Monarchs of Europe

King Henry IV Was a Huguenot, but converted to Catholicism for his

country. Edict of Nantes- Gave France freedom of religion Improved the taxation system so that nobles paid

more

France

Longest reign in French history- 72 years

Believed in the “divine right of kings”◦ Absolute monarch

Big changes◦ Builds Palace in Versailles◦ Edict of Fountainbleau

Louis XIV -”Sun King” 1643-1715

Built Versailles

Versailles- the grounds

Hall of Mirrors

Versailles-the Grand Ceiling

Appointed by Louis XIV to promote economic development in France

He accomplished: Supported an idea of Mercantilism He increased the size of the army and the navy Promoted colonization in America and Canada and

Africa

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Ivan the Terrible The first to be named Czar Had absolute power Ruthless leader Built St. Basils Cathedral

Russia

St. Basils Cathedral

Giant “absolute monarch”◦ Disguised himself as a citizen

and traveled Europe looking for allies and learning western ways

“Westernized” Russia French clothing Women more rights Men had to shave off their beards Used some French in language

Peter the Great 1682-1725

Modernized the army Built St. Petersburg and made it the capital Encouraged manufacturing and trade Wanted a port on the Baltic Sea because

Russia was landlocked

Peter the Great cont.

Catherine the Great

Had nobles kill her husband so she could be the sole leader

Supported the arts, literature, sciences etc… Extended serfdom Wide gap between the rich and the poor Great foreign policy

War with the Ottoman Turks= Black Sea port Added 200,000 square miles to Russia Mongolia-fur Siberia-natural resources Colonized Alaska

Catherine the Great cont.

Maria Theresa Pragmatic Sanction allowed Maria Theresa to take

over Austria after her father, The Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI died.

Had a patchwork kingdom with different languages, religions and cultures. This caused many conflicts in Austria

It was difficult to rule

Austria

Created a unified Prussia Followed in Louis XIV’s footsteps and had a

lavish court

Frederick I

Ended the lavishness of Frederick I Made Prussia stronger Doubled the size of the army Militaristic society Effective government Encouraged trade Made Primary education mandatory

(kindergarten)

Frederick William I

Frederick William I

He was more into the arts and his father was afraid he would not be a good leader. Frederick II tried to escape Prussia with a friend and his father caught them and executed his friend.

Was a stronger ruler than his father Expanded territoryand the prestige of Prussia

Frederick the Great (Frederick II)

Almost all of Europe was involved. It started with a dispute between Frederick

William I and Maria Theresa and Silesia◦ War of Austrian Succession-1740-1748◦ Diplomatic Revolution: France sides with Austria

and Russia. Britain sides with Prussia

7 Years’ War WWI.0

In America an extension of the war continued◦ French and Indian War-Washington’s mistake

Tanacharison at Jumonville Treaty of Paris 1763 ends it

◦ Silesia is given to Prussia◦ Britain gains French claims in Canada and Ohio

River Valley

7 Years War cont.

Because:◦ Treasuries were drained◦ Death – loss of population◦ Countries had to rebuild their infrastructures and

militaries

Peace for many years…

King Henry VII King Henry VIII Edward VI- 6 years Mary I

◦ Wanted to return England to the Catholic faith◦ Married King Phillip II of Spain◦ Ruthless◦ Burned at least 300 people at the stake for not

converting to Catholicism◦ “Bloody Mary”

England- House of Tudor

Bloody Mary

Became Queen after Mary I dies◦ Strengthens Protestantism

Non Anglicans had to pay fines to practice other religions

◦ Executed Mary Queen of Scots for plotting with Spain to kill Elizabeth

◦ Defeats the Spanish Armada-1588◦ Managed Parliament skillfully◦ Freedom of Speech◦ Never married and had no heir when she died

Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I

Protestant A Stuart and not a Tudor Lacked common sense in financial matters and

diplomacy The “wisest fool in Christendom” Believed in the “divine right of Kings” Alliance with Spain broke down and they went to war Had no luck working with the Parliament

So he sold titles to nobles Granted rights to nobles Raised trade duties All for money

James I

King James Version of the Bible

Charles I becomes king England has a revolution

Will be continued…

After James I…