04/20/2023 1Breeding Excellence
“INDIAN SEED CONGRESS”
Dr ARVIND KAPURRasi Seeds P Ltd
"GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF CURRENT AND EMERGING GM TRAITS AND TECHNOLOGIES IN VEGETABLE CROPS”
Feb,23rd, 2011
04/20/2023 2Breeding Excellence
CRITICAL NEXT 40 YEARS• In 2050, the world population will reach 9.2 bn. from 6.1 bn.
in 2000• Out of same arable land globally (1.5 bn. ha.) double the food
grain production is required• The food grain reserve is coming down globally and restricted
to only 75days supply• To mitigate multiple challenges , the reserve should be in the
range of 100days supply• Integrating the best of conventional crop technologies
(adapted germplasm) and the best of crop biotechnology applications including novel traits is the optimum solution to achieve this daunting task.
04/20/2023 3Breeding Excellence
TECHNOLOGY CREATING DIFFERENCE
• 134 million hectares of biotech crops in 2009 – fastest adopted crop technology, 80-fold increase from 1996 to 2009, year-to-year growth of 9 million hectares or 7%
• Number of biotech crop farmers increased by 0.7 million to 14.0 million, 90%, or 13.0 million were small and resource-poor farmers in developing countries
04/20/2023 4Breeding Excellence
THE WORLD SEED MARKET (billions $)
Total Seed
Field SeedsVegetable
Flower
15
15
33%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
5050 Billion
Including Farmers Saved SeedTotal SeedField SeedsVegetableFlower
Commercial seed market6.8 b$ Vegetable Seed27.2 b $ Cereal Seed(20.3 non GM+6.9 GM)
20% vegetable seed
80% Field & other seed
34 Billion
OPV OF VEGETABLES SALE IN INDIA(Total value: $ 200 million)
Crops Quantity in tons
Beans 9800Beet root 40Bittergourd 300Bottlegourd 500Cabbage 80Carrot 800Cauliflower 400Corinander 8000Cucumber 1000Eggplant 120Hotpepper 400Knolkhol 70
Crops Quantity in tons
Kohlrabi 70Muskmelon 220Okra 3000Onion 4000Peas 6000Pumpkin 50Radish 4000Ridgegourd 500Spongegourd 100Sweet pepper 25Tomato 250Watermelon 200
Total volume of OPV’s : 40,000 tons
Hybrid sale in India in vegetables(Total value: $200mn)
CROP Quantity (Ton)
Watermelon 125
Carrot 35
Okra 1600
Cabbage 65
Eggplant 75
Tomato 85
Hot pepper 85
Bitter gourd 130
Bottle gourd 150
Ridge gourd 30
Cauliflower 40
Melons 15
Radish 120
Onion 7
Pumpkin 10
Capsicum 5
Cucumber 55
CROP Quantity (Ton)
Other Gourds 10
Total volume of F1 : 3,000 tons
04/20/2023 7Breeding Excellence
WORLD WIDE CROP LOSSES DUE TO DISEASES 35-40%
CROP PESTS Microbial Pathogens 1,00,000 Insect pests 10,000 Weeds 30,000 PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS USED IN WORLD WIDE 20,000COMMONLY USED FORMULATIONS 1600ESTIMATED ANNUAL CONSUMPTION 3 MILLION TONSINDIA PESTICIDE CONSUMPTION 1.40 LAKH TON
PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF PESTICIDE IN INDIA 0.7 KG/HA
PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION IN EUROPE 3.7 KG/HA
PRE HARVEST LOSSES IN VEGETABLES IN INDIA 10.5%
PRODUCTIONFACTS ABOUT VEGETABLE
04/20/2023 8Breeding Excellence
ISSUES IN VEGETABLE DISEASE RESISTANCE BREEDING• YIELD LOSSES DUE TO DISEASES
• QUALITY LOSSES DUE TO BOTH DISEASES AND PESTICIDES
• UNPREDICTABLE FLUCTUATIONS IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
• PESTICIDE CONTAMINATION OF SOIL, WATER AND ATMOSPHERE
• EXPORT RESIDUE PROBLEMS
• DEVELOPMENT OF PESTICIDE RESISTANCE IN PATHOGEN
• HUMAN HEALTH PROBLEMS
• DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC FARMING
04/20/2023 9Breeding Excellence
YIELD LOSSES DUE TO MAJOR VEGETABLE DISEASES IN INDIA
OKRA YVMV 50%
TOMATO TYLCV 30-40%
HOT PEPPER VIRUS COMPLEX 40-50%
CABBAGE DBM, BLACK ROT 50-70%
CAULIFLOWER DBM, BLACK ROT 30-50%
EGGPLANT FSB 40-60%
CUCUMBER FUNGAL,VIRUSES 30%
ONION FUNGAL 20-30%
04/20/2023 10Breeding Excellence
Problem of pathogen resistance to pesticides • � World wide 504 insect-pests, mites and spiders have developed pesticide resistance including 31found in India
• Three pathogens of apple show pesticide resistance�• • Psuedomonas syringae (blister spot) Streptomycin • Some level of pesticide resistance observed in � Late blight of potato pathogen, Phytopthrora infestans
• Black rot of cole crops pathogen Xanthomonas campestris
04/20/2023 11Breeding Excellence
Research priorities for multiple resistant F1 hybrids • � Tomato : TLCV+ Early blight + Bacterial wilt + RKN
• �Brinjal : Phomopsis + Bacterial wilt + Fruit-shoot borer
• Chilli : Leaf curl + Thrips + Mites + Anthracnose �
• �Capsicum: Phytopthora + Thrips + Mites
• � Okra : Yellow vein mosaic virus + Fruit borer
• � Onion : Stemphyllium blight + Purple blotch + Thrips
• �Cucumber : Downy mildew + Mosaic viruses
• �Muskmelon : Powdery mildew (PM) + Downy mildew + Anthracnose + Fusarium
• � Watermelon : PM + Downy mildew + Anthracnose
• �Cabbage & Cauliflower: Black rot + Diamond back moth
04/20/2023 12Breeding Excellence
Breeding Strategies • �Short term strategies : 1 ± 3 years I ) Introduction II ) Selection • Medium term strategies: > 3 ± 6 years �• I) Intervarietal hybridization
(related gene pool) II) Acquired resistance
• Long term strategies : > 6 years � I) Backcrossing method II) Transgenic technology
04/20/2023 13Breeding Excellence
Genetic Erosion
domestication selection professional breeding
large (untapped) genetic resources available
04/20/2023 14Breeding Excellence
Breeding Excellence
CON
TRO
L M
EASU
RES
IMPR
OVE
D
BREE
DIN
G
BIO
TECH
ADV
ANCE
S
YIEL
D
ENH
ANCE
MEN
T
YIE
LD R
EDU
CIN
G
FACT
ORS
Genetic potential (Current)
Integration of Breeding and Biotechnology (Future)
Genetic potential (Future)
1
2
3 Current Genetic Potential and Traits
Integration of Breeding and Biotech
Biotech Advances
Future Crop Improvement Platform
3
2
1
Water/Salinity
Insects pests
Diseases
Weeds
Nutrition
Low yield (less than potential)
Average genetic potential
Moderate or no protection
High yield with desirable crop characteristics
Germplasm exploitation
New methods
Drought /Salinity tolerance
Improved nutrition use
Insect/pest control
04/20/2023 15Breeding Excellence
Crop management
Transgenic crop production
Molecular breeding
Exploitation of germplasm
Conventional/Maintenance breeding
Genomics/Bioinformatics
CROP IMPROVEMENT
Breeding Excellence
Strategies for Crop Improvement under Climate Change
Breeding and Biotechnology as new tools
Exploitation of germplasm BREEDING
BIOTECHNOLOGY
CROPGERMPLASM
IMPROVED SEEDS
Seed is the Carrier ofTechnology
•Transcriptional changes•Post Transcriptional Changes
•Translational changes•Post Translational Changes
External Environment
COMPLEXITY IN THE EXPRESSION OF TRANSGENES
Nuclear Environment
Cytoplasmic Environment
•Temperature, Light, etc.
04/20/2023 17Breeding Excellence
GENETIC MODIFICATION IN VEGETABLESPRESENTLY GM CROPS IN CULTIVATION• SQUASH• SWEET PEPPER• TOMATO
VEGETABLE CROPS IN WAITING
• EGGPLANT• CAULIFLOWER & CABBAGE• OKRA
CROPS AT RESEARCH LEVEL• AROUND 23 VEGETABLE
SPECIES ARE BEING TRANSFORMED FOR DIFFERENT TRAITS
04/20/2023 18Breeding Excellence
TRAITS WHICH ARE DIFFICULT TO BREED
• COMPLEX VIRUS RESISTANCE• INSECT RESISTANCE• FUNGAL RESISTANCE
• TASTE• FLAVOUR• SHELF LIFE
• SHAPE• SKIN COLOUR OF FRUITS
04/20/2023 19Breeding Excellence
EGGPLANT
04/20/2023 20Breeding Excellence
TOMATO- VIRUSES
04/20/2023 21Breeding Excellence
CABBAGE AND CAULIFLOWERDBM
PHENOMICS
TARGETTED MUTATION
ISSUES AND CONCERN OF THE CPB
• The nutritional analysis done on vegetables between 1950 and 1990 revealed that there is substantial decrease in six of 13 nutrient measured including 6% protein and 38% riboflavin
• Reduction in calcium phosphorus,iron and ascorbic acid
• The decline is explained by changes in cultivated varieties between 1950 and 1990 and also trade off between yield and nutrient content
Cont…
• The GM debate around ecological impact and food safety evaluation are causing concern to plant breeders
• Plant Breeders Rights is also major and controversial issue
• Issue of commercial breeders in reducing the biodiversity
• The broad patents awarded along with even natural processes is complicating breeding
HIGH THROUGHPUT PHENOTYPING
• All Breeders wants to know all alleles of all genes of his crop
• An allele of a gene for an agronomic trait would not be good or bad in itself but in the context of other alleles in genomic network
• Crop design has developed high throughput platform (Trait Mill)
• The alleles are not only differ structurally but also in the expression profile
BREEDING BY DESIGN
• Aims to control all allelic variation for all genes of agronomic importance
• Achieved by combination of precise genetic mapping, high resolution chromosome haplotyping and extensive phenotyping
• Combining the most favourable alleles at those loci in a controlled manner will lead to superior variety
BC2 selection
BC1
BC1 selection
BC2 selection
BC3 selection
BC3S1 selection
Cont…
• Marker assisted selection (MAS) increases the precision and efficiency using DNA markers instead of phenotyping in selection
• MABC to select backcross progeny with the highest % of recurrent parent genome together with minimum number of donor segment in minimum no. of generations
• MAB is a successful approach where pyramiding of dominant resistant genes and introducing recessive resistant gene surrounded by severe linkage drag
Cont…
• Introgression Lines (IL) libraries are used to map all agronomical relevant traits
• Advantage of IL libraries is reducing the complexity of polygenic traits by separating them into set of monogenic loci
• IL libraries consists of homozygous lines and can be phenotyped repeatedly and simultaneous mapping of many traits
• Ils contain homogenous genetic background only differing by introgressed donor segment thus eliminating the epistatic effects of donor parent
Cont…
• QTL are dissected into separate monogenic component increases the reliability of measuring phenotypic traits
• ILs can identify recombination within the introgression segment using flanking markers
• Phenotyping these recombinants enables the locus to be mapped at high resolution
• F1IL libraries can detect heterotic effects caused by specific introgression segment
CONCLUSION
• Extensive phenotyping of all agronomic traits using both mapping populations and inbred lines for chromosome haplotyping and allele assessment
• Breeding by design is the combination of technological tools, statistical methodology and precise phenotyping in bringing all agronomical important alleles together in developing superior varieties
