Contents
Acknowledgments
Introduction
ix
xi
1 Gustav Fechner, the Day View, and the Origins of Psychophysics 1
2 From Sonically Moving Forms to Inaudible Undertones: The New
Musical Aesthetics of A. B. Marx, Eduard Hanslick, and
Hugo Riemann
3 Sound Materialized and Music Reconciled:
Hermann Helmholtz
4 The Aesthetics of Attention: Ernst Mach's Accommodation
Experiments, His Psychophysical Musical Aesthetics, and His
Friendship with Eduard Kulke
5 The Bias of Musikbewusstsein When listening in the
laboratory, on the City Streets, and in the Field
Coda
Appendix: Musical Terms and Musical Notation
Notes
References
Index
23
55
89
123
149
155
157 207 225
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IX
INTRODUCTION TO VIRTUAL KNOWLEDGE
SALLY WYATT, ANDREA SCHARNHORST, ANNE BEAULlEU, AND PAUL WOUTERS
AUTHORI1Y AND EXPERTISE IN NEW SITES OF KNOWLEDGE
PRODUCTION 25
ANNE BEAULlEU, SARAH DE RI..JCKE, AND BAS VAN HEUR
2 WORKING IN VIRTUAL KNOWLEDGE: AFFECTIVE LABOR IN
SCHOLARL Y COLLABORATION 57
SMIWANA ANTONI..JEVlé, STEFAN DORMANS, AND SALLY WYATT
3 EXPLORING UNCERTAIN1Y IN KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATIONS:
CLASSIFICATIONS, SIMULATIONS, AND MODELS OF THE WORLD 89
MATTHI..JS KOUW, CHARLES VAN DEN HEUVEL, AND ANDREA SCHARNHORST
4 VIRTUALLY VISUAL: THE VISUAL RHETORIC OF GEOGRAPHIC INFOR-
MATION SYSTEMS IN POLlCY MAKING I 27
REBECCA MOODY, MATTHI..JS KOUW, AND VICTOR BEKKERS
5 SLOPPY DATA FLOODS OR PRECISE SOCIAL SCIENCE METHODOLO
GIES? DILEMMAS IN THE TRANSITION TO DATA-INTENSIVE RESEARCH IN
SOCIOLOGY AND ECONOMICS 151
CLEMENT LEVALLOIS, STEPHANIE STEINMETZ, AND PAUL WOUTERS
VIII CONTENTS
6 BEYOND OPEN ACCESS: A FRAMEWORK FOR OPENNESS IN
SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATION I 83
CLlFFORD TATUM AND NICHOLAS W . .JANKOWSKI
7 VIRTUAL KNOWLEDGE IN FAMILY HISTORY: VISIONARY TECHNOLO
GIES. RESEARCH DREAMS. AND RESEARCH AGENDAS 2 19
.JAN KOK AND PAUL WOUTERS
ABOUTTHE AUTHORS 251
INDEX 255
Contents
Acknowledgments vii
Introduction
Usa Gitelman and Virginia Jackson
Color Plates
Danie/ Rosenberg, Thomas Augst, Ann Fabian, Jimena Canales, Usa l:rnch, Usa Gite/man,
Paul E. Ceruzzi, Lev Manovich, Jerem)' Douglass, William Huber, and Vikas Mou/i
1 Data before the Fact
Daniel Rosenberg
15
2 Procrustean Marxism and Subjective Rigor: Early Modern Arithmetic and Its
Readers 41
Travis D. Williams
3 From Measuring Desire to Quantifying Expectations: A Late Nineteenth-
Century Effort to Marry Economic Theory and Data 61
Kevin R. Brine and Mal)' Poove)'
4 Where Is That Moon, Anyway? The Problem of Interpreting Historical Solar
5
Eclipse Observations 77
Matthew Stanlo/
"facts and FACTS": Abolitionists' Database Innovations
Ellen Gruber Garve)'
89
vi Contents
6
7
8
Paper as Passion: Niklas Luhmann and His Card Index
Markus Krajewski
Dataveillance and Countervailance
Rita RaJey
121
Data Bite Man: The Work of Sustaining a Long-Term Study
David Ribes and Steven J. jackson
Data Flakes: An Afterword to "Raw Data" 1s an Oxymoron 167
Ge~rey C. Bowker
List of Contributors 173
Index 179
to3
147
Contents
Series Foreword ix
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction: Prelude to the Movements of Networks
looping
1 Networked Diagrammatism: From Map and Model to the Internet as
Mechanogram 19
2 Welcome to Google Earth: Networks, World Making, and Collective
Experience 45
3 Data Undermining: Data Relationality and Networked Experience 73
Refraining
4 Going Viral: Contagion as Networked Aftect, Networked Refrain 99
5 Nerves of Data: Contemporary Conjunctions of Networks and Brains 125
Synthesizing
6 Toward Syn-aesthetics: Thinking Synthesis as Relational Mosaic in Digital
Audiovisuality 153
7 The Thingness of Networks: Invasion of Pervasiveness versus Concatenated
Contraptions 175
Notes 197
Bibliography 21 3
Index 233
Contents
I. Introduction: The Mind, the Computer, and the Alternatives, I
I.I The Mind as Computer, I I.2 Alternatives: The Varieties of Situated Cognition, 3 I. 3 Looking Ahead, 7 I.4 Strategy and Methods, 8 I.5 The Book's Conclusions, 12
Part I: The Thinking Organism
2. Principles ofDemarcation, 15 2.1 The Challenge ofDemarcation, 16
2.2 Extension·Friendly Principles of Demarcation, 19 2.3 The Parity Principle, 29
2-4 Conclusion, 35
3. Cognitive Systems and Demarcation, 37 3-I The Success of Cognitive Psychology, 38 3.2 The Systems-Based View, 41 3.3 Two Arguments against the Extended View, 44 3.4 Extension-Friendly Rejoinders, 47 3·5 The No-SelfView, 50
4. Realization and Extended Cognition, 59 4.1 The Argument from Empirical Success and Methodology,
Restated, 59
xii CONTENTS
4.2 Extended Cognition and Realization, 61 4.3 Functionalism and the Causal Constraint on Realization, 63 4.4 The Argument from Causal Interaction, 68 4.5 Wide Realization, Total Realization, and Causal Powers, 76 4.6 Cleaning Up, 82
Part II: Arguments for the Extended View
5. Functionalism and Natural Kinds, 89 5-I The Functionalist Argument, 89 5.2 The Natural-Kinds Argument, 96 5.3 The Empirical Response, 99 5.4 The Pragmatic Turn, 105
6. Developmental Systems Theory and the Scaffolding ofLanguage, 109 6.1 Causal Spread and Complementary Role, IlO
6.2 A Case ofNontrivial Causal Spread: Developmental Systems Theory, Il3
6.3 The Most Powerful Transformation: Language-Learning, Il8
7. Dynamical Systems Theory, 131 7.1 Dynamical Systems Theory and Cognitive Science, 131 7.2 Dynamical Systems and Extended Cognition: General Patterns
of Argument, 134 7.3 Six Kinds ofDynamical-Systems-Based Model, 137 7.4 Evolution, Context-Dependence, and Epistemic Dependence, 149
8. The Experience of Extension and the Extension of Experience, 155 8.1 Cognitive Science and the In-Key Constraint, 155 8.2 The Phenomenology of Smooth Coping, 159 8.3 The Sense of One's Own Location, 164 8.4 Control-Based Arguments, 167 8.5 Control Simpliciter, 169 8.6 Extended Cognition and Extended Experience, 170
Part III: The Embedded and Embodied Mind
9. Embedded Cognition and Computation, 179 9.1 The Embedded Approach, 180 9.2 Computation, Implementation, and Explicitly Encoded Rules, 183 9.3 Computationalism in Principle and Computationalism in Practice, 187 9.4 Timing, Computationalism, and Dynamical Systems Theory, 188 9.5 Conclusion, 190
CONTENTS xiii
10. Embedded Cognition and Mental Representation, 193 10.1 What Is Special about Embedded Representations? 194
10.2 Atomic Affordance Representations, 201
10.3 Embedded Models and External Content, 204
10-4 Innate Representations and the Inf1exibility Objection, 209
10.5 Conclusion, 215
II. The Embodied View, 217
ILI Preliminaries: Where the Disagreement Is Not, 218
IL2 The Constraint Thesis, 226
IL3 The Content Thesis, 226
IL4 Vehicles, Realizers, and Apportioning Explanation, 231
1I.5 The Symbol-Grounding Problem, 236
12. Summary and Condusion, 241
References, 245 Index, 261
Contents
Acknowledgments víí Introductíon 3
PART ONE FLANDERS
I : The Artisanal World 31
PART TWO SOUTH GERMAN C1T1ES
2 : Artisanal Epistemology 59
3 : The Body of the Artisan 95
4 Artisanship, Alchemy, and a Vernacular Science of Matter 129
PART THREE THE DUTCH REPUBLIC
5 The Legacy of Paracelsus: Practitioners and New Philosophers 155
6 : The Institutionalization of the New Philosophy 183
Conclusíon: Toward a Hístory oj Vernacular Scíence 237
Notes 243 Bíblíography 315 Líst oJIllustratíons 347 Index 353
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Contents
Commerce and the Representation oj Nature
in Art and Science
PAMELA H. SMITH AND PAULA FINDLEN
c.diPaJtt:l STRUGGLlNG WITH REALITY
Visualizing Nature and Producing Knowledge
:I Splendor in the Grass
The Powers oj Nature and Art in the Age oj Diirer
LARRY SILVER AND PAMELA H. SMITH
2 Objects of ArtlObjects ofNature Visual Representation and the lnvestigation oj Nature
PAMELA O. LONG
J Mirroring the World Sea Charts, Navigation, and Territorial Claims
in Sixteenth-Century Spain
ALISON SANDMAN
q From Blowfish to Flower Stili Life Paintings
Classification and lts lmages, circa 1600
CLAUDIA SWAN
5 "Strange" Ideas and "English" Knowledge Natural Science Exchange in Elizabethan London
DEBORAH E. HARKNESS
v
lX
0ŠJ1Wl2 NETWORKS OF KNOWLEDGE
Commerce and the Representation oj Nature
ó Local Herbs, Global Medicines Commerce, Knowledge, and Commodities
in Spanish America
ANTONIO BARRERA
163
7 Merchants and Marvels 182
Hans Jacob Fugger and the Origins oj the Wunderkammer
MARK A. MEADOW
8 Practical Alchemy and Commercial Exchange
in the Holy Roman Empire
TARA E. NUMMEDAL
9 Time's Bodies
Crafting the Preparation and Preservation oj Naturalia
HAROLD J. COOK
ff) Cartography, Entrepreneurialism, and Power in the Reign of Louis XIV
The Case oj the Canal du Midi
CHANDRA MUKERJI
11 'Cornelius Meijer inventor et feciť On the Representation oj Science in Late
Seventeenth-Century Rome
KLAAS VAN BERKEL
0ŠJar/ J CONSUMPTION, ART, AND SCIENCE
Vl
12 Inventing Nature
Commerce, Art, and Science in the Early
Modem Cabinet oj Curiosities
PAULA FINDLEN
201
223
248
277
297
Contents
13 N ature as Art 32 4 The Case oj the Tulip
ANNE GOLDGAR
fil Inventing Exoticism 347 The Project oj Dutch Geography and the Marketing
oj the World, circa 1700
BENJAMIN SCHMIDT
15 Shopping for Instruments in Paris and London 370
JAMES A. BENNETT
EPILOGUES
A World ofWonders, A World ofOne 399 L1SSA ROBERTS
Questions of Representation 412
THOMAS DACOSTA KAUFMANN
Contributors
Index
Contents Vll
Contents
Acknowledgments lX
Introduction: "The Last Man Who Knew Everything . . . 1 or Did He?: Athanasius Kircher, S.J. (1602-80) and His World" PAULA FINDLEN
Section I: The Art of Being Kircher
1 "Kircher's Rome" 51 EUGENIO LO SARDO
2 "Reverie in Time of Plague: Athanasius Kircher and the 63 Plague Epidemie of 1656" MARTHA BALDWIN
3 "Kircher and His Critics: Censorial Practice and 79 Pragmatic Disregard in the Society of Jesus" HARALD SIEBERT
4 "'Quasi-Optieal Palingenesis': The Circulation of 105 Portraits and the Image of Kircher" ANGELA MAYER-DEUTSCH
Section II: The Sciences of Erudition
5 "Copts and Scholars: Athanasius Kircher in Peiresc's l33 Republic of Letters" PETER N. MILLER
6 "Pour Trees, Some Amulets, and the Seventy-two Names 149 of God: Kircher Reveals the Kabbalah" DANIEL STOLZENBERG
7 "Kircher's Chronology" ANTHONY GRAFTON
Section III: The Mysteries of Man and the Cosmos
8 "Athanasius Kircher, Giordano Bruno, and the Panspermia of the Infinite Universe" INGRID D. ROWLAND
171
191
vii
viii • Contents
9 "Father Athanasius on the Isthmus of a Middle State: 207 Understanding Kircher's Paleontology" STEPHEN JAY GOULD
10 "The Angel and the Compass: Athanasius Kircher's Magnetic Geography" MICHAEL JOHN GORMAN
Section IV: Communicating Knowledge
239
II "Magnetic Language: Athanasius Kircher 263 and Communication" HAUNSAUSSY
12 "Publishing the Polygraphy: Manuscript, Instrument, 283 and Print in the Work of Athanasius Kircher" NICK WILDlNG
13 "Private and Public Knowledge: Kircher, Esotericism, 297 and the Republic of Letters" NOEL MALCOLM
Section V: The Global Shape of Knowledge
14 "Baroque Science between the Old and the New World: 311 Father Kircher and His Colleague Valentin Stansel (162l-1705)" CARLO S ZILLER CAMENIETZKI
15 "A Jesuiťs Books in the NewWorld: Athanasius Kircher 329 and His American Readers" PAULA FlNDLEN
16 "True Lies: Athanasius Kircher's China illustrata 365 and the Life Story of a Mexican Mystic" J. MICHELLE MOLlNA
17 "Athanasius Kircher's China Illustrata (1667): 383 An Apologia Pro Vita Sua" FLORENCE HSIA
Epilogue: Understanding Kircher in Context 405 ANTONELLA ROMANO
Bibliography 421
Notes on Contributors 447
Index 451
Contents
Prologue vii
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction
1 The Power of Standards 17
2 Standardizing the World 77
3 From Standardization to Standardized Differentiation 151
4 Certified, Accredited, licensed, Approved 201
5 Standards, Ethics, and Justice 239
6 Standards and Democracy 269
Conclusions: Another Road to Serfdom? 289
Notes 311
References 321
Index 353
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
.Two Representations ofthe Seven Oeadly Sins:Then and Now
I. Reckoning with Standards 3
Susan Leigh Star and Martha Lampland
• Standards Where You Least Expect Them 25
Padilla Case Changed a Lot in 5 Years: The Trial of the Onetime "Oirty Bomb"
Suspect Is Opening; An Alleged Jihad Form May Be Key 26
Penalty for Crossing an AI Qaeda Boss? A Nasty Memo 27
• Separate,Together 28
• Ellis Island 33
2. Beyond the Standard Human? 35
Steven Epstein
• The Range of Growth Parameters for Healthy Infants 55
• Portion Creep: Standards and Supersizing 56
• A Bulge in Misses 8? Oigital Scanners Resize America 58
• Investment Allocation by Age 63
xiii
ix
x • Contents
3. Age in Standards and Standards for Age: Institutionalizing Chronological Age as Biographical Necessity 65
Judith Treas
• Coffins Expand with Occupants 89 • Rebuilding Wall Street: Accountants, in a Reversal, Say Costs from the Attack
Aren't "Extraordinary" 91
4. Double Standards:The History of Standardizing Humans in Modern Life Insurance 95
Martin Lengwiler
• The Pernicious Accretion of Codes, Standards, and Dates: The Peaple af the Stote af Colifarnio v. Verne/! Gillord I 15
• Standards without Infrastructure I 18
5. Classifying Laborers: Instinct, Property, and the Psychology of Productivity in Hungary (1920-1956) 123
Martha Lampland
• EPA to Kill New Arsenic Standards:Whitman Cites Debate on Drinking Water Risk 143
• Arsenic and Water Don't Mix 146 • EPA Wants Review of Sulfur Standards: Whitman Postpones Clinton Rule
Requiring Clean-Burning Diesel Fuel 147
6. Metadata Standards:Trajectories and Enactment in the Life of an Ontology 149
Florence Millerand and Geoffrey C. Bowker
• Horse's Ass 167 • To Avoid Fuel Limits, Subaru Is Turning a Sedan into a Truck 169 • Flexibility Urged against Pollution 173 • US Walks Away from Treaty on Greenhouse Gases: White House Wants
Developing Nations to Meet Standards as Well I 75
7. ASCII Imperialism /77
Daniel Pargman and Jacob Palme
• Bananas, Eurocrats, and Modern Myths: Standards between
Power and Agreement 20/
• Chocolate Directive Now Agreed 204
• Standards Proliferate Even for (Seemingly) Simple Objects 206
Contents • xi
Appendix How to Unravel Standards: Teaching Infrastructure Studies 207
Martha Lampland and Susan Leigh Star
Refirences 2 / 5
Contríbutors 235
Index 237
Contents
I/lustrations vi
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction: Light, Vision, and Power
The Victorlan Eye: The Physiology, Sociology, and Spatiality of Vision, 1800-1900 22
2 Oligoptic Engineering: Light and the Victorian City 62
3 The Age of Inspectability: Vis ion, Space, and the Victorian City 99
4 The Government of Light: Gasworks, Gaslight, and Ph oto metry 135
5 Technologies of Illumination, 1870-1910 173
6 Securing Perception: Assembling Electricity Networks 214
Conclusion: Patterns of Perception 253
Notes 265 Bibliography 339 Index 365
Contents
Introduction: The Extended Mind in Focus 1
Richard Menary
2 The Extended Mind 27 Andy Clark and David J. Chalmers
3 Memento's Revenge: The Extended Mind, Extended 43 Andy Clark
4 Defending the Bounds of Cognition 67
Fred Adams and Ken Aizawa
5 Coupling, Constitution, and the Cognitive Kind: A Reply to Adams and Aizawa 81
Andy Clark
6 The Varieties of Externalism 101 Susan Hurley
7 The Alleged Coupling-Constitution Fallacy and the Mature Sciences 155
Don Ross and James Ladyman
8 Meaning Making and the Mind of the Externalist 167 Robert A. Wilson
9 Exograms and Interdisciplinarity: History, the Extended Mind, and the Civilizing Process 189 John Sutton
10 Cognitive Integration and the Extended Mind 227 Richard Menary
11 ln Defense of Extended Functionalism 245
Michael Wheeler
vííí Contents
12 Consciousness, Broadly Construed 271 Mark Rowlands
13 The Extended Infant: Utterance-Activity and Distributed Cognition 295 David Spurrett and Stephen Cowley
14 Representation in Extended Cognitive Systems: Does the Scaffolding of Language Extend the Mind? 325 Robert D. Rupert
15 The Extended Mind, the Concept of Beliet, and Epistemic Credit 355 John Preston
Contributors 371
Index 373
Contents
5 PREFACE
Richard Shone
7 INTRODUCTION
John-Paul Stonard
20 CHAPTER 1
Emile Male wrt relígieux du XlIIe siecZe en France: Etude sur l'iconographie du Moyen Age et sur ses sources d'inspiration, 1898
ALEXANDRA GAJEWSKI
30 CHAPTER 2
Bernard Berenson
The Drawings of the Florentine Painters Classified, Críticísed and Studied as Documents in the History and Apprecíation ofTuscan Art, with a Copious Catalogue Raisonné, 1903
CARMEN C. BAMBACH
4 2 CHAPTER 3
Heinrich WOlfflin Kunstgeschichtlíche Grundbegríffe: Das Problem der Stílentwicklung in der neueren Kunst, 1915
DAVID SUMMERS
54 CHAPTER 4
Roger Fry
Cézanne: A Study of His Development, 1927
RICHARD VERDI
66 CHAPTER 5
Nikolaus Pevsner Pioneers oj the Modern Movement Jrom William Morris
to Walter Gropius, 1936
COLIN AMERY
76 CHAPTER 6
Alfred H. Barr, Jr.
Matisse: His Art and His Public, 1951
JOHN ELDERFIELD
88 CHAPTER 7
Erwin Panofsky Early Netherlandish Painting: lts Origins and Character, 1953
SUSIE NASH
102 CHAPTER 8
Kenneth Clark
The Nude: A Study oj ldeal Art, 1956
JOHN-PAUL STONARD
116 CHAPTER 9
E.H. Gombrich Art and Illusion: A Study in the Psychology oj Pictorial Representation, 1960
CHRISTOPHER S. WOOD
128 CHAPTER 10
Clement Greenberg Art and Culture: Critical Essays, 1961
BORIS GROYS
140 CHAPTER 11
Francis Haskell
Patrons and Painters: A Study in the Relations Between ltalian Art and Society in the Age oj the Baroque, 1963
LOUlSE RICE
150 CHAPTER 12
Michael Baxandall
Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy: A Primer in the Social History oj Pictorial Style, 1972
PAUL HILLS
164 CHAPTER 13
T.J. Clark
Image oj the People: Gustave Courbet and the 1848 Revolution, 1973
ALASTAIR WRIGHT
176 CHAPTER 14
Svetlana Alpers
The Art oj Describing: Dutch Art in the Seventeenth Century, 1983
MARIĚT WESTERMANN
190 CHAPTER 15
Rosalind Krauss
The Originality oj the Avant Garde and Other Modernist Myths, 1985
ANNA LOVATT
202 CHAPTER 16
Hans Belting
Bild und Kult: Eine Geschichte des Bildes vor dem Zeitalter
der Kunst, 1990
JEFFREY HAMBURGER
216 NOTES
231 BIBLlOGRAPHICAL ESSAYS
258 AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES
260 CREDlTS
261 INDEX
Contents
Prefaee to the Ameriean edition VII
Prefaee to the German edition IX
Translator's Note X
Introduction by Anthony T. Grafton XI
THE QUESTlON OF MOVEMENT Sculpture and Maehine Natural History Void of Time 7
THE HISTORICAL CHAIN Natural Formations and Aneient Sculpture 11 The Collector as Prometheus 19 Quiecheberg's Theory 28 The Habsburg Practice 30
RESEARCH AND VISION From Kepler to Locke 37 Movement and Magie 46 Laboratory 51 Utopia 57
THE PLAYFULNESS OF NATURAL HISTORY Francis Bacon's Definition of the Kunstkammer 63 Resting, Erring, and Constrained Nature 65 Creation as a Game 67 The Kunstkammer as a Playroom 69
TWINS OF PROGRESS Utility 81 Soeialization 86 The Villa Albani 92 Winekelmann and Piranesi 93
AFTERWORD ON THE PRESENT Foucaulťs Image in the Sand 109 Turning's "tape" 111
Notes 115
Index of Names 139
Contents
Editors' Preface .......................................................................................... v
Contents ...................................................................................................... VII
Helmar Schramm lntroduction: The Hand as "instrumentum instrumentorum" ..................... XI
Hans-J6rg Rheinberger Intersections: Some Thoughts on Instruments and Objects in the Experimental Context of the Life Sciences ............................................... .
Dieter Mersch Representation and Distortion: On the Construction of Rationality and lrrationality in Early Modem Modes of Representation ...................... 20
OlaJ Breidbach World Orders and Corporal Worlds: Robert Fludďs Tableau of Knowing and its Representation ................................................................. 38
Florian Nelle Telescope, Theater, and the lnstrumental Revelation ofNew Worlds ........................................................................................... 62
Frank Fehrenbach The Pathos ofFunction: Leonardo's Technical Drawings ......................... 78
Nicola Suthor "II pennello artificioso": On the lntelligence ofthe Brushstroke ............... 106
Barbara Maria StafJord The Enlightenment "Catholization" ofProjective Technology: Theurgy and the Media Origins of Art ....................................................... 127
Jan Lazardzig The Machine as Spectacle: Function and Admiration in Seventeenth-Century Perspectives on Machines ............................................................. 152
VIII Contents
Ludger Schwarte The Anatomy ofthe Brain as Instrumentalization ofReason .................... 176
Gerald Hartung The "Chymistry Laboratory": On the Function ofthe Experiment in Seventeenth-Century Scientific Discourse ................................................. 201
Gerhard Wiesenfeldt The Order of Knowledge, oflnstruments, and of Leiden University, ca. 1700 ....................................................................................................... 222
Angela Mayer-Deutsch The Ideal Musaeum Kircherianum and the 19natian Exercitia spiritualia .................................................................................... 235
Conny Restle Organology: The Study ofMusical Instruments in the 1 i h Century ......... 257
Andreas Meyer In Sound Similar to the Harps: Early Descriptions of African Musical Instruments ................................................................................... 269
H. Duo Sibum Machines, Bats, and Scholars: Experimental Knowledge in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries ......................................................... 280
Peter GalisonlLorraine Daston Scientific Coordination as Ethos and Epistemology .................................. 296
Stefan Ditzen Breaking, Grinding, Buming: Instrumental Aspects in Early Microscopical Pictures ............................................................................... 334
Jochen Hennig The Instrument in the Image: Revealing and Concealing the Condition ofthe Probing Tip in Scanning Tunneling Microscopic Image Design ..... 348
Bruno Bachimont Formal Signs and Numerical Computation: Between Intuitionism and Formalism. Critique ofComputational Reason ................................... 362
Don Ihde Art Precedes Science: or Did the Camera Obscura Invent Modem Science? ...................................................................................................... 383
Thomas F. Gieryn Instrumentalities of Place in Science and Art ............................................. 394
Contents IX
Georges Didi-Huberman The Eye Opens, the Lamp Goes Out: Remarks on Bergson and Cinematography ......................................................................................... 421
Martin Burckhardt The I1lusion ofPower: Central Bank Money ............................................. 437
Sybille Kramer The Productivity of Blanks: On the Mathematical Zero and the Vanishing Point in Central Perspective. Remarks on the Convergences between Science and Art in the Early Modem Period ............................... 457
Jorg Jochen Berns Instrumental Sound and Ruling Spaces ofResonance in the Early Modem Period: On the Acoustic Setting ofthe Princely potestas Claims within a Ceremonial Frame ............................................................ 479
About the Authors ...................................................................................... 507
Image Credits .............................................................................................. 515
Bibliography ............................................................................................... 517
Index ofNames ........................................................................................... 555
Index of Subjects ........................................................................................ 563
Obsah
Slovo úvodem (Sylva Fischerová) ................................. 7
Úvodní studie (Sylva Fischerová) ................................. 15 1. Corpus Hippocraticum a řecké lékařství a filosofie ......... 17
Ll. Corpus Hippocraticum - charakteristika souboru ...... 17 1.2. Výkon lékařského povolání v Řecku ................... 21
1.2.a. Lékařství jako techné ................................. 22 1.2.b. Osoba lékaře .......................................... 34 1.2.c. Způsoby léčby ......................................... 46
1.3. Vztah filosofie a lékařství ................................ 65 2. Hippokratés Asklépiovec: řecké lékařství
a Asklépiův kult ................................................. 84 2.1. Hippokratés a Asklépios: život a legenda ................ 84 2.2. Asklépios jakožto hérós a bůh: pokus o interpretaci ..... 92 2.3. Chrámová medicína ........................................ 103 2.4. Světská a posvátná medicína - symbióza? .............. 112
3. Corpus Hippocraticum - textová tradice ..................... 117 3.1. Původ sbírky CH, proces ustavování textové
tradice ....................................................... 117 3.2. Renesanční a novověká vydání, neohippokratismus ... 135 3.3. Přehled nejdůležitějších rukopisů ....................... 144
Hippokratés
Přísaha (Sylva Fischerová) ........................................ 147 O lékaři (Julie Černá) ............................................... 219 O dobrém vystupování (Julie Černá) .............................. 257 O umění (Jiří Klouda) .............................................. 289 O starém lékařství (Jaroslav Daneš) ............................... 345 O životosprávě I (Hynek Bartoš) .................................. 415
Seznam spisů Corpus Hippocraticum ............................. 539 Seznam zkratek .................................................... 545 Seznam pramenů .................................................... 546 Seznam literatury ................................................... 555 Encyklopedie a lexika .............................................. 580 Jmenný rejstřík .................................................... 581 Rejstřík citovaných míst ........................................... 590 Ediční poznámka .................................................... 603 Resumé .............................................................. 604
Preface
Abbreviations
Contents
Part One An Introduction to Memory
1 Historicizing Memory
2 Theorizing Recollection
Part Two The Ambiguities of Reminiscence: Two Nineteenth-Century Representations
3 The Mnemonics of Musseťs Confession
4 Baudelaire' s "Le Cygne": Memory, History, and the Sign
Part Three The Vicissitudes of Recollection: Two Twentieth-Century Theories
5 Hypermnesia-Memory in Proust: I. Determinations
6 Hypermnesia-Memory in Proust: II. Displacements
vii
xiii
3
33
75
106
vi
7 Mnemo-Analysis-Memory in Freud: I. Maieutics
8 Mnemo-Analysis-Memory in Freud: II. Hermeneutics
Conclusion: Reading Memory
Works Cited
Index
Contents
240
28g
344
361
379
CONTENTS
Foreword x
Preface Xli
Introduction: Artisanal Values and the Investigation
ofNarure I
CHAPTER 1. Artisan/Practitioners as an Issue in the History
of Science 10
CHAPTER 2. Art, Nature, and the Culture of Empiricism 30
CHAPTER 3. Artisans, Humanists, and the De architectura of
Vitruvius 62
CHAPTER 4. Trading Zones: Arenas of Production and
Exchange 94
CONCLUS10N. Empirical Values in a Transitional Age 127
Notes 132
Bibliography 166
Index 190
ILLUSTRATIONS
LI. Painting of Edgar Zilsel 14
2.1. Robert Boyle's air pump 36
2.2. Bernard Palissy or follower, earthenware dish with
decorations 36
2.3. Giuseppe Arcimboldo, fi.re allegory 38
2+ Francesco Colonna, Hypnertomachia Poliphili. Poliphilo is lost in
a dark wood 40
2.5. Francesco di Giorgio, Trattato I. Mills 42
2.6. Francesco di Giorgio, Trattato I. Mills. Detail 43
2.7. Francesco di Giorgio, Trattato II. Overshot mill 45
2.8. Leonardo da Vinci, "Of Pinions and Wheels" 49
2.9. Andreas Vesalius, De humani co rp o ris fabrica libri septem.
Torso 51
2.10. The Belvedere Torso 51
2.II. Sebastiano Serlio, Regole generali di architectura.
Elements of the Doric order 54
2.12. Andreas Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica libri septem.
Collection ofbones 55
2.13. Andreas Vesalius, De humani co rp o ris fabrica libri septem.
Portrait of author dissecting a hand 57
2.14. Andreas Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica libri septem.
Humerus bone split lengthwise 58
3.1. Vitruvius, De architectura libri dece. Humans building the hrst
shelters 65
3.2. Florence, Santa Maria del Fiore (the Duomo) 68
3.3. Matteo di Andrea de' Pasti, medal with portrait of
Leon Battista Alberti 70
3.4. Lorenzo Ghiberti, panel from baptistery door, story of
Jacob and Esau 75
3.5. Lorenzo Ghiberti, self-portrait, from baptistery door 75
3.6. Antonio Averlino called Filarete, from Treatise on
Architecture 79
3.7. Giovanni Giocondo, ed., M fitruvius per locundum solito
castigatior factus cum figures et tabula ut iam legi et intelligi posit.
Illustration on building harbors and other structures in
water 86
3.8. Vitruvius, De architectura libri dece. Allegory ofCesare
Cesariano's life 89
3.9. Vitruvius, De architectura libri dece. Machines for lifting 90
4·1. Innsbruck Zeughaus 97
4.2. Spanish galleon 99
4.3. Jacopo de' Barbari, perspective pIan ofVenice 102
4-4. Venetian arsenal 102
4.5. Coat of arms ofMichael ofRhodes 104
4.6. Diagrams for measuring out the bow and stem of a light
galley 105
4.7. Piston pumps for removing water from a mine driven byan
overshot waterwheel 109
4.8. Making the barrel and bore of a gun II2
4.9. Leonardo Bufalini and his surveying instruments II5
4.10. Portrait of Domenico Fontana holding an obelisk and
displaying a gold chain II7
4.11. Moving the Vatican obelisk II8
4.12. Daniele Barbaro, 1he Measurements oj Architecture 122
4.13. Cipriano Piccolpasso, Li tre libri dell'arte del vasaio ... del
Cipriano Piccolpassi. Preparing colors by pounding them in
mortars 123
Obsah
Předmluva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1. Vysvětlení značení
§ 1. Písmena a jiné znaky ............................ 13
Soud § 2. Posouditelnost obsahu. Obsahová čárka. Čárka sou-
du .............................................. 13 § 3. Subjekt a predikát. Pojmový obsah .............. 14 § 4. Obecné, zvláštní; záporné; kategorické, hypote
tické, disjunktivní; apodiktické, asertorické, problematické soudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16
Podmíněnost
§ 5. Když. Podmínková čárka ........................ 17 § 6. Úsudek. Aristotelovské způsoby úsudků.. . . .. .. .. 20
Popření
§ 7. Popírací čárka. Nebo, buď - nebo, a, ale, a ne, ani -ani.............................................. 23
Rovnost obsahu § 8. Nutnost znaku pro rovnost obsahu, zavedení tako-
vého znaku ...................................... 28
Funkce § 9. Vysvětlení slov "funkce" a "argument". Funkce více
argumentů. Argumentová místa. Subjekt, objekt. 29 § 10. Použití písmen jako znaků pro funkce. "A má
vlastnost <P." "B se nachází v \[I-vztahu k A." "B je výsledek použití postupu <P na předmět A." Znak pro funkci jako argument ........................ 32
Obecnost § 11. Německá písmena. Důlek v obsahové čárce.
Nahraditelnost německých písmen. Oblast ně-
meckých písmen. Latinská písmena .............. 33 § 12. Existují nějaké věci, které ne - . Neexistuje žád
ný - . Existují nějaké - . Každý. Vše. Příčinné souvislosti. Žádný. Některé ne. Je možné, že - . Ta-bulka logických protikladů ....................... 37
II. Zápis a odvození některých soudů čistého myšlení
§ 13. Užitečnost odvozovacích způsobů výkladu ....... 41 § 14. První dva základní zákony podmíněnosti ........ 42 § 15. Jejich důsledky.................................. 46 § 16. Třetí základní zákon podmíněnosti a důsledky... 59 § 17. První základní zákon popření a důsledky ........ 75 § 18. Druhý základní zákon popření a důsledky........ 77 § 19. Třetí základní zákon popření a důsledky. . .. . .... 83 § 20. První základní zákon rovnosti obsahu a důsledky 89 § 21. Druhý základní zákon rovnosti obsahu a důsledky 89 § 22. Základní zákon obecnosti a důsledky ............ 91
III. Něco z obecné nauky o řadách
§ 23. Úvodní poznámky ............................... 99 § 24. Dědičnost. Zdvojení čárky soudu. Malá řecká pís-
mena ............................................ 99 § 25. Důsledky........................................ 105 § 26. Následování po sobě v řadě. . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . .... 109 § 27. Důsledky........................................ 113 § 28. Další důsledky .................................. 125 § 29. "z náleží f-řadě začínající x". Vysvětlení a důsledky 131 § 30. Další důsledky .................................. 135 § 31. Jednoznačnost postupu. Vysvětlení a důsledky. .. 143
Komentář (Jiří Fiala) .................................. 167 Dodatek - Sylogismy (Jiří Fiala) ....................... 185 Ediční poznámka ...................................... 191 Summary .............................................. 194
Contents
Use~'s Manual X11l
Materialities/The N onhermeneuticlPresence:
An Anecdotal Account of Epistemological Shifts
Metaphysics:
A Brief Prehistory ofWhat Is Now Changing 21
Beyond Meaning:
Positions and Concepts in Motion 51
Epiphany/Presentification/Deixis:
Futures for the Humanities and Arts 91
To Be Quiet for a Moment:
Abour Redemption 133
Notes 155
Index 173
Contents
Translator's Preface Vll
Translator's lntroduction IX
lntroduction to the New Edition Bring the Noise: The Parasite and the Multiple Genealogies of Posthumanism Cary Wolfe Xl
I. Interrupted Meals Logics
Rats' Meals Satyrs' Meals Diminishing Returns
Cas,cades Host/Guest
The Obscure and the Confused
Decisions, lndecisions The Excluded Third, lncluded
The Lion's Share The Simple Arrow Athlete's Meals Difference and the
Construction of the Real Picaresques and Cybernetics The New Balance
Pentecost
ll. More Interrupted Meals
Rats' Dinner
More Rats' Meals
Lunar Meals
1échniqu~ Work
Diode, Triode Logic of the Fuzzy
The Master and the Counter-Master
Machines and Engines The Means, the Milieu
Spaces of Transformation
Meals of the Lord in Paradise
3 15
17
22 26
28 34 40
51 56
58 61 66 71 74 77
Work Insects' Meals
Energy, Information The Gods, the Perpetual Host
Interlude Full-Length Portrait oj the Parasite
86 91 94 98
Confessed Meals 103 Jean-Jacques, Lawmaker'sJudge 116 Noises 121 Music 129
III. Fat Cows and Lean Cows Economy Salad Meals Stercoral Origin of
Property Rights 139 Meals of Satire Exchange of Money,
the Exact and the Fuzzy 147 Meals among Brothers Theory of the Joker 155 Meals of Chestnuts The Sun and the Sign 165 The Cows Come out of the River Stocks 175 Cows Eat Cows Theory of the Line 182
The Best Definition 190 Of Sickness in General 197
IV. Midnight Suppers Society
Impostors' Meals Analyze, Paralyze, Catalyze 201
The Proper Name of the Host Masters and Slaves 209
Theory of the Quasi-Object 224 The Empty Tab1e On Love 235 The Devil On Love 246
The Worst Definition 252
Stories, Anima1s 255
Archival Media Theory: An Introduction to Wolfgang Ernsťs
Media Archaeology Jussi Parikka / 1
Media Archaeology as a Transatlantic Bridge / 23
1 Let There Be Irony: Cultural History and Media Archaeology in
Paral1el Lines / 37
2 Media Archaeography: Method and Machine versus the History
and Narrative ofMedia / ss
3 Underway to the Dual System: Classical Archives and
Digital Memory / 81
4 Archives in Transition: Dynamic Media Memories / 95
S Between Real Time and Memory on Demand: Reflections
on Television / 102
6 Discontinuities: Does the Archive Become Metaphorical in
Multimedia Space? / 113
7 Telling versus Counting: A Media-Archaeological Point
ofView / 147
8 Distory: One Hundred Years ofElectron Tubes, Media
Archaeologically Interpreted, vis-a-vis One Hundred
Years ofRadio / 158
9 Toward a Media Archaeology of Sonic Articulations / 172
10 Experimenting with Media Temporality: Pythagoras,
Hertz, Turing / 184
Appendix. Archive Rumblings: An Interviewwith Wolfgang Ernst
Geert Lovink / 193
Acknowledgments / 205
Notes / 207
Publication History / 245
Index / 247
Tahle of Contents
Introduction by]ean-Yves Chateau 7 The Challenge for Psychology. .......................................... 07
The Ethical and Religious Challenge of the Problem ........ ll
The History ofIdeas and its Dialectic of the Whole .......... l3
Animal and Man in Light of
the Ontogenesis of the Vital and the Psychical... .............. 22
First Lesson 31 Antiquity. ......................................................................... 32
Pythagoras ....................................................................... 32
Anaxagoras ...................................................................... 3 6
Socrates ....................................................................... .36
Plato .......................................................................... 38
Aristotle ........................................................................... 42
The Stoics ........................................................................ 52
Conclusion of the First Lesson ........................................... 55
Second Lesson 57 Problems and Challenges ................................................. 57
The Apologists ................................................................. 62
Saint Augustine ................................................................ 64
Saint Thomas ................................................................... 65
Giordano Bruno ............................................................... 66
Saint Francis of Assisi ....................................................... 68
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