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Greek Geography
Greek city-states developed into the Med. Region
Aegean Sea separates Balkan peninsula from Asia minor
Many mountains; no important river
Grew grapes, olives Lots of coastline for
trading
Minoan Civilization
Island of Crete Painted frescoes
(made of wet plaster on walls)
Bad soil; used sea for trading
Volcanoes destroyed island and invaders finished the job to kill off survivors
Mycenaeans & Dorians
Invaders from the north
Built cities on Peloponnesus (Tiryns and Pylos) – city of Troy was also destroyed
After the Mycenaeans were destroyed, the Dorians took over
Early Greece
Created city-states like Athens and Sparta
Polis – Greek word for city-state (means “fort”)
Chora – the surrounding land outside the city walls
Greek city-states had:1. Small size2. Small population3. Had a fort (polis) on a
hill (acropolis)4. Had public meeting
place (agora) - market
Early Greece Continued
City-states had a similar gov’t which grew into small kingdoms
Age of Kings Oral communication
between kingdoms Poets and bards told
tales, sang folk songs, ballads, and epics (long poems describing heroes and great events)
Iliad and Odyssey
Written by Homer (a blind poet)
Iliad describes the 10th year of Trojan War
The Odyssey describes the adventures of Odysseus
Greek Religion
Not focused on morality Not focused on the
afterlife Hades – god of the
underworld Believed their gods had
human qualities Lived on Mount
Olympus Developed myths
(stories about deeds of the gods)
Greek Gods
Zeus – god of all gods (sky)
Hera – his wife and sister (women and protection)
Poseidon – brother of Zeus (sea)
Athena – daughter of Zeus (wisdom)
Aphrodite – daughter of Zeus (love, beauty)
Apollo – light, music, poetry
Dionysus – fertility and wine
Early Greek Development
700 B.C. - nobles rose to power (they gave men to kings to serve in the military)
Merchants developed Colonies developed
(increased trade) Developed imports
and exports (goods brought in or taken out to other regions)
Greek governments Nobles controlled city-
states (aristocracies – privileged social class)
Tyrants – controlled by force; ruled alone
They always promised peace and prosperity and to defend against nobles
They helped maintain peace to better trade
Some got rid of tyrants and restore monarchies and aristocracies; others formed democracies (gov’t in which all citizens take part)
Sparta
Dorians move south and conquer Sparta and make it their capital
Sparta had no city walls 3 types of men in Sparta
1. Ancestors of Dorian invaders – controlled the government
2. Neighbors – free people but not citizens
3. Helots – agriculture laborers forced to work
Info on Sparta
Gov’t – council of elders Had 5 elected ephors that
oversaw everything (1 year terms)
Military state; weak babies left to die; 7 yr old boys lived in military barracks; bare pain; harsh; in army till 60; no shoes; 1 garment of clothing
Age 30 – married a healthy female
No art, literature, philosophy, science
Athens
No upper-class invaders like Sparta
No good soil; became sea traders
3 social groups1. Top citizens – both
parents2. Metics – free but
could not own land3. Slaves
Only citizens that owned land could vote
Athens Government
Elected 9 archons (rulers that served 1 year terms) that made all laws
Draco, Solon, Pisistratus, and Cleishenes moved Athens gov’t closer to democracy
All males over 20 voted in an assembly (direct democracy) compared to the U.S. (representative democracy)
Athens Economy
Farming – most honorable job
Athens had bad soil that was hard & rocky; terracing was used
Sheep, goats, milk, cheese, wool, meat, fish = trading
Built temples, buildings, houses (made of sundried brick)
Oil lamps lighting, no plumbing, had narrow streets, no paving, no sewage, no cleaning
Athens Life
Marriage – arranged by parents (13 yr old girls to 28 yr old men was not uncommon)
Babies left to die if family could not afford to support
Married women had some legal rights but needed permission from husband to go in public
Pedagogue – male slave that took care of male babies and taught manners
Athens Education Boys attended school if $ was
good Studied grammar, math,
reading, music Read the Iliad and the
Odyssey Sophist (Greek for wise) –
taught older boys; they studied poetry, gov’t, ethics, geometry, astronomy and rhetoric (Public speaking or debating)
18 yr old boys attended military training; 19 yr old boys had celebration for becoming a citizen
Elsewhere in the world…
546 B.C. – Cyrus of Persia conquered Greece
Persians let the Greeks keep gov’t but made them pay taxes
499 B.C. – rebellions broke out (Persian Wars)
Cyrus’ son Darius crushed the revolts
Still mad at Greece but couldn’t conquer Athens and peace ensued for 10 years
Persian Wars continued…
Darius’ son Xerxes (army of 200,000) marched south and Athenians fled to Salamis (island)
Persians destroyed Athens
But Xerxes’ navy was destroyed and he fled home
This gave Greece confidence (Golden Age) and they built huge temples and public buildings
Persian Wars continued…
Greek city-states banded together and formed the Delian League (140 states)
Gave $ and ships; could not retreat unless unanimous
By 450 B.C. it became the Athens empire
Pericles – greatest leader for 16 years
A New War on the Horizon
Athens and Sparta still had cultural differences
Athens – progressive, commercial, culturally advanced
Sparta – agricultural, conservative, culturally backward
Athens thought Spartans were rude and Sparta thought Athens was money hungry
Breakout – Peloponnesian War Sparta invades Attica – the
area around Athens Athenians withdraw to
inside their walls but catch a plague that kills ¼ of their pop. (including Pericles)
Peloponnesian War lasts from 431 B.C. till 404 B.C. when Athens finally surrenders
Spartans mistreat Athenians but Thebes comes in & eventually kill off the Spartans