ENGLAND In 1066, William

the Conqueror invades England defeats King Harold at the Battle of Hastings

Establishes strong central authority

System of taxation – the Doomsday Book

Bayeux tapestry

Henry II (1154-1189) Established Royal

Courts Common Law:

• Unified body of laws• Judges decisions

form he base of law in various English speaking countries.

King John (1199-1216) Nobles revolt over

growing power of the king

At Runnymeade in 1215 they force him to sign Magna Carta

Limit King’s power Increase power of

Nobles No taxation without

representation Jury trial Protection of Law

Edward I 1272-1307 In 1295 Edward invites 2

knights from every county and two residents from each town along with Great Council to consent to new taxes – First Parliament

House of Lords – nobles House of Commons-

knights and merchants Policy is beginning to be

determined not by the King alone

FRANCE 987 last Carolingian

ruler dies Hugh Capet

establishes Capetian dynasty

Philip II (1180 -1223) greatly increased size of France by defeating England

Obtains Normandy and Aquitane

Philip IV 1285 -1314 1302 took

representative from the 3 classes and created the Estates-General

1st Estate – Clergy 2nd Estate – Nobles 3rd Estate -

Townspeople

Holy Roman Empire Otto I (936-973)

who intervened in Italian politics, helped the Pope, and was crowned Emperor

German kings now rule northern Italy and continually try to expand territory

Attempts to expand empire

Frederick I (1152 – 1190) attacks Italy an alliance of Northern Italian towns defeat him

Frederick II (1212 – 1250) also attempts to conquer Italy but is defeated.

Consequences – Germany is left in the hands of powerful lords during expeditions

These lords create own independent kingdoms

Keeps monarchy weak and king is only a figure-head

Germany stays unified until 19th Century

The Power of the Church increases

Pope Gregory VII (1073 to 1085) claims the Pope is the ruler of all Christendom, even the rulers

Pope eliminates Lay investiture Henry IV king of Germany disobeys

order and the Pope excommunicates him

If a king is excommunicated then all vassals were freed from duties to that king

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1b/Canossa-three.jpg

Showdown at Canoosa January 1077 King

Henry makes his way to Canossa.

Pope makes him wait outside in snow for 3 days

Henry is allowed in and forgiven

Concordat of Worms – 1122 – compromise made between the emperor and church

Church alone elect bishops, but emperor has veto power