydawhjeh f,aLkh md¾,sfïka;=j ;

52



md¾,sfïka;=jg m%Yak l

53



33 ^w& jHjia:dj - wdKavqfõ m%;sm;a;s m%ldYh md¾,sfïka;=jgbÈßm;a lsÍu'33 ^w& jHjia:dj - md¾,sfïka;=fõ ux., /iaùï j, uq,iqk oeÍufuu úêúOdk j,g wu;rj ckdêm;sjrhd iu`. iïnkaO;dmj;ajkafka leìkÜ uKav,h yrydh' leìkÜ uKav,h ckdêm;s iymd¾,sfïka;=j tlg hdlrk mqrel fõ' wksla w;ska md¾,sfïka;=jgckdêm;s flfrys we;s tlu n,h jkafka ckdêm;sg tfrysjfodaIdNsfhda.h bÈßm;alsÍu muKs' kuq;a th lsisfia;au myiq ld¾hhlafkdfõ' ckdêm;sjrhd iy md¾,sfïka;=j w;r we;s fuu iïnkaO;drgdj foi n,k úg fmkS hkafka úOdhl n,;, iy leìkÜuKav,h yryd o nyq;r n,hla ;sfí kï ;u mlaIh yryd o iy ;u;ukag wNsu; whqßka md¾,sfïka;=j md,kh lsÍug yels njh' kuq;ajHjia:dodhlhg ckdêm;sjrhd flfrys l,yels n,mEu fnfyúkamy< uÜgul mj;s'

• ckdêm;s iy wêlrKh ckdêm;s iy wêlrKh ckdêm;s iy wêlrKh ckdêm;s iy wêlrKh ckdêm;s iy wêlrKh1978 wxl 02 orK wêlrK úêúOdk mk; u.ska my; i`oykawêlrK wdh;k moaO;sh y`ÿkajd fok ,§'

1' fY%aIaGdêlrKh2' wNshdpkdêlrKh3' uydêlrKh4' Èia;%sla Widú5' ufyaia;%d;a Widú6' m%d:ñl Widú

fuhska m

54



^w& óg wu;rj 41 ^we& jHjia:dj u.ska (ckdêm;sjrhd úiska wdKqvql%u jHjia:d iNdjg lrkq ,nk ks¾foaY

u; iy tu ks¾foaY i`oyd jHjia:d iNdfõ wkque;sh ,enqKq miqj wêlrKhg wod,my; oelafjk m;alsÍï ckdêm;sjrhdg l

55



3' kshu lrk ,o o`vqju fjkqjg ,ssys,a o`vqjula kshu lsÍu'4' kshu lrk ,o o`vqjula uq`:ukskau wfydais lsÍu" w¾O jYfhka

wvq lsÍu" ov uqo,la uq`:ukskau ksIam%Nd lsÍu fyda wvq lsÍu" rdcika;l lrk ,o jia;=jla uq`:ukskau fyda w¾O jYfhkaw;aysgqùu'

^t& 129'1 jHjia:dj - ckdêm;sjrhdg fYaIaGdêlrKfha Wmfoia,nd.ekSfï n,h (

by; oelajq úêúOdk f,i ne,Sfï§ fmkS hkafka m;a lsÍï" bj;a lsÍï yd iudj§ï hk ldrKd iïnkaOfhka ckdêm;sjrhdg hï hï wêlrK n,;, ysñù ;sfnknjh' kuq;a tu n,;, l%shdjg kexùfï§ wêlrKhg n,mEï l

56



ld,h iòyd fjk;a wfhl= m;alsÍfï n,ho ckdêm;s i;=fõ'wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 55'3 jHjia:dfõ iòyka jk wdldrhg ish`:fomd¾;fïka;= m%OdkSka m;alsÍu" Wiia lsÍu" ia:dk udre lsÍu" úkhmd,kh lsÍu iy fiajfhka my lsÍu" wud;H uKav,h i;=jk w;r"wud;H uKav,h úiska ta n,;, fldñIka iNdfõ woyia úuidoek.ekSfuka miqj l%shdfõ fhÈh hq;af;ah'by; iòyka jHjia:d fol iu`. ckdêm;sjrhd i,ld ne,Sfï§ lsjyelafla ckdêm;sjrhd wud;H uKav,fha idudðlfhl= jkjdfukau tys kdhlhd o jk njhs' m%dfhda.sl lafIa;%h ;=< oelshyelafla fomd¾;fïka;= m%OdkSka m;alsÍu ckdêm;sjrhdf.a ;kswNsu;h mßÈ isÿjk njh' wfkl=;a lreKq lsisjla ckdêm;sjrhdf.awkqoekqfuka yd wkque;sfhka f;drj isÿ fkdfõ' fï wkqj fmkShkafka rdcHfiajh md,kh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka ckdêm;sjrhdwiydh n,hla N=la;s ú`Èk njh' j¾;udkfha§ wdKavql%u jHjia:diNdj wl¾ukHj mej;Su iy tu fya;=fjka rdcH fiajfha iuyrm;alsÍï ckdêm;sjrhdf.a wNsu;h wkqju lsÍu ksoiqka f,i oelaúhyel'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlu (-• mejreula (

1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj mßYS,kh lrñka" 1928 wdKavql%ujHjia:dfõ we;s my; iòyka wdh;k yd iïnkaO ckdêm;sjrhdf.a n,;, ydld¾hhka j.= .; lsÍug isiqka fhduq lsÍu'

1' ckdêm;s yd leìkÜ uKav,h2' ckdêm;s yd jHjia:dodhlh3' ckdêm;s yd wêlrKh4' ckdêm;s yd rdcH fiajh

1978 jHjia:dj mßYS,kh lrñka" by; wdh;k yd iïnkaOckdêm;sjrhd i;= n,;, yd ld¾hhka ms

57



iudch ;=< l%shd;aul jk foaYmd,kfha iajrEmh

ksmqK;dj 15 (- (- (- (- (- iudch ;=< l%shd;aul jk foaYmd,kfha iajrEmh y`ÿkd .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu (- ld,Éfþo ^30&15'1 foaYmd,k l%uh ;=< foaYmd,k mlaIj, ld¾hNd¾h úu¾Ykh

lrhs'15'2 n,mEï lKavdhï" uyck u;h yd ckudOH foaYmd,k l%shdj,sh

;=< l%shdjg kexfjk wdldrh ms

58



wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKfhka miqjh' 1954 § Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIhmssysgqùfuka wk;=rej Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,kfha m%Odk mlaI fol jYfhkatlai;a cd;sl mlaIh yd Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIh ckm%sh úh' ;ks mlaIhlgnyq;r wdik ixLHdjla iys; wdKavq msysgqùug mj;sk bvlv b;d iSñ;úh' tu ksid m%Odk mlaI fol u; f.dvke.=kq iNd. wdKavq msysgqùfïm%jK;djla mej;=ks' tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh olaIsKdxYsl foaYmd,kmlaIhla jYfhkq;a Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIh m%uqL ,xld iuiudc mlaIh ydfldñhqksiaÜ mlaIh jdudxYsl foaYmd,k mlaI f,i;a ie,fla'

Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI úúO ck j¾. yd ,íëka uq,alr .ksñkaìysù we;s ksid j¾.jd§ iajrEmhla Wiq,k wdldrh oelsh yel' 1978wdKavql%u jHjia:dj u.ska y`ÿkajdÿka iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uhfya;=fjka nyq mlaI l%uh ;j ÿrg;a j¾Okh úh' iudc nyqúO;dj iukhl, fkdyels wdldrfha mx;s úfrdaO;d mej;Su" kHdhd;aul m%;súfrdaO;d"m

59



• ckudOH yd foaYmd,kh• m%cd;ka;%jd§ foaYmd,k l%uhla ;=< udOH m%cd;ka;%jdohg

m%uqLia:dkhla ysñfõ'• m%cd;ka;%jdofha hym;a meje;au i|yd ksoyia" wmlaImd;s" iajdëk

udOHhl meje;au w;HjYH jk w;r tjeks udOH i,lkq ,nkafkam%cd;ka;%jdofha uqrn,a,ka f,ih'

• jeo.;a foaYmd,k isÿùï ck;dj fj; bÈßm;a lsÍu" f;dr;=rej,"yev;,h ilia lsÍu" foaYmd,k iudcdkqfhdackh" foaYmd,k jYfhkajeo.;a lreKq iïnkaOfhka jdo újdo meje;aùu wd§ fndfyda foaj;auka Y%S ,xldfõ udOH ;=

60



f.da,Sh iy l,dmSh foaYmd,kh ;=< Y%S ,xldj

ksmqK;djh 16 (- Y%S ,xldfõ f.da,Sh iy l,dmSh mßirh y`ÿkd.kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu(- ld,Éfþo 70

16'1 tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh iy tys wkqnoaO wdh;k iy id¾la"

wdishdka" hqfrdamd yjq," ì%;dkH fmdÿ rdcH uKav,h jeks

wka;¾ rdcH ixúOdk iy m%Odk fmf% j¾Okh hk lreKqh'

61



fuu ;;a;ajh hgf;a f,dalh jvd l=vdù we;s w;ru meje;au i`oyd wka;¾ rdcHfukau mqoa., iïnkaO;d o j¾Okh ù we;'

j¾Okh jk fuu ;;a;ajhka hgf;a Y%S ,xldjg yqol,dj Ôj;aùug fkdyels w;r1948 ì%;dkH hg;a úð; md,kfhka ksoyia ùfuka miqj wka;¾ cd;sl rdcH ixúOdkiu`. fukau wka;¾ cd;sl rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk iu`. iïnkaO;d f.dvk`.d .kakdwdldrh oel.; yelsh'

fuu tallfha wruqK jkafka tla w;lska kQ;k f,dalfha j¾Okh jk wka;¾cd;sl rdcH ixúOdk iy wka;¾ cd;sl rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj, iajNdjh y`ÿkd.ekSu;atajdhska f;dard.;a m%Odk fmf

62



2' cd;Hka;r l%uh ;=< ;ksj l%shdlsÍfuka ,nkjdg jvd iduqyslj l%shdlsÍujvd;a by< uÜgul M,odhs;djhla ,nd.; yelsh hk ye`.Su rdcHhka ;=<j¾Okh ùu'

3' wka;¾cd;sl jYfhka ikaksfõokh iy m%jdyk lafIa;%h ;=< isÿjq YS>%j¾Okh'

4' wka;¾cd;sl .eg`: iy w¾nqo rdcHhkag ;ksj úi`od.ekSug fkdyels

ùu'5' f,dal hqoaO fol mej;s ld, mßÉfþoh ;=< rdcH flakaøsh wdrlaIl

m%;sm;a;sh wid¾:l nj;a úisß mj;sk ñ,sgß n,h talrdYS lsÍfukafmdÿ i;=rdg tfrysj id¾:lj uqyqK Èh yels o hkak cd;sl rdcHhkaúiska wjfndaOlr .ekSu'

6' f,dal hqoaO foflka w;aú`Èk ,o jHik kej; Wod fkdùug kï ;sridriduhla ia:dms; lsÍu w;HdjYH nj wjfndaOlr .ekSu'

7' nyqmd¾Yúl jYfhka rdcH;dkaa;%sl iïnkaO;d ia:dms;lr .ekSu'8' .egqïj,ska f;drj iduldó wdldrfhka w¾nqo ksrdlrKh lr.ekSu

i`oyd cd;sl rdcHhka fm

63



• .súiqï iy wka;¾cd;sl kS;s.; ,smsf,aLk j,g wkqj l%shdlsÍug;=vqfok fldkafoais msysgqjd,Su' tu fldkafoais imqrd,Su iy Ôjk;;a;ajh k`.d isgqjñka jvd ksoyia mßirhl l%shdlsÍug we;s yelshdj;yjqre lsÍu'

• tlsfkldf.a woyiaj,g .re lrñka iduldó;ajfhka iqyoj úiSui`oyd l%shdlsÍu'

• wka;¾cd;sl iduh iy wdrlaIdj iqrlaIs; lr .ekSu msKsi ish`:n, wêldß;ajh talrdYS lsÍu iy fmdÿ hym; Wfoid ñi wkalreKla i`oyd wú n,h fkdfh§fï m%;sm;a;sh ms

64



tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha wdh;ksl jHqyhtlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh m%Odk wdh;k 06 la hgf;a jHqy.;j mj;S' th uq,a

m%{ma;sfhkau isÿlr ;sfí'1' uyd uKav,h2' wdrlaIl uKav,h3' wd¾Òl iy iudÔh uKav,h4' Ndrldr;aj uKav,h5' wka;¾cd;sl wêlrKh6' uyf,alï

uyd uKav,htlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha uyd uKav,h tys m%Odk idlÉPd uKavmhhs' ish`:

idudðl rgj, ksfhdað;hkaf.ka th iukaú;h' tla idudðlfhl=g ysñjkafka tlaPkaohls' j¾;udkfha§ fuys idudðl rdcHhkaf.a ixLHdj 192 la fõ'

uyd uKav,fha lD;Hhka myiqlrjkq i`oyd m%Odk lñgq 06 la msysgqjd we;' tkï"• ksrdhqOlrKh" wka;¾cd;sl wdrlaIdj iy foaYmd,k lghq;= ms

65



Ndrldr uKav,h uyd uKav,fha wêldßh hgf;a mj;sk w;r Wmdh ud¾.sl

jYfhka jeo.;a m%foaY wdrlaIl uKav,fha wêldßh hgf;a mj;S'

wka;¾cd;sl wêlrKhuyd uKav,h iy wdrlaIl uKav,h úiska iajdëk Pkaofhka f;dard.kq ,nk

úksYapldr 15 fofkl=f.ka wêlrKh iukaú;h' f,dalfha m%Odk kS;sl%u ksfhdackhjk whqßka fï wêlrKh ieliSug úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq flf¾' tlu rdcHfhkaúksYapldrjrhka fofofkl= m;alsÍug fkdyelsh' úksYapldrjrfhl=f.a fiajd ld,hjir 09 ls'

wka;¾cd;sl wêlrKh tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha m%Odk;u wêlrKixúOdkhhs' wêlrKh tys jHjia:dfõ ish`: md¾Yjlrejkag újD;j mj;S' tlai;acd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha idudðlfhl= fkdjk rdcHhlg wdrlaIl uKav,fha ks¾foaY u;uyd uKav,h úiska ksYaph flfrk iqúfYaI fldkafoais wkqj jHjia:dfõ md¾Yjlrefjl=ùug mq`:jk'

f,alï ld¾hd,htlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%Odk ld¾hd,h fuh fõ' fuys m%Odkshd jkafka wdrlaIl

uKav,fha ks¾foaYh u; mia wjqreÿ ks, ld,hla i`oyd uyd uKav,h úiska m;alrkq ,nkuy f,alïjrhdh' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%{ma;sfhau fudyq y`ÿkajd we;af;a ixúOdkfha— m%Odk mßmd,k ks

66



tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha úfYaI{ ksfhdað; wdh;k jk cd;Hka;r lïlreixúOdkh" tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wOHdmksl" úoHd;aul iy ixialD;sl ixúOdkh" cd;Hka;r.=jka fiajd ixúOdkh" f,dal fi!LH ixúOdkh yd iu`. Y%S ,xldj úiska 1954 foieïn¾16 jk Èk .súiqula w;aika lrk,§' ̂ 1954 wxl 07 orK .súiqï ud,dj & tu .súiqfï uq,slmrud¾:h jqfha ,xldfõ wd¾Òl iy iudchSh m%.;sh m%j¾Okh lsÍug tlai;a cd;Skaf.aixúOdkfha iydh ,nd§uhs' fuu .súiqu hgf;a tl`. jq l%shdldrlï ms

67



• wdishd Ydka;slr wd¾Òl yd iudchSh fldñiu ^ ESCAP )• ngysr wdishdkq wd¾Òl yd iudchSh fldñiu ^ ESCWA )

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a úksYaph iNd• merKs hqf.daia,dúhdj ms

68



• wka;¾cd;sl uQ,H iudh;kh ^ IFC )1' nyq md¾Yúl wdfhdack iq/l=ï wdh;kh ^ MIGA )2' wka;¾cd;sl wdfhdack wdrjq,a iu: flakaøh ^ ICSID )3' wka;¾cd;sl uQ,H wruqo, ^ IMF )4' wka;¾cd;sl isú,a .=jka fiajd ixúOdkh ^ ICAO )5' wka;¾cd;sl kdúl m%jdyk ixúOdkh ^ IMO )6' wka;¾cd;sl úÿ,s ikafoaY fiajd ix.uh ^ ITU )

• úYaj ;eme,a ix.uh ^ UPU )• f,dal ld

69



• ixúOdk hdka;%Kh (fldgia 03 lska iukaú; fõ'

1' id¾la iïfï,kh2' f,alï ld¾hd,h3' fjk;a lñgq

^ fuu wdh;k iïnkaOfhka flá úia;rhla l

70



ixúOdk hdka;%Kh (wud;H iïfï,kh idudðl rgj, wud;Hjrekaf.ka iukaú; fõ' jir

05 lg jrla /iafõ' ffoksl lghq;= mj;ajdf.k hkafka l%shdldÍ lñgqjla u`.sks' fj

71



ksoiqka f,i"1' n, Yla;s jHdmD;s iòyd2' jk iïm;a ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s iòyd3' ld¾ñl ixj¾Okh iòyd wjYH ;dlaIKsl oekqu4' YsIH;aj wdOdr ,nd§u

wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j ^ ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK )wdrïNh

wdishdkq iy wE; fmrÈ. l,dmhg wh;a rgj,a fndfyduhla ixj¾Okhfjñka mj;sk rgj,a jk w;r" Tjqka uqyqKmdk m%Odku .eg`:j jkafka m%d.aOk ys`.luiy ;dlaIKsl yd Ys,amSh oekqfï ys̀.luhs' fuu .eg`:j,g úi`ÿï fiùug 1963 § wdishdfõiy wE; fmrÈ. rgj, uqo,a wud;Hjrekaf.a iuq̀:fõ§ idlÉPdlrk ,o w;r tys m%;sM,laf,i 1965 foieïn¾ ui wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j msysgqjk ,§' tys ks, wdrïNh f,iie,flkafka 1966 foieïn¾ 19 Èkh'

wruqKq1' l,dmfha ixj¾Okfhka wvq rgj,g wd¾Òl ixj¾Okh iòyd uq,H

myiqlï ie,iSu'2' idudðl rgj, ixj¾Ok ie,iqï w;r iïnkaëlrKhla

mj;ajdf.k hdu'3' wjYH ;dlaIKsl wdOdr iemhSu'

idudðl;ajhoekg fuu idudðl;ajh rgj,a 48 lg ysñù we;' thska 32 la wdishdkq yd

meismsla l,dmSh rgj,a fõ' 15 la hqfrdamSh yd wefußldkq rgj,ah' fï ksid fuys idudðl;ajhwdishd;sl rgj,ska Tíngo f.dia we;'

ixúOdk hdka;%Kh1' fuh wêm;s uKav,hlska" wOHlaIl uKav,hlska iy iNdm;sjrfhl=f.ka

iukaú; fõ'2' wêm;s uKav,h idudðl rgj,ska mj;ajk m%Odk wêm;sjreka yd w;sf¾l

wêm;sjrekaf.ka iukaú; fõ' fuh wjqreoaolg jrla /iafjk w;r ieisjdriòyd uqo,a weu;sjreka" ksfhdacH uqo,a weu;sjreka iy uy nexl= md,lfhdaiyNd.s fj;s' Pkao n,h idudðl rgj, odhl;ajhg wkqmd;slj ysñfõ'

3' wOHlaIl uKav,hg idudðlhka 12 ls' thska 08 la l,dmfhkao" b;sß 04fokd l,dmfhka msg idudðlhskaf.ka o m;afõ' ks, ld,h wjqreÿ 02 ls'wjYH;dj wkqj /iafõ'

4' iNdm;sjrhd wêm;s uKav,h úiska m;aflf¾' wêm;s uKav,hg fydawOHlaIl uKav,hg wh;a fkdjk mqoa.,fhl= fï iòyd m;alrkq ,enqjo

72



ks, n,fhka tu wdh;k foflau idudðl;ajho wOHlaI uKav, iyNd.s;ajh oysñ fõ' ks, ld,h jir 05 ls'

wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j yd Y%S ,xldj

Y%S ,xldj o fuys idudðlfhls'Y%S ,xldjg imhd we;s wdOdr w;=ßka lsysmhla"

1' fndaj;ekak c, úÿ,s n,d.drh2' imq.ialkao hqßhd fmdfydr ksIamdok jHdmD;sh3' Y%S ,xldfõ ngysr fjr

73



® wud;Hjrekaf.a ljqkais,h- foaYmd,k m%;sm;a;s ;SrKh lrkafkafuu wdh;khhs' tfiau wka;¾cd;sl f;dr;=re ms

74



wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei iudch

^International Committee Of Red Cross - ICRC )

wdrïNh

1864 we;slr .;a ðkSjd iïuq;sh u`.ska ìyslr .kakd ,§' fuys ks¾ud;Djrhd b;d,s

cd;sl fykaß vqkdkaÜ fõ' 1859 W;=re b;d,sfha isÿjq igkska ;=jd, ,o fin`:ka m;a

ÿlaÅ; ;;a;ajh ÿgq fudyq tn`ÿ whg Wojq lsÍu i`oyd ;j;a mqoa.,hska 04 fofkl= iu`.

tlaj msysgqjd .kakd ,o w;r 1864 ðkSjd iïfï,kfha§ th ks< jYfhka msysgqjd .kakd

,§'

wruqKq

1' ukqIH j¾.hdg ljr ia:dkhl§ jqjo ú`Èkakg isÿjk fõokd je

75



i 1919 wdrïN lrk ,§' jir 04 lg jrla meje;afõ' fuys ld¾hhka jkafka

cd;sl r;= l=rei iudc msysgqjd tajd w;r wfkHdakH in`o;d mj;ajd .ekSug Wmldr lsÍu

yd cd;sl iudcj,g Wmfoia §u iy wdOdr §u'

ii 1863 msysgqjk ,o fuh iaúia cd;sl idudðlhska 25 f.ka iukaú; fõ'

wdOdr imhkafka iaúÜi¾,ka; rch iy ta ta rgj, cd;sl uÜgfï r;= l=rei iudc u`.sks'

ld¾hhka jkafka ixúOdkfha uqQ,sl m%;sm;a;s mj;ajdf.k hdu" fiajdjka jHdma; lsÍu"

w`:;ska msysgqjk r;= l=rei iudc ms

76



wjYH;d fidhdne,Su iy úfYaIfhka tu m%foaY iy rch w;r iïnkaO;d mj;ajd .ekSu

we;=`: fiajd /ila bgqlrk ,§'

cd;Hka;r CIud wdh;kh ^ Amnesty International )

wdrïNh (

1961 tx.,ka;fha mSg¾ fnkaika ̂ Peter Benenson ) iy tßla fíl¾ ̂ Eric Baker)

úiska wdrïN l< Apeal For Amnesty Woaf>daIKh mokïlr .ksñka 1962 iema;eïn¾ 30 Èk

cd;Hka;r CIud wdh;kh ^ Amnesty International ) msysgqjk ,§'

wruqKq (

udkj ysñlï lvùï j,g ,lajq mqoa.,hkag idOdrK;ajh ,nd§u" udkj

whs;sjdislï ÿIKhg ,lalsÍu wjika lsÍu i`oyd udOH wjOdkh fhduqlsÍu" iDcq wNshdpkd

bÈßm;a lsÍu iy ta ms

77



ixúOdk hdka;%Kh (

1' tla tla rgj, idudðlhska msysgqjd .kakd —tall˜ (Section ) my

78



udkj ysñlï úu¾Yk ixúOdkh (Human Rights Watch )

wdrïNh (

1975 fy,aiskals iïuq;sh u; fy,aiskals úu¾Yk (Helcinki Watch ) ixúOdkfha

wdrïNh;a iu`. 1978 wdrïN úh'

1981 wefußlka úu¾Yk (American Watch ) ixúOdkh;a" 1985 wdishd úu¾Yk

(Asia Watch) ixúOdkh;a" 1988 wm%sld úu¾Yk (Africa Watch) ixúOdkh;a" 1989 ueo fmrÈ.

úu¾Yk (Middleeast Watch ) ixúOdkh;a wdrïN jq w;r 1988 fï ish,a, tlaj udkjudkjudkjudkjudkj

ysñlï úu¾Yk ixúOdkh ysñlï úu¾Yk ixúOdkh ysñlï úu¾Yk ixúOdkh ysñlï úu¾Yk ixúOdkh ysñlï úu¾Yk ixúOdkh (Human Rights Watch) msysgqjd .;ay'

m%;sm;a;s (

1' f,da jgd isák ck;djf.a whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍug lemù l%shdlsÍu'

2' wiudk ie,ls,s ke;s lsÍug" foaYmd,k ksoyi wdrlaIdlr .ekSug" hqO

ld,j,§ isÿjk wudkqIsl ie,ls,sj,ska ck;dj wdrlaIdlr .ekSug iy

jrolrejka kS;sh bÈßhg f.khdug mSvdjg m;ajqjka iu`. ke.S isàu'

3' udkj whs;sjdislï lvùu iy tajdg j.lsj hq;= ¥Is;hka yiqlr .ekSug

wjYH úu¾Ykhka iy fy

79



hï rgla wfkla rgj,a iu`. mj;ajdf.k hk iïnkaO;d u`.ska ;u wdYdjka

imqrd.ekSu ms

80



• foaYmd,k wdh;k iy cd;sl talSh;ajh wdrlaIdlr .ekSu'

• wd¾Òl ixj¾Okh

2' uOHu m%udKfha wruqKq (Middle Class Objectives)

• fj

81



• ksoyi ,nd.ekSu;a iu`.u Y%S ,xldjg fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh ixúOdkfha

mq¾K idudðl;ajh ysñùu'

• Y%S ,xldj yd ì%;dkHh w;r mej;s wd¾Òl iïnkaO;d'

Y%S ,xldj 1948 uehs yd foieïn¾ udij,§;a 1949 iema;eïn¾j,§;a tlai;a cd;Skaf.a

ixúOdkfha idudðl;ajh i`oyd bÈßm;al< wjia:dj, reishdj ksfYaO n,h fhdoñka th

m%;slafIam lsÍu' tfia m%;slafIam lsÍug fya;= jYfhka fidaúhÜ wdrlaIl weu;sjrhd lshd

isáfha Y%S ,xldj mq¾K ksoyia rgla jYfhka ms

82



1' 1950 Ök rdcH Wmdhsl f,i ms

83



• 1958 fpfldaiaf,dajelshd w.ue;s Y%S ,xldjg tau'

• 1956 olajd ì%;dkHh iy ngysr iu`. mej;s iïnkaO;d ;jÿrg;a

mj;ajdf.k hdu ;=

84



wfkla rgj,a iu`. lsÜgq iyfhda.s;djhla we;slr .ekSug lghq;= lrk nj iy

Y%S ,xldj ksfhdackh fkdlrk rgj,a iu`. rdcH Wmdh ud¾.sl iïnkaO;d f.dvk`.d

.kakd nj"

fï wkqj (

1' 1957 Tlaf;daïn¾ 15 Èk isg ;%sl=Kdu,h kdúl l`ojqreo" 1957

fkdjeïn¾ 01 Èk isg lgqkdhl .=jka l`ojqro kS;Hdkql+,ju Y%S ,xldj

i;=lr .ekSu ;=

85



4' fï wdKavqj n,hg meñKs ú.i Ökhg yd fidaúhÜ reishdjg jeä jeo.;alï

,nd fkdfok njg fmkakqï lsÍu' tfy;a mej;s ;dkdm;s iy fj

86



8' fï wjêfha Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh ;SrKh lsÍfï jeo.;a idOlh

jqfha L T T E ixúOdkh iy rch w;r mej;s .egqu úh' tu .egqu úiòd

.ekSu iòyd rch jv jvd;a ngysr iydh wfmalaId l< w;r" tys m%;sM,hla

f,i wi,ajeis bkaÈhdj wukdmhg m;aúh' rch bkaÈhdj fuu ixúOdkhg

iydh fok njg fpdaokd l< w;r fuh forg w;r hï úrilhla f.dvk`.d

.ekSug fï ;;a;aajh fya;=úh' wjidkfha rch L.T.T.E. ixúOdkh mrdch

lsÍug wdikak ;;a;ajhl isáh§ bkaÈhdj .=jkska wdydr fy,Sfuka tu

úch.%yKh wdmiq yrjk ,§'

9' fuu isÿùu ;=< fuf;la ,xldj úYajdih ;nd oeä iïnkaO;d mj;ajdf.k

.sh weußldj mlsia:dkh yd Ökh ,xldj fjkqfjka bÈßm;a fkdùu ksid

wlue;af;ka jqjo m%Yakh úiòd .ekSug bkaÈhdj foig keUqre jq w;r tys

m%;sM,hla jqfha 1987 bkaÿ ,xld .súiquhs'

10' L T T E ixúOdkh bkaÈhdj iu`. tl`. jq wdldrhg l%shd fkdlsÍu ksid

bkaÈhdj idu idOl yuqodjla tjk w;r th rgj,a fol w;r wukdmh

iukh lsÍug fkdj j¾Okh lsÍug fya;=úh'

11' ckdêm;s wd¾' fm%auodi bkaÈh yuqodj wdmiq hjkq ,enqjo bkaÈhdj iu`.

1970 oYlfha mej;s iïnkaO;d h

87



wkq.ukh lsÍu' Y%S ,xldfõ cd;Hka;r in`o;d flfrys;a" Y%S ,xldfõ

úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh yev.eiSu flfrys;a n,mEfõh'

18' ngysr rgj,a iu`. fuf;la wkq.ukh l< ys;ldó úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh ;j

ÿrg;a rch wkq.ukh l

88



uQ,dY% (

1' W e b s i t e - www.amnesty.org

h t t p : / / w w w . a d b . o r g

2' lreKdodi" ví'tï' - ksoyia Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh

3' wfíj¾Ok" ã't,a' - Y%S ,xldfõ cd;Hka;r iïnkaO;d

4' lreKdodi" ví'tï' - cd;Hka;r ixúOdk

5' fyar;a" YHdud l=udß - wka;¾cd;sl ixúOdk

6' fifkúr;ak" pdñkao - f,dal ixúOdk

7' Basic Facts About UN - tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%jD;a;s flakaøh

8' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mjq, - tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%jD;a;s flakaøh

9' Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

89



mdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye¢kaùu

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï iy we.hSu wOHdmk l%shdj,sfha jeo.;a ixrpl ;=kla nj;a

bf.kqfuys iy b.ekaùfuys m%.;sh oek.ekSu msKsi we.hSu fhdod.; hq;= nj;a iEu

.=rejrfhl= úiska u o; hq;= meyeÈ,s lreKls' tajd wfkHdakH n,mEfuka hq;= j l%shdlrk

nj;a tfia u tlsfkflys ixj¾Okh flfrys tu ixrpl n,mdk nj;a .=rejre oks;s'

ika;;sl ^ksrka;rfhka isÿjk& we.hSï uQ,O¾u wkqj we.hSu isÿúh hq;af;a bf.kSu yd

b.ekaùu flfrk w;r;=r § h' fuh bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh wdrïNfha § fyda ueo

§ fyda w. § fyda hk ´kEu wjia:djl § isÿúh yels h' tf,i ;u isiqkaf.a bf.kqï

m%.;sh we.hsug wfmaCId lrk .=rejrhl= bf.kqu b.ekaúu iy we.hsu ms

90



hf:dala; wruqK iys; j l%shdlrk .=rejreka úiska ;u b.ekakqï l%shdj,sh;a

isiqka f.a bf.kqï l%shdj,sh;a jvd;a ld¾HCIu lsÍu msKsi jvd fydo ld¾HCIu;djfhka

hqla; bf.kqï b.ekakqï iy we.hsï l%u fhdod .; hq;= fjhs'

fï iïnJOfhka isiqkag iy .=rejrekag fhdod .; yels m%fõY ms

91



I jdrh - we.hSï ie,iqï 01

• iqN idOl rdcH l%ufha j¾Okh;a iu`. wdKavqfõ m%Odk j.lSu njg m%;sm;a;siïmdokh lsÍu m;aj we;' tfia ms

92



I jdrh - we.hSï ie,iqï 03

cd;sl foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh blaujd .sh iudchla ;=< Ôj;aùug isÿùu

;=

93



II jdrh - we.hSï ie,iqï 01

WÑ; md,k l%uhla f.dvk`.d .ekSu wrNhd tla tla foaYmd,k iudc

úúO wdKavql%u wdlD;s Ndú;d lrhs' ta wkqj tu tla tla iudcj, wjYH;d" ,laIK ydm%jK;d tlsfklg fjkia úh yelsh' tfy;a tu wdlD;s ms

94



II jdrh - we.hSï ie,iqï 03

• 1978 fojk ckrc wdKavql%u jHjia:dj u.ska y`ÿkajdfok ,o iqúfYaI

kjdx.h jkafka úOdhl ckdêm;sOQrhhs' ta wkqj úOdhl ckdêm;sjrhdf.an,;, yd ld¾hh ms

95



III jdrh - we.hSï ie,iqï 01

kq;k Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k l%shdodufha my; oelafjk N+ñld l%shd;aul

jk wdldrh ms

96



III jdrh - we.hSï ie,iqï 03

Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY m%;sm;a;s yev .eiaùu flfrys fndfyda idOl n,md

we;' tu idOl úYaf,aIKh lrñka" ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha iajNdjhyd kj m%jK;d úu¾Ykh lrñka w;a m;%sldjla ilia lsÍu' fuh flaj, mejreula f,iilial, hq;=h'

wjOdkh fhduql, hq;= lreKq

1' mdvfï ish`: wxY wdjrKh jk mßÈ lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu'2' ksjerÈ f,i yd ;¾ldkql+, f,i lreKq /ia lsÍu'3' lreKq .fõIKh i`oyd fmd;am;a mßYS,kh'

4' ks¾udKd;aul nj iy wod,j lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu'

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