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© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
CHAPTER 5
States of Consciousness
PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Lecture Overview Understanding Consciousness
Sleep & Dreams
Psychoactive Drugs
Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Understanding Consciousness
Consciousness: an organism’s awareness of its own self & surroundings
Alternate States of Consciousness (ASCs): mental states, other than ordinary waking consciousness, found during sleep, dreaming, psychoactive drug use, hypnosis, etc.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Understanding Consciousness
Controlled Processes: Mental activities requiring focused attention
Automatic Processes: Mental activities requiring minimal attention
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Sleep & Dreams: Circadian Rhythms
Circadian Rhythms: Biological changes occurring on a 24-hour cycle Our energy level, mood, learning, & alertness
all vary throughout the day. Sections of the hypothalamus called the
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) & the pineal gland regulate these changes.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Brain’s Role in Circadian Rhythms
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Sleep & Dreams: Disrupted Circadian Rhythms
Disrupted circadian rhythms from shift work, jet lag, & sleep deprivation may cause alterations in mood, concentration, motivation, attention, & motor skills.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Sleep & Dreams: Stages of Sleep(NREM Sleep)
NREM sleep (Non-Rapid-Eye-Movement): includes Stages 1 through 4 involves lower-frequency brain waves,
decreased pulse & breathing,& occasional, simple dreams
serves a biological need (NREM needs met before REM needs)
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Sleep & Dreams: Stages of Sleep (REM Sleep)
REM (Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep: light sleep (also called paradoxical sleep) involves high-frequency brain waves,
increased pulse & breathing, large muscles serves a biological need may play a role in learning & consolidating
new memories
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Sleep & Dreams: Stages of Sleep in a Typical Night
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Pause & Reflect:
Assessment
Can you label the three key areas of the brain involved in circadian rhythms?
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Pause & Reflect:
Assessment
Judging by the cat’s posture, which cat is in NREM sleep and which is in REM sleep?
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Sleep & Dreams: Research
The EEG, EOG, & EMG are common tools for sleep research.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Sleep & Dreams: Stages of Sleep & Brain Waves
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Sleep & Dreams: Over the Life Span
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Sleep & Dreams: Average Daily Hours of Sleep for Different Mammals
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Sleep & Dreams: Why Do We Sleep?
Repair/Restoration Theory: sleep helps us recuperate from daily activities
Evolutionary/Circadian Theory: sleep evolved to conserve energy & as protection from predators
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Sleep & Dreams: Why Do We Dream?
Psychoanalytic Theory: dreams are disguised symbols (manifest versus latent content) of repressed desires & anxieties
Biological View (activation-synthesis hypothesis): dreams are simple by-products of random stimulation of brain cells
Cognitive View: dreams are a type of information processing
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Sleep & Dreams: Sleep Disorders
Two major categories:
1. Dyssomnias: problems in amount, timing, & quality of sleep
2. Parasomnias: abnormal disturbances during sleep
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Sleep & Dreams: Three Forms of Dyssomnias
Insomnia: persistent problems in falling asleep, staying asleep, or awakening too early
Sleep Apnea: repeated interruption of breathing during sleep
Narcolepsy: sudden & irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hours
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Sleep & Dreams: Narcolepsy in Dogs
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Sleep & Dreams: Two Forms of Parasomnias
Nightmares: anxiety-arousing dreams occurring near the end of sleep, during REM sleep
Night Terrors: abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense physiological arousal & feelings of panic
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive Drugs: chemicals that change conscious awareness, mood, or perception
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms
Drug Abuse: Drug taking that causes emotional or physical harm to the individual or others
Addiction: Compulsion to use a specific drug or to engage in a certain activity
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms (Continued)
Psychological Dependence: Desire or craving to achieve effects produced by drug
Physical Dependence: Changes in bodily processes that make a drug necessary for minimal functioning
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms (Continued)
Withdrawal: Discomfort & distress experienced after stopping the use of addictive drugs
Tolerance: Bodily adjustment to higher & higher levels of a drug leading to decreased sensitivity
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Psychoactive Drugs: How Drugs Work
Agonist Drug: Mimics a neurotransmitter’s effect
Antagonist Drug: Blocks normal neurotransmitter functioning
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
How Psychoactive Drugs Work (Agonists vs. Antagonists)
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Psychoactive Drugs: Four Categories
1. Depressants: Act on the CNS to suppress bodily processes (e.g., alcohol, valium)
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Psychoactive Drugs: Depressants (Continued)
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Psychoactive Drugs: Stimulants
2. Stimulants: Act on the CNS to increase bodily processes (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, cocaine)
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Pause & Reflect: Psychology at
Work
Studying psychology helps explain why and how the stimulant methamphetamine destroys the teeth & gums of chronic
users.
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Psychoactive Drugs: Opiates
3. Opiates: Act as an analgesic or pain reliever (e.g., morphine, heroin)
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
How Cocaine Mimics Endorphins
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Psychoactive Drugs: Hallucinogens
4. Hallucinogens:
Produce sensory or perceptual distortions called hallucinations (e.g., LSD, marijuana)
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Psychology at Work: Club Drug Alert!
Popular “Club Drugs”: Date Rape Drug (Rohypnol) MDMA (Ecstasy) GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate) Special K (Ketamine) Crystal Meth (Methamphetamine) LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness
Meditation: group of techniques designed to refocus attention, block out all distractions, & produce an ASC
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness
Hypnosis: Trancelike state of heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, & intense focus
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness
Hypnosis is used to treat chronic pain, severe burns, dentistry, childbirth, psychotherapy.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Pause & Reflect: Assessment
• Do you recognize the following myths about hypnosis?
1. Forced hypnosis
2. Unethical behavior
3. Exceptional memory
4. Superhuman strength
5. Fakery
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
End of CHAPTER 5
States of Consciousness
PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation