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Leadership Described
In the following section we will examine how leadership is practiced and will examine the following.
How leadership as a trait differs from it as a process.
Appointed vs. Emergent
How power and coercion differ from leadership.
Trait VS. Process
Phrases such as “They are a born leader”, “They are a natural leader” are expressed by people using a Trait Approach.
People have innate characteristics of leadership they are born with.
Trait VS Process
Focus on physical factors (height, appearance), personality features (charisma), and abilities (public speaking).
Excluded those who do not have these traits.
Trait VS. Process
Process theory states leadership occurs within a context or activity, is open to anyone, and can also be learned.
Not something you are born with.
Leadership is a result of interaction with followers in which decision making is based on including input from followers.
Trait VS. Process
Trait
Leader
Appearance
Intelligence
Charisma
Speech Fluency
Followers
Process
Leader
(Interaction)
Followers
Assigned VS. Emergent Leadership
Some people are leaders because of their formal position in a group.
They have titles which carry power and others follow because of the group’s structure or rules.
They are not always true leaders as people are not choosing to follow them.
Assigned VS. Emergent
When others perceive an individual as the most influential member of a group despite their position they are emergent leaders.
Leadership and Power
Power is the ability to influence others.
People have power when they can influence others’ beliefs, attitudes and actions.
Divided into Personal Power and Position Power.
Leadership and PowerPosition Power
Position Power is derived from holding rank in the group.
They have higher status and assigned followers.
Not chosen by followers.
Leadership and PowerPersonal Power
Personal Power is the influence received from demonstrated ability.
It is based on how followers see them through interaction, good role models.
They are seen as competent and their leadership is granted through positive relationships with followers.
5 Bases of Power
Referent Power – Based on followers’ liking for the leader.
Expert Power – Based on perceptions of the leader’s competence abilities.
Legitimate Power – comes with having a position or formal job authority.
Reward Power – Comes from having the power to reward others.
Coercive Power – Comes from having the ability to punish or penalize others.
Coercive Power
Coercive power involves the use of force to effect change.
Influencing others to do something by manipulating the penalties and rewards in their environment.
Involves threats, punishment, propaganda.
Leaders only interested in their own goals or vision, no common goal.