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Learning – a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience More than just remembering things for a test
Associative learning– learning by association Associating one stimulus with another
Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning
After a series of pairings, associations will be created between stimuli Conditioning Almost a way to predict the future?
John Watson – founder of behaviorism Studying only observable responses, not
mental processes By manipulating a stimulus in an environment
you can change a subjects behavior
Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Stimulus that triggers a response reflexively or
automatically Classical conditioning cannot happen without a UCS
Smelling food
Unconditioned Response (UCR) – The response to the UCS Salivation
Classical Conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Originally a neutral stimulus that becomes the
trigger for a response
Conditioned Response (CR) The new response to the CS that gets learned
over time
Classical Conditioning
Process
1. Acquisition Most basic piece Establishing a new learned response Pairing of a neutral stimulus with an UCS over
and over TRIALS
Classical Conditioning
2. Extinction Reversing the learning that has taken place CS loses power to evoke a CR
The boy who cried wolf Habituation
3. Spontaneous Recovery We don’t forget our CR completely You may still remember or have a reaction to
something in the future Easier to extinguish these recovered responses
Higher Order Conditioning
Second order conditioning
Pairing of stimuli
Fear of dog bitesSeeing the dog may cause fearHearing the dog may cause a similar reaction
Often a weaker response
Ivan Pavlov
1904 Nobel Prize winner
What is saliva’s role in digestion?
Measured saliva produced when presented meat powder before actual food presented Dogs started to salivate before meat powder
was even presented Conditioned the dogs to salivate when he
paired a tuning fork with the food
Ivan Pavlov
Learned Helplessness
Dogs constrained and shocked vs dogs that could avoid a shock
Nothing you can do about it, cower in fear and allow it to happen
Avoidance at first, will learn to avoid the shock
There is more to learning than just behavior – there is a cognitive piece that cant be overlooked Biological factors can influence learning too Predisposition
Generalization + Discrimination
Process by which a subject produces the same response to similar stimuli Different colors of light Different tones
Discrimination the learned ability to distinguish between
different stimuli Dogs
Guard dog vs Guide dog
Why was Pavlov important?
Most Psy believe that classical conditioning is the basis of learning
Virtually all animals learn this way to some point
Isolated building blocks of learning, made no judgments, just observed behavior
Applications
John Watson Human emotions and behaviors are a bundle of
conditioned responses
Little Albert
Fired and started working at an Advertising firm
Can emotions be extinguished too? Experiments show that they can be Conquering phobias
Taste Aversion
Garcia Rats stopped drinking from plastic water
bottles in radiation chambers
Used drugs to make rats feel nauseated when eating/drinking from certain things
Stopped eating foods that made them feel sick
Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Type of learning in which the frequency of behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behavior
Consequences can be positive or negative Positive will get more responses Negative will get less
The Law of Effect
Edward Thorndike
Behaviors with more favorable results are more likely to occur again
Behaviors with less favorable results are less likely to occur
B F Skinner
Reinforcement Any consequence that increases the future
likelihood of a behavior
Punishment Any consequence that decreases the future
likelihood of a behavior
B F Skinner
Skinner Box Operant Chamber A bar or a lever that the participant presses on
to receive a reward
Shaping – every time that a behavior is wanted, give a reward.
Has to start small, but can grow to be total control of behavior
Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement – When the behavior is followed by a desirable
effect $ for good grades
Negative Reinforcement Removal of something negative or ending an
undesirable event or state Cold Medicine/Tylenol
Strengthens a behavior
Negative Reinforcement
More Examples Mom buying candy for a screaming kid at the store
Kid negatively reinforced the candy buying behavior
Snooze Button Allows you to sleep a little longer and not hear the
alarm
Alcohol/drugs Reduces anxiety or pain
Types of Reinforcers
Primary reinforcers – Unlearned Getting food when hungry
Conditioned reinforcers – Secondary Reinforcers Get their power through learned association
with Primary Turn on a light to get food
Time and Reinforcement
Immediate reinforcement is much more effective than giving it later Many behaviors will present themselves in a
Skinner box Rewarding the behavior that is “wanted”
immediately will result in more of those behaviors
If there is a delay of more than 30 sec. the behavior will not be linked to the reward (rats)
Humans do respond to delayed reinforcers Paychecks, good grades, trophy
Punishment
2 types
Undesirable event AFTER a behavior Touching something hot The burn you get is the punishment
A desirable state or event ENDS following a behavior No more TV No more cell phone Because of something that was done
Problems with punishment
Punishment will probably backfire in the long run Doesn’t end the desire to stop the behavior, just
the undesirable consequences
Can lead to fear, anxiety and low self esteem Run aways
Abusive parents more often than not have abusive children
Punishment is used best when it is used least
Discrimination and Extinction
Discrimination – selecting which stimuli you respond to Fire drill bell vs end of class bell
Extinction Loss of a response when there are no longer
consequences Mom doesn’t cave in and buy candy any more,
no more tantrums
Schedules for reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement Every correct response gets a reward Most useful for developing new behaviors These behaviors are more easily extinguished
Once the goal is met, behavior often stops
Reinforcement Schedules
Partial Reinforcement Reward only some responses
Fixed interval The first correct response after a certain amount
of time has passed Only the first response after a certain amount of
time
Reinforcement Schedules
Variable interval Different amounts of time before reward is given
Fixed ratio Specific amount of correct responses before
reward
Variable ratio Different number of correct responses
Role of Cognition
Latent Learning Learning that takes places, but doesn’t show itself
until the learner has an incentive to show it
Overjustification Rewarding someone for something they like doing
anyway Takes away the natural reward for doing something
Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation
Reading/homework?
Role of Biology
Pigeons Wing flapping to avoid shock Peck for food
That’s how they naturally act Defense mechanism vs. Eating Much easier to learn behaviors related to ones
that are instinctual
Observational Learning
Albert Bandura Observational Learning takes place by
watching others One person MODELS the behavior, the learner
mimics
Bobo the doll experiment Aggression and observational learning Rewards and punishments
Bandura’s Film
Sockeroo 3 different endings
1. Modeled behavior was praised and the aggressive behavior received candy
2. Model was called a bad person and spanked
3. Nothing happens, no reward no punishment
Vicarious Learning
Most aggressive behavior in those who saw the reward
Least aggressive behavior in those who saw the punishment
Learning through the consequences others receive
4 Conditions
This type of learning takes place when all 4 conditions are met
1. Attention – you must be aware of the behaviors of those around you
2. Retention – you must remember the behavior you witnessed
3. Ability to reproduce behavior – skills 4. Motivation – what rewards are there?
More likely to perform behavior if there is a reward
Observational Learning
Happens everyday, practically from birth
Role Models
Antisocial behavior Destructive and negative
Prosocial Behavior Positive, Constructive, helpful
Violence and Media
The average US student has seen 8000 murders and over 100,000 violent acts by the end of elementary school
Research shows the following More aggressive TV leads to more aggrressive
bahvior More expiosure to violence can have long term
consequences Women and minorities as victims increases this
experience in real life